{"id":15627,"date":"2024-11-06T07:30:48","date_gmt":"2024-11-06T07:30:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/?page_id=15627"},"modified":"2026-04-01T15:30:44","modified_gmt":"2026-04-01T15:30:44","slug":"dtoi-secondary-sources-a-l","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-a-l\/","title":{"rendered":"DTOI Secondary Sources (A\u2013L)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">A Hyperlinked Pictorial Bibliography in multiple languages with links to scholars, references, images, full abstracts, and published reviews<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"gap: 20px;\" class=\"align-button-center ub-buttons orientation-button-row ub-flex-wrap wp-block-ub-button\" id=\"ub-button-7c1fef64-1e14-497b-a14c-d2f634b41359\"><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-primary-sources-bibliography\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: rgb(0, 208, 132); --ub-button-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; font-size: 17px; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 10px;; border-top-right-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Primary Sources<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-relevant-contemporary-sources\/#relevant-contemporary-sources\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: rgb(0, 208, 132); --ub-button-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 10px;; border-top-right-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Relevant Contemporary Sources<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-relevant-contemporary-sources#descartes-bibliographies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: rgb(0, 208, 132); --ub-button-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 10px;; border-top-right-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Descartes Bibliographies<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#secondary-sources-a-l\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #00d084; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 10px;; border-top-right-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Secondary Sources (A\u2013L)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z#M-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #00d084; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 10px;; border-top-right-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Secondary Sources (M\u2013Z)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\" id=\"secondary-sources-a-l\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"65\" class=\"wp-image-2237\" style=\"width: 1000px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0939.png\" alt=\"A curly-cue three segments line divider.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0939.png 2000w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0939-300x20.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0939-1024x67.png 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0939-768x50.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0939-1536x100.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><br><br><br>Secondary Sources<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"gap: 20px;\" class=\"align-button-center ub-buttons orientation-button-row ub-flex-wrap wp-block-ub-button\" id=\"ub-button-f1240c41-e67b-471e-9ad6-27afa433040a\"><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#A-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; font-size: 17px; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">A<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#B-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">B<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#C-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">C<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#D-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">D<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#E-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">E-F-G<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#H-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">H<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#I-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">I-J<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#K-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">K-L<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z#M-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">M<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z#N-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">N<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z#O-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">O-P<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z#Q-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Q-R<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z#S-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">S<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z#T-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">T-U-V<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z#W-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">W<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z#X-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">X-Y-Z<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">The letters above represent the first letter of people&#8217;s last names in the Secondary Sources bibliography. Click on them to go to that alphabetical section. One can quickly return by hitting the blue box up arrow <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" class=\"wp-image-7649\" style=\"width: 25px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4697.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced image of the up arrow to the top of the page of a white arrow upside down wide &quot;v&quot; with no stem on a light blue background used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4697.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4697-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4697-150x150.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 25px) 100vw, 25px\" \/> in the lower right corner, if located in the same webpage. Otherwise, use the buttons to switch between relevant webpages. Please be patient because these information rich webpages can take five seconds or more to load.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>Number of Bibliographic entries in Secondary Sources (A\u2013Z) is over 420.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-blockspare-blockspare-container aligncenter blockspare-9afbd11b-553e-4\" blockspare-animation=\"\"><style>.blockspare-9afbd11b-553e-4 > .blockspare-block-container-wrapper{background-color:#f9f9f9;padding-top:20px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:20px;padding-left:20px;margin-top:30px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:30px;margin-left:0px;border-radius:0}.blockspare-9afbd11b-553e-4 .blockspare-image-wrap{background-image:none}<\/style><div class=\"blockspare-block-container-wrapper blockspare-hover-item\"><div class=\"blockspare-container-background blockspare-image-wrap has-background-opacity-100 has-background-opacity\"><\/div><div class=\"blockspare-container\"><div class=\"blockspare-inner-blocks blockspare-inner-wrapper-blocks\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><span style=\"color:red\"><strong>NOTE:<\/strong><\/span> The DTOI bibliography covers multifaceted aspects of Ren\u00e9 Descartes&#8217;s theory of ideas, with a specific emphasis on their representational features and properties, especially regarding thoughts, ideas, volitions, passions, imaginations, memory, pains, or sensations, and their objective reality or material falsity. Accordingly, it tends not to include such topics as the epistemology of the role of God in the certainty of thoughts or on a divine guarantee for the truth of clear and distinct ideas because these, while mildly relevant, focus too much on Cartesian foundational metaphysics. While doubt and skepticism are crucial in Descartes\u2019s philosophy, particularly in establishing the grounds for his epistemic inquiries, they generally do not directly contribute to a focused understanding of the ontological, epistemological, or representational aspects of ideas.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\" id=\"A-neon-ivy-drop-cap\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"236\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0967.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2141\" style=\"width:108px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0967.jpeg 236w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0967-221x300.jpeg 221w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 236px) 100vw, 236px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marilyn_McCord_Adams\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marilyn_McCord_Adams\">Adams, Marilyn McCord<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"208\" class=\"wp-image-8659\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9340.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and colorized photographic cutout of Marilyn McCord Adams used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9340.png 538w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9340-252x300.png 252w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9340-126x150.png 126w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.perlego.com\/book\/1432739\/william-ockham-two-volume-set-pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.perlego.com\/book\/1432739\/william-ockham-two-volume-set-pdf\">William Ockham<\/a><\/em>. Vols. 1\u20132. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1987.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robert_Merrihew_Adams\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robert_Merrihew_Adams\">Adams<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.unc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/122\/2013\/10\/curvitae-12.doc\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.unc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/122\/2013\/10\/curvitae-12.doc\">Robert Merrihew<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/simple.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robert_Merrihew_Adams\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"149\" class=\"wp-image-3196\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_3141.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Robert Merrihew Adams used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_3141.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_3141-300x256.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/ADAWDO-3\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/ADAWDO-3\">Where Do Our Ideas Come From? Descartes vs. Locke<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Innate_Ideas.html?id=OjlZ6KNLVFoC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_entity&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=US#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Innate_Ideas.html?id=OjlZ6KNLVFoC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_entity&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=US#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Innate Ideas<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Innate_Ideas.html?id=OjlZ6KNLVFoC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;newbks=1&amp;new\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"227\" class=\"wp-image-8348\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_6570.jpeg\" alt=\"The blue book cover of &quot;Innate Ideas&quot; with a white font title edited by Stephen Stich used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_6570.jpeg 422w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_6570-198x300.jpeg 198w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_6570-99x150.jpeg 99w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.stephenstich.com\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.stephenstich.com\/\">Stephen<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Stich\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Stich\">Stich<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/pNtJyYurR7fL274T9\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"135\" class=\"wp-image-3801\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5752.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of a glasses adorned Stephen Stich wearing a red undershirt under a shirt with a black winter overcoat used to visually identify him.\"><\/a>, 71\u201387. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1975.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lilli_Alanen\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\">Alanen<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\">Lilli<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/dailynous.com\/2021\/10\/28\/lilli-alanen-1941-2021\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"158\" class=\"wp-image-3447\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5163.png\" alt=\"A reversed blended colorized photographic cutout of Lilli Alanen used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5163.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5163-300x270.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lib.uci.edu\/library\/publications\/philosophy\/alanen.html\">Cartesian Ideas and Intentionality<\/a>.&#8221; In&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/HINLKA\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/HINLKA\">Language, Knowledge and Intentionality: Perspectives on the Philosophy of Jaakko Hintikka<\/a>&nbsp;<\/em> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"229\" class=\"wp-image-1923\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_0770.jpeg\" alt=\"The yellowed plain paper cover for the volume &quot;Language, Knowledge, and Intentionality: Perspectives on the philosophy of Jaakko Hintikka.&quot;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_0770.jpeg 490w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_0770-230x300.jpeg 230w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/researchportal.helsinki.fi\/en\/persons\/leila-tuulikki-haaparanta\">Leila<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leila_Haaparanta\">Haaparanta<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nightofphilosophy.com\/leila-haaparanta\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"157\" class=\"wp-image-9407\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0530.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Leila Haaparanta with glasses and wearing a white collared blouse under a rich dark blue sweater used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0530.png 613w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0530-287x300.png 287w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0530-144x150.png 144w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/martin-kusch\/publications?app=834%27\">Martin<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Martin_Kusch\">Kurtsch<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"164\" class=\"wp-image-9413\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_C3131009-E16C-4E27-8EC3-F3C9B6F78B0D.png\" alt=\"A reversed torso and headshot of Martin Kusch with glasses wearing a medium-blue collared shirt under a dark blue suit with his crossed hands resting on his left knee used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_C3131009-E16C-4E27-8EC3-F3C9B6F78B0D.png 391w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_C3131009-E16C-4E27-8EC3-F3C9B6F78B0D-183x300.png 183w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_C3131009-E16C-4E27-8EC3-F3C9B6F78B0D-92x150.png 92w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/> and <a href=\"https:\/\/researchportal.helsinki.fi\/en\/persons\/ilkka-niiniluoto\">Ilkka<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ilkka_Niiniluoto\">Niiniluoto<\/a>  <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"132\" class=\"wp-image-9415\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0539.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Ilkka Niiniluoto with full gray beard and brown mustache with a scarf wrspped around his neck and a dark brown outerwear jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0539.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0539-300x197.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0539-150x99.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/>. Helsinki, FI: <em>Acta Philosophica Fennica<\/em> 49 (1990): 344\u201369.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/historia.3.nftest.nl\/schema\/lilli-alanen\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"350\" height=\"283\" class=\"wp-image-1904\" style=\"width: 350px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_5D4434FF-7294-4086-81CA-5BC753C90B02-1.png\" alt=\"A color photograph of Lilli Alanen seated at a desk reading through a manuscript. showing what she looks like.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_5D4434FF-7294-4086-81CA-5BC753C90B02-1.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_5D4434FF-7294-4086-81CA-5BC753C90B02-1-300x243.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\">Lilli<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\">Alanen<\/a> (1941\u20132021)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lib.uci.edu\/library\/publications\/philosophy\/alanen.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.lib.uci.edu\/library\/publications\/philosophy\/alanen.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Lilli Alanen&#8217;s bibliography<\/span><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/digitalAssets\/491\/c_491196-l_3-k_publications-la-updated-2018-.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/digitalAssets\/491\/c_491196-l_3-k_publications-la-updated-2018-.pdf\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Lilli Alanen&#8217;s publications<\/span><\/a> (updated to 2018).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\">Alanen<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\">Lilli<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"177\" class=\"wp-image-8660\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/portraitAdj-7.jpeg\" alt=\"A color photographic headshot cutout of a Lilli Alanen with glasses wearing a tan jacket with white sheep collar and a red scarf tied around her neck used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/portraitAdj-7.jpeg 634w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/portraitAdj-7-297x300.jpeg 297w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/>. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/philsci-archive.pitt.edu\/3190\/1\/3_alanen.pdf\">Descartes, Conceivability, and Logical Modality<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bwb_KS-117-731\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bwb_KS-117-731\">Thought Experiments in Science and Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bwb_KS-117-731\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"218\" class=\"wp-image-8731\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9470.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of the yellow and black hardback book cover of &quot;Thought Experiments in Science and Philosophy&quot; edited by Tamara Horowitz and Gerald J. Massey used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9470.png 513w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9470-240x300.png 240w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9470-120x150.png 120w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.utimes.pitt.edu\/archives\/?p=2806\">Tamara<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tamara_Horowitz\">Horowitz<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tamara_Horowitz\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"142\" class=\"wp-image-11635\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3993.png\" alt=\"This is an enhanced color photograph of Tamara Horowitz wearing a red v-neck collared jacket, used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3993.png 452w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3993-212x300.png 212w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3993-106x150.png 106w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><\/a> (1950\u20132000) and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.philosophy.pitt.edu\/people\/ant-17\">Gerald J<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/gerald-j-massey\">Massey<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Gerald-Massey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"125\" class=\"wp-image-11633\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3994.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photograph of Gerald J. Massey, wearing tinted rimless glasses and a blue polo shirt, was used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3994.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3994-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3994-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3994-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>, 65\u201384. Lanham: MD, Rowman-Littlefield, 1991.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\">Alanen<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\">Lilli<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/dailynous.com\/2021\/10\/28\/lilli-alanen-1941-2021\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"157\" class=\"wp-image-6840\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3173.png\" alt=\"A reversed color photographic headshot cutout of a Lilli Alanen with glasses wearing a tan jacket with white sheep collar and a red scarf tied around her neck used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3173.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3173-300x269.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Descartes_s_Concept_of_Mind\/c0Z7LQuFtTYC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;printsec=frontcover\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Descartes_s_Concept_of_Mind\/c0Z7LQuFtTYC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;printsec=frontcover\"><em>Descartes&#8217;s Concept of Mind<\/em><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/bookshop.org\/p\/books\/descartes-s-concept-of-mind-lilli-alanen\/12844928?ean=9780674010437\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"233\" class=\"wp-image-3742\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5669.jpeg\" alt=\"The gray and dull green colored book cover fro &quot;Descartes's Concept of Mind&quot; by Lilli Alanen.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5669.jpeg 240w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5669-225x300.jpeg 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Cambridge, &#8220;MA: Harvard University Press, 2003.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>See <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/life-and-style\/people\/desmond-m-clarke-fearless-philosopher-and-distinguished-scholar-1.2793591\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Desmond<\/span><\/a> M. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desmond_Clarke\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Clarke\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"148\" class=\"wp-image-6750\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3115.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a glasses adorned Desmond M. Clarke wearing a blue suit with a white shirt and red tie turning his head to his left used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3115.png 271w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3115-254x300.png 254w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/> <a href=\"https:\/\/ndpr.nd.edu\/reviews\/descartes-s-concept-of-mind\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/ndpr.nd.edu\/reviews\/descartes-s-concept-of-mind\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a>. <em>Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews<\/em>, January 11, 2004.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>See <a href=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">John<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Cottingham\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"142\" class=\"wp-image-6751\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic color headshot cutout of John Cottingham facing forward wearing a white colored shirt with stripes and a blue suit jacket and sweater used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116.png 282w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116-264x300.png 264w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/ipq\/content\/ipq_2004_0044_0004_0594_0596\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/collection-anonymous\/browse?fp=ipq\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\"><em>International Philosophical Quarterly<\/em><\/span><\/a> 44, no. 4 (December 2004): 594\u201396.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>See <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/nicholas-jolley\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Nicholas<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.faculty.uci.edu\/profile\/?facultyId=4885\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Jolley\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"144\" class=\"wp-image-8662\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_2227.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of Nicholas Jolley wearing a purple and white vertical striped collared shirt under a dark gray suit coat used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_2227.jpeg 554w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_2227-260x300.jpeg 260w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_2227-130x150.jpeg 130w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/phr\/content\/phr_2005_0114_0001_0118_0122\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/phr\/content\/phr_2005_0114_0001_0118_0122\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/collection-anonymous\/browse?fp=phr\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\"><em>The Philosophical Review<\/em><\/span><\/a> 114, no. 1 (January 2005): 118\u201322.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\">Alanen<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\">Lilli<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/dailynous.com\/2021\/10\/28\/lilli-alanen-1941-2021\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"158\" class=\"wp-image-8305\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8342.png\" alt=\"A color photographic headshot cutout of Lilli Alanen with glasses wearing a tan jacket with white sheep collar and a red scarf tied around her neck used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8342.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8342-300x270.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8342-150x135.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40903062\">Descartes\u2019s Dualism and the Philosophy of Mind<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Revue de M\u00e9taphysique et de Morale<\/em> 94, no. 3 (1989): 391\u2013413.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\">Alanen<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\">Lilli<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/dailynous.com\/2021\/10\/28\/lilli-alanen-1941-2021\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"158\" class=\"wp-image-8305\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8342.png\" alt=\"A color photographic headshot cutout of a Lilli Alanen with glasses wearing a tan jacket with white sheep collar and a red scarf tied around her neck used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8342.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8342-300x270.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8342-150x135.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-94-010-0506-7_12\">Descartes on the Will and the Power to Do Otherwise<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Emotions_and_Choice_from_Boethius_to_Des.html?id=vhsrBgAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Emotions and Choice From Boetius to Descartes<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Emotions_and_Choice_from_Boethius_to_Des.html?id=vhsrBgAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"259\" class=\"wp-image-7666\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4700.jpeg\" alt=\"The dark maroon book cover with a greenish tan compass style diagram located in bottom half of &quot;Emotions and Choice from Boethius to Descartes&quot; (Studies in the History of Philosophy of Mind, 1) 2002, 2nd edition used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4700.jpeg 216w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4700-203x300.jpeg 203w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.su.se\/english\/profiles\/hlage-1.313716\">Henrik Lagerlund<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.su.se\/english\/profiles\/hlage-1.313716\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"153\" class=\"wp-image-4194\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1aa82adf-a5f0-4b90-9b73-b68b5dabad42.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of an eye's smiling full brown beard and mustache Henrik Lagerlund wearing a light purple colored collared shirt under a black suit jacket used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1aa82adf-a5f0-4b90-9b73-b68b5dabad42.png 313w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1aa82adf-a5f0-4b90-9b73-b68b5dabad42-293x300.png 293w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Mikko-Yrjoensuuri\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Mikko-Yrjoensuuri\">Mikko Yrj\u00f6nsuuri<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/ias.ceu.edu\/people\/mikko-yrjonsuuri\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"166\" class=\"wp-image-8734\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9527.png\" alt=\"An enhanced reverse color photographic headshot cutout of a full gray bearded and mustached Mikko Yrj\u00f6nsuuri wearing a white shirt under a gray sport coat used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9527.png 481w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9527-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9527-113x150.png 113w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>, 279\u201398. Boston and Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\">Alanen<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\">Lilli<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/dailynous.com\/2021\/10\/28\/lilli-alanen-1941-2021\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"157\" class=\"wp-image-6840\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3173.png\" alt=\"A reversed color photographic headshot cutout of a Lilli Alanen with glasses wearing a tan jacket with white sheep collar and a red scarf tied around her neck used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3173.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3173-300x269.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lib.uci.edu\/library\/publications\/philosophy\/alanen.html\">Descartes on the Essence of Mind and the Real Distinction between Mind and Body<\/a>&#8221; and &#8220;On the Role and Nature of Descartes\u2019 First Principle.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/ALASIC\">Studies in Cartesian Epistemology and Philosophy of Mind<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/ALASIC\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"242\" class=\"wp-image-3591\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5580.jpeg\" alt=\"The plain gray book cover for &quot;Studies in Cartesian Epistemology and Philosophy of Mind&quot; by Lilli Alanen.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5580.jpeg 231w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5580-217x300.jpeg 217w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, <em>Acta Philosophica Fennica<\/em> 33 (1982): 9\u2013103 and 105\u201370. Helsinki: Philosophical Society of Finland, 1982.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\">Alanen<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\">Lilli<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"162\" class=\"wp-image-1904\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_5D4434FF-7294-4086-81CA-5BC753C90B02-1.png\" alt=\"A color photograph of Lilli Alanen seated at a desk reading through a manuscript. showing what she looks like.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_5D4434FF-7294-4086-81CA-5BC753C90B02-1.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_5D4434FF-7294-4086-81CA-5BC753C90B02-1-300x243.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/library.villanova.edu\/Find\/Record\/600647\/TOC\">The Intentionality of Cartesian Emotions<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Passion-Virtue-Descartes-Byron-Williston\/dp\/1591020050?asin=1591020050&amp;revisionId=&amp;format=4&amp;depth=1\">Passion and Virtue in Descartes<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/library.villanova.edu\/Find\/Record\/600647\/TOC\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7769\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_6916.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced faded gray over Descartes's headshot with his back to the right side over a brown stripe at bottom using black font for title in gray area and white font for editors in brown strip at bottom of &quot;Passion and Virtue in Descartes&quot; edited by Byron Williston and Andr\u00e9 Gombay used to visually identify it.\"><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wlu.ca\/academics\/faculties\/faculty-of-arts\/faculty-profiles\/byron-williston\/index.html\">Byron<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/byron-williston\">Williston<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"170\" class=\"wp-image-8664\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_2228.jpeg\" alt=\"A reversed color photographic shoulders and headshot of a glasses wearing Byron Williston with a salt and pepper colored beard and mustache and wearing a dark gray shirt open at the neck ever a round necked black undershirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_2228.jpeg 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_2228-300x291.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_2228-150x145.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/> and <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.utoronto.ca\/news\/memoriam-andre-gombay-1933-2014-utm-philosophy-1999-2013\/\">Andr\u00e9<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Andr%C3%A9%20Gombay\">Gombay<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.utoronto.ca\/news\/memoriam-andre-gombay-1933-2014-utm-philosophy-1999-2013\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"186\" class=\"wp-image-8652\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_2230.jpeg\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced photographic cutout of Andr\u00e9 Gombay from the waist up with his head tilted to his left wearing a black round collared shirt with a centered red emblem and a medium dar blue long sleeved shirt with a dark gray thick sweater tied to his waist used for visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_2230.jpeg 431w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_2230-202x300.jpeg 202w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_2230-101x150.jpeg 101w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"194\" class=\"wp-image-8209\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7997.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced photographic cutout of Andr\u00e9 Gombay from the waist up with his head tilted to his left wearing a black round collared shirt with a centered red emblem and a medium dar blue long sleeved shirt with a dark gray thick sweater tied to his waist used for visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7997.png 413w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7997-194x300.png 194w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7997-97x150.png 97w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.utoronto.ca\/news\/memoriam-andre-gombay-1933-2014-utm-philosophy-1999-2013\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"186\" class=\"wp-image-8707\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9366.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced blended photographic cutout of Andr\u00e9 Gombay from the waist up with his head tilted to his left wearing a black round collared shirt with a centered red emblem and a medium dark blue long sleeved shirt with a dark gray thick sweater tied to his waist used for visually identify him.A reversed enhanced photographic cutout of Andr\u00e9 Gombay from the waist up with his head tilted to his left wearing a black round collared shirt with a centered red emblem and a medium dar blue long sleeved shirt with a dark gray thick sweater tied to his waist used for visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9366.png 431w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9366-202x300.png 202w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9366-101x150.png 101w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a> 107\u201327. Amherst, MA: Humanity Books, 2003.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\">Alanen<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\">Lilli<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/dailynous.com\/2021\/10\/28\/lilli-alanen-1941-2021\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"158\" class=\"wp-image-8305\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8342.png\" alt=\"A color photographic headshot cutout of a Lilli Alanen with glasses wearing a tan jacket with white sheep collar and a red scarf tied around her neck used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8342.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8342-300x270.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8342-150x135.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;The Nature of the Self.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/26518978-the-cartesian-mind\">The Cartesian Mind<\/a><\/em> (no book cover available yet), edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/latinamerican.virginia.edu\/jorge-secada\">Jorge<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/jorge-secada\">Secada<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/latinamerican.virginia.edu\/jorge-secada\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-4569\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_05D7D229-65A1-4CD9-9AF4-E2F73C120A5F.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of a full white beard and mustache Jorge Secada seated and leaning to his left wearing a black suit jacket and brown tie used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_05D7D229-65A1-4CD9-9AF4-E2F73C120A5F.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_05D7D229-65A1-4CD9-9AF4-E2F73C120A5F-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_05D7D229-65A1-4CD9-9AF4-E2F73C120A5F-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Cecilia%20Wee\">Cecilia<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/sandbox02-na.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/discovery\/search?query=creator,exact,Wee,%20Cecilia,AND&amp;tab=Everything&amp;search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&amp;vid=01CACCL_CC:scc&amp;facet=creator,exact,Wee,%20Cecilia&amp;mode=advanced&amp;offset=0\">Wee<\/a> (no known picture). Abingdon: Routledge, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.waterstones.com\/book\/the-cartesian-mind\/jorge-secada\/cecilia-wee\/9781138847422\">January 6 or 9, 2025<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/26518978-the-cartesian-mind\">September 1, 2025<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.co.uk\/Cartesian-Mind-Routledge-Philosophical-Minds\/dp\/1138847429\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.co.uk\/Cartesian-Mind-Routledge-Philosophical-Minds\/dp\/1138847429\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">Publisher&#8217;s overview<\/mark><\/a>:<\/strong> Descartes\u2019 is widely acknowledged as the founder of modern philosophy and <em>The Cartesian Mind<\/em>&nbsp;seeks to provide a comprehensive survey of his work, not only placing it in its historical context but also exploring its contemporary significance. Comprising over 40 chapters by a team of international contributors the Handbook covers the following central topics: Descartes\u2019 life and works; the historical background to Descartes\u2019 works; analysis of Descartes\u2019 thought; Descartes\u2019 early modern reception and Descartes in modern and contemporary thought.&nbsp;Essential reading for students and researchers in philosophy, Descartes\u2019 work is central not only in the history of philosophy, but all other areas of the subject, including epistemology, metaphysics, philosophy of mind and action, philosophy of science, and ethics.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\">Alanen<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\">Lilli<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/niinetnain\/photos\/a.356751084415968\/4474778369279865\/?type=3&amp;locale=ms_MY\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"155\" class=\"wp-image-8373\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_7244F95D-E2BF-4DC4-8A8F-1EF6AE930D55.png\" alt=\"A enhanced reversed colorized photographic headshot cutout of Lilli Alanen with glasses wearing a dark bluejacket with a gray scarf hanging down from around her neck with her left hand touching her left cheek used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_7244F95D-E2BF-4DC4-8A8F-1EF6AE930D55.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_7244F95D-E2BF-4DC4-8A8F-1EF6AE930D55-300x232.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_7244F95D-E2BF-4DC4-8A8F-1EF6AE930D55-150x116.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/people.tamu.edu\/~sdaniel\/682%20Readings\/alanen%20mind%20body.pdf\">Reconsidering Descartes\u2019s Notion of the Mind-Body Union<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Synthese<\/em> 106, no. 1 (January 1996): 3\u201320.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\">Alanen<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\">Lilli<\/a><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/netn.fi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/netn141-03.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"236\" class=\"wp-image-8398\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8680.png\" alt=\"A color photographic full body cutout of Lilli Alanen with glasses wearing a dark blue outer coat, and a scarf hanging down around her neck with her hands at her waist used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8680.png 407w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8680-191x300.png 191w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8680-95x150.png 95w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/ALATRO-8\">The Role of Will in Descartes\u2019 Account of Judgment<\/a>.\u201d In&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/descartes-meditations\/FA7C5BC5F571915C45B716C3F115124A\">Descartes\u2019 Meditations: A Critical Guide<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Descartes_Meditations\/AnGZj8C_-1EC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;pg=PA1&amp;printsec=frontcover\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"262\" class=\"wp-image-8151\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_5314.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced image of the black and purple book cover of &quot;Descartes' Meditations: A Critical Guide&quot; edited by Karen Detlefsen used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_5314.jpeg 427w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_5314-200x300.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_5314-100x150.jpeg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.sas.upenn.edu\/people\/karen-detlefsen\">Karen<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/karen-detlefsen\">Detlefsen<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/provost.upenn.edu\/staff\/karen-detlefsen\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/provost.upenn.edu\/staff\/karen-detlefsen\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"192\" class=\"wp-image-3328\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4641.png\" alt=\"A mirror reversed enhanced colorized photographic cutout of Karen Detlefsen used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4641.png 292w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4641-274x300.png 274w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, 176\u201399. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\">Alanen<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\">Lilli<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/niinetnain\/photos\/a.356751084415968\/4474778369279865\/?type=3&amp;locale=ms_MY\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"135\" class=\"wp-image-8373\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_7244F95D-E2BF-4DC4-8A8F-1EF6AE930D55.png\" alt=\"A enhanced reversed colorized photographic headshot cutout of Lilli Alanen with glasses wearing a dark bluejacket with a gray scarf hanging down from around her neck with her left hand touching her left cheek used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_7244F95D-E2BF-4DC4-8A8F-1EF6AE930D55.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_7244F95D-E2BF-4DC4-8A8F-1EF6AE930D55-300x232.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_7244F95D-E2BF-4DC4-8A8F-1EF6AE930D55-150x116.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/eclass.uoa.gr\/modules\/document\/file.php\/PHS597\/%5BDavid_Cunning%5D_The_Cambridge_Companion_to_Descartes%27%20Meditations_David%20Cunning.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/eclass.uoa.gr\/modules\/document\/file.php\/PHS597\/%5BDavid_Cunning%5D_The_Cambridge_Companion_to_Descartes%27%20Meditations_David%20Cunning.pdf\">The Second Meditation and the Nature of the Human Mind<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/cambridge-companion-to-descartes-meditations\/D073F1FFC0B4735C63E45D490A18D025\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/cambridge-companion-to-descartes-meditations\/D073F1FFC0B4735C63E45D490A18D025\">The Cambridge Companion to Descartes\u2019 Meditations<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/eclass.uoa.gr\/modules\/document\/file.php\/PHS597\/%5BDavid_Cunning%5D_The_Cambridge_Companion_to_Descartes%27%20Meditations_David%20Cunning.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"262\" class=\"wp-image-8157\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7935.jpeg\" alt=\"The book cover in a dirty yellow color with a painting of a dark alcove with light streaming in from a window on the right of &quot;A Cambridge Companion to Descartes' Meditations&quot; edited by David Cunning used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7935.jpeg 427w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7935-200x300.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7935-100x150.jpeg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/david-cunning\">David<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.uiowa.edu\/sites\/philosophy.uiowa.edu\/files\/2026-03\/Updated-Cunning-cv-2024.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/myweb.uiowa.edu\/cunni\/cunningcv%202011.pdf\">Cunning<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/myweb.uiowa.edu\/cunni\/cunningcv%202011.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"197\" class=\"wp-image-3758\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_7A8F6609-F2B5-4703-A7BD-2B53A90319C0.png\" alt=\"A reversed and enhanced color photographic cutout of David Cunning used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_7A8F6609-F2B5-4703-A7BD-2B53A90319C0.png 284w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_7A8F6609-F2B5-4703-A7BD-2B53A90319C0-266x300.png 266w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, 88\u2013106. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Also <a href=\"https:\/\/eclass.uoa.gr\/modules\/document\/file.php\/PHS414\/%5BDavid_Cunning%5D_The_Cambridge_Companion_to_Descartes%27%20Meditations.pdf\">readable<\/a> from the <a href=\"https:\/\/eclass.uoa.gr\">University of Athens<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\">Alanen<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\">Lilli<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/netn.fi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/netn141-03.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"136\" class=\"wp-image-8711\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9386.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and cloned upper head color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Lilli Alanen with rimless glasses and head tilting down to her left wearing a dark jacket used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9386.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9386-300x233.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9386-150x116.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5840\/philtopics20164413\">Self-Awareness and Cognitive Agency in Descartes&#8217;s Meditations<\/a>.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/collection-anonymous\/browse?fp=philtopics\"><em>Philosophical Topics<\/em><\/a> 44, no. 1 (Spring 2016): 3\u201326.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\">Alanen<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\">Lilli<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/niinetnain\/photos\/a.356751084415968\/4474778369279865\/?type=3&amp;locale=ms_MY\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"135\" class=\"wp-image-8712\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9387.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a slightly smiling Lilli Alanen with rimless glasses and her head tilting back with her left hand fingers touching her cheek wearing a dark jacket and a gray scarf around her neck used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9387.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9387-300x232.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9387-150x116.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/335988262\/John-Cottingham-Reason-Will-and-Sensation-Studies-in-Descartes-s-Metaphysics-1994-pdf\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"15627\">Sensory Ideas, Objective Reality, and Material Falsity<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/335988262\/John-Cottingham-Reason-Will-and-Sensation-Studies-in-Descartes-s-Metaphysics-1994-pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/225797\">Reason, Will and Sensation: Studies in Descartes&#8217;s Metaphysics<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/50160\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"289\" class=\"wp-image-2423\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1616.jpeg\" alt=\"The green book cover with a white font for &quot;Reasson, Will, and Sensation: Studies in Descartes's Metaphysics.&quot;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1616.jpeg 194w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1616-182x300.jpeg 182w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\">John<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\">Cottingham<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"170\" class=\"wp-image-6751\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic color headshot cutout of John Cottingham facing forward wearing a white colored shirt with stripes and a blue suit jacket and sweater used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116.png 282w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116-264x300.png 264w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>, 229\u201350. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1994.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\">Alanen<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\">Lilli<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/niinetnain\/photos\/a.356751084415968\/4474778369279865\/?type=3&amp;locale=ms_MY\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"135\" class=\"wp-image-8714\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9388.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a slightly smiling Lilli Alanen with rimless glasses and her head tilting back with her right hand fingers touching her right cheek wearing a dark jacket and a gray scarf around her neck used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9388.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9388-300x232.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9388-150x116.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/20014395\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/20014395\">Thought-Talk: Descartes and Sellars on Intentionality<\/a>.&#8221; <em>American Philosophical Quarterly<\/em> 29, no. 1 (January 1992): 19\u201334.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\">Alanen<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\">Lilli<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"136\" class=\"wp-image-8711\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9386.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and cloned upper head color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Lilli Alanen with rimless glasses and head tilting down to her left wearing a dark jacket used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9386.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9386-300x233.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9386-150x116.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/descartes--9782130462231-page-205.htm\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/descartes--9782130462231-page-205.htm\">Une certain faussete materielle: Descartes et Arnauld sur l&#8217;origine de l&#8217;erreur dans la perception sensorielle<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Descartes_objecter_et_r%C3%A9pondre\/kK92DwAAQBAJ?hl=en\">Descartes. Objecter et R\u00e9pondre<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/gallica.bnf.fr\/ark:\/12148\/bpt6k4814458t.r=Descartes%2520objecter%2520et%2520r%C3%A9pondre?rk=21459;2\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"255\" class=\"wp-image-8343\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8521.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color book over of Descartes: Objecter et R\u00e9pondre&quot; edited by Jean-Marie Beyssade and Jean-Luc Marion with a thin red birder on gray paper used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8521.jpeg 440w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8521-206x300.jpeg 206w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8521-103x150.jpeg 103w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/>,<\/a> edited by <a href=\"http:\/\/fr.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Marie_Beyssade\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/fr.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Marie_Beyssade\">Jean-Marie<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-philosophique-2018-2-page-305.htm\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-philosophique-2018-2-page-305.htm\">Beyssade<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.babelio.com\/auteur\/Jean-Marie-Beyssade\/53505\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"169\" class=\"wp-image-3335\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4599.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced, and colorized photographic headshot cutout of Jean-Marie Beyssade used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4599.png 236w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4599-221x300.png 221w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221221221510\/https:\/\/www.commonwealmagazine.org\/marion-francis-love-god-philosophy-woodward\">Jean-Luc<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Luc_Marion\">Marion<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.philomag.com\/articles\/jean-luc-marion-je-suis-un-sceptique-instruit\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"181\" class=\"wp-image-8750\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_5E2FDBF5-DFCA-4DC8-82C9-79F766E99BE6.png\" alt=\"An enhanced reversed photographic cutout of glasses wearing Jean-Luc Marion with a collared shirt and bow tie and a dark brown suit coat used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_5E2FDBF5-DFCA-4DC8-82C9-79F766E99BE6.png 529w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_5E2FDBF5-DFCA-4DC8-82C9-79F766E99BE6-248x300.png 248w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_5E2FDBF5-DFCA-4DC8-82C9-79F766E99BE6-124x150.png 124w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/professor.ufrgs.br\/lialevy\/pages\/my-bio\">Lia <\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Lia-Levy\">Levy<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/b9UGGdot9Yonx6kBA\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"128\" class=\"wp-image-8770\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_78BA2DC1-56E4-4955-B74D-F9686AD06362.png\" alt=\"An enhanced reversed colorized photographic headshot cutout of a glasses wearing Lia Levy wearing black headphones used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_78BA2DC1-56E4-4955-B74D-F9686AD06362.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_78BA2DC1-56E4-4955-B74D-F9686AD06362-300x219.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_78BA2DC1-56E4-4955-B74D-F9686AD06362-150x109.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, eds., 205\u201330. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France (PUF), 1994.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ferdinand_Alqui%C3%A9\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ferdinand_Alqui%C3%A9\">Alqui\u00e9<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/peoplepill.com\/i\/ferdinand-alquie\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/peoplepill.com\/i\/ferdinand-alquie\">Ferdinand<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.babelio.com\/auteur\/Ferdinand-Alquie\/57365\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"137\" class=\"wp-image-3847\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_0594.png\" alt=\"A reversed and enhanced and colorized photographic headshot cutout of Ferdinand Ferdinand Alqui\u00e9.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_0594.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_0594-300x275.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.puf.com\/content\/La_d%C3%A9couverte_m%C3%A9taphysique_de_lhomme_chez_Descartes\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.puf.com\/content\/La_d%C3%A9couverte_m%C3%A9taphysique_de_lhomme_chez_Descartes\">La d\u00e9couverte m\u00e9taphysique de l&#8217;homme chez Descartes<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.abebooks.com\/d%C3%A9couverte-m%C3%A9taphysique-lhomme-Descartes-Alqui%C3%A9-Ferdinand\/31170912129\/bd\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"225\" class=\"wp-image-8736\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9529.png\" alt=\"A color photographic cutout of the orange and white book cover of &quot;La d\u00e9couverte m\u00e9taphysique de l'homme chez Descartes&quot; by Ferdinand, Alqui\u00e9 (1906\u20131985) used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9529.png 427w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9529-200x300.png 200w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9529-100x150.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. Paris: PUF, 2000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/it.linkedin.com\/in\/elisa-angelini-00b09a75\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/it.linkedin.com\/in\/elisa-angelini-00b09a75\"><strong>Angelini, Elisa<\/strong><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.edizioniets.com\/scheda.asp?n=978-884671669-9\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.puf.com\/content\/La_d%C3%A9couverte_m%C3%A9taphysique_de_lhomme_chez_Descartes\">Le idee e le cose. La teoria della percezione di Descartes<\/a><\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.edizioniets.com\/scheda.asp?n=978-884671669-9\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.puf.com\/content\/La_d%C3%A9couverte_m%C3%A9taphysique_de_lhomme_chez_Descartes\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"298\" class=\"wp-image-569\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_7971.jpeg\" alt=\"The white book cover for &quot;Le idee e le cose. La theoria della percepzione di Descartes.&quot;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_7971.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_7971-176x300.jpeg 176w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> Pisa: Edizione ETS (Series: Philosophica), 2007. English translation of title: <em>Ideas and things.&nbsp;The theory of perception of Descartes.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Read <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/emiliano-ferrari\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Emiliano Ferrari\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/bmCqyQTZidfRtxHw5\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-9543\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0772.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced photographic headshot cutout of a glasses wearing Emiliano Ferrari with a neatly trimmed brown beard and mustache and wearing a dark red shirt with a button down collar used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0772.png 400w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0772-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0772-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/44024107\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/44024107\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/G._E._M._Anscombe\">Anscombe<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk\/documents\/374\/115p031.pdf\">G. E. M<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk\/documents\/374\/115p031.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"162\" class=\"wp-image-3466\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5292.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and blended colorized reversed photographic cutout of G. E. M. Anscombe used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5292.png 296w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5292-278x300.png 278w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=r70IEreOL-wC&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA55&amp;dq=The+intentionality+of+sensation:+A+grammatical+feature&amp;hl=en&amp;source=gb_mobile_entity\">The Intentionality of Sensations: A Grammatical Feature<\/a>.&#8221; In <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/visionmindselect0000unse\">Vision and Mind: Selected Readings in the Philosophy of Perception<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/visionmindselect0000unse\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"225\" class=\"wp-image-9545\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0776.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced red and blue book cover of &quot;Vision and Mind: Selected Readings in the Philosophy of Perception&quot; edited by Alva Noe and Evan T. Thompson used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0776.jpeg 497w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0776-233x300.jpeg 233w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0776-116x150.jpeg 116w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alva_No%C3%AB\">Alva No\u00eb<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/vcresearch.berkeley.edu\/faculty\/alva-noe\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"230\" class=\"wp-image-8738\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9539.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced reverse color photographic cutout oof Alva No\u00eb with his left arm bent at elbow and his fingers touching his thumb up near his heavy full brown and graying beard and mustache and wearing a yellow striped shirt and a gray jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9539.jpeg 348w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9539-163x300.jpeg 163w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9539-82x150.jpeg 82w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/evanthompson.me\/\">Evan Thompson<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/evanthompson.me\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"194\" class=\"wp-image-8740\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9542.png\" alt=\"An enhanced. reversed photographic headshot cutout of Evan Thompson smiling. with a closed mouth and wearing a white collared shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9542.png 494w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9542-232x300.png 232w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9542-116x150.png 116w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, 55\u201375. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 2002. Pages missing from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Vision_and_Mind\/r70IEreOL-wC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;pg=PP5&amp;printsec=frontcover\">Google Books Preview<\/a>: 58\u201359, 65\u201366, 72\u201373.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Aquila\">Aquila<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/richard-e-aquila\">Richard<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/typeset.io\/authors\/richard-e-aquila-2q3sboewrv\">E<\/a><\/strong>. <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/richard-e-aquila\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"169\" class=\"wp-image-2793\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1990.png\" alt=\"A color photographic cutout of a headshot of Richard E. Aquila with glasses and a mustache  and goatee while wearing a green shirt with horizontal stripes used for identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1990.png 237w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1990-222x300.png 222w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a> . &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/27744660\">The Content of Cartesian Sensation and the Intermingling of Mind and Body<\/a>.&#8221; <em>History of Philosophy Quarterly<\/em> <a class=\"  \" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/i27744653\">12, no. 2, Studies on Descartes (April 1995)<\/a>: 209\u201326.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Aquila\">Aquila<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/richard-e-aquila\">Richard<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/typeset.io\/authors\/richard-e-aquila-2q3sboewrv\">E<\/a><\/strong>. <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/richard-e-aquila\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"169\" class=\"wp-image-2793\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1990.png\" alt=\"A color photographic cutout of a headshot of Richard E. Aquila with glasses and a mustache  and goatee while wearing a green shirt with horizontal stripes used for identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1990.png 237w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1990-222x300.png 222w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a> . &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2106634?read-now=1&amp;seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents\">Brentano, Descartes and Hume on Awareness<\/a>.\u201d <em>Philosophy and Phenomenological Research<\/em> 35 (1974): 223\u201339. Also, <a href=\"https:\/\/api.academia.edu\/v0\/translation\/download?work_id=95259062&amp;source_language=tr&amp;target_language=en&amp;subdomain_param=api\">partially available<\/a>.<br>351<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Ronald%20Arbini\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Ronald%20Arbini\">Arbini<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucdavis.edu\/graduate\/student-resources\/graduate-forms-and-information\/2006-graduate-handbook%23registration#faculty\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucdavis.edu\/graduate\/student-resources\/graduate-forms-and-information\/2006-graduate-handbook%23registration#faculty\">Ronald<\/a><\/strong> (no known photo). &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/pub\/1\/article\/227002\/pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/pub\/1\/article\/227002\/pdf\">Did Descartes Have a Philosophical Theory of Sense Perception<\/a>.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/issue\/12308\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/issue\/12308\"><em>Journal of the History of Philosophy<\/em> 21, no. 3 (July 1983)<\/a>: 317\u201337.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:29px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roger_Ariew\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roger_Ariew\">Ariew<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usf.edu\/arts-sciences\/departments\/philosophy\/about-us\/faculty\/roger-ariew.aspx\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.usf.edu\/arts-sciences\/departments\/philosophy\/about-us\/faculty\/roger-ariew.aspx\">Roger<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usf.edu\/arts-sciences\/departments\/philosophy\/about-us\/faculty\/roger-ariew.aspx\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-3850\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863.png\" alt=\"A color photographic head shot of Roger Ariew wearing a red collared shirt.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/486548904\/Ariew-Roger-Descartes-and-the-Last-Scholastics-1999-Cornell-University-Press-libgen-lc-pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/486548904\/Ariew-Roger-Descartes-and-the-Last-Scholastics-1999-Cornell-University-Press-libgen-lc-pdf\">Descartes and the Last Scholastics<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/486548904\/Ariew-Roger-Descartes-and-the-Last-Scholastics-1999-Cornell-University-Press-libgen-lc-pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"270\" class=\"wp-image-8742\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9545.jpeg\" alt=\"A color book cover in gray and dark blues of the book. cover if &quot;Descartes and the Last Scholastics&quot; (1999) by Roger Ariew used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9545.jpeg 324w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9545-194x300.jpeg 194w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9545-97x150.jpeg 97w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roger_Ariew\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roger_Ariew\">Ariew<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usf.edu\/arts-sciences\/departments\/philosophy\/about-us\/faculty\/roger-ariew.aspx\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.usf.edu\/arts-sciences\/departments\/philosophy\/about-us\/faculty\/roger-ariew.aspx\">Roger<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usf.edu\/arts-sciences\/departments\/philosophy\/about-us\/faculty\/roger-ariew.aspx\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-3850\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863.png\" alt=\"A color photographic head shot of Roger Ariew wearing a red collared shirt.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/342824091\/Descartes-Among-the-Scholastics\">Descartes Among the Scholastics<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/342824091\/Descartes-Among-the-Scholastics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"263\" class=\"wp-image-8674\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9349.jpeg\" alt=\"an enhanced color image of the red, blue, and white book cover of &quot;Descartes Among the Scholastics&quot; by Roger Ariew with a painting of Descartes sitting at a table with a woman and a man surrounded by male scholars standing in the background used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9349.jpeg 426w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9349-200x300.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9349-100x150.jpeg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Leiden,&nbsp;The&nbsp;Netherlands: Koninklijke&nbsp;Brill&nbsp;NV, 2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roger_Ariew\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roger_Ariew\">Ariew<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usf.edu\/arts-sciences\/departments\/philosophy\/about-us\/faculty\/roger-ariew.aspx\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.usf.edu\/arts-sciences\/departments\/philosophy\/about-us\/faculty\/roger-ariew.aspx\">Roger<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usf.edu\/arts-sciences\/departments\/philosophy\/about-us\/faculty\/roger-ariew.aspx\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-3850\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863.png\" alt=\"A color photographic head shot of Roger Ariew wearing a red collared shirt.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-companion-to-descartes\/descartes-and-scholasticism\/E34F7BC34304365693C9F2255458DA75\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-companion-to-descartes\/descartes-and-scholasticism\/E34F7BC34304365693C9F2255458DA75\">Descartes and Scholasticism: The Intellectual Background to Descartes&#8217; Thought<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Cambridge_Companion_to_Descartes.html?id=Prhr9FBdQ_MC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Cambridge_Companion_to_Descartes.html?id=Prhr9FBdQ_MC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">The Cambridge Companion to Descartes<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Cambridge_Companion_to_Descartes.html?id=Prhr9FBdQ_MC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"263\" class=\"wp-image-1025\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_8980.png\" alt=\"The purple book cover of &quot;The Cambridge Companion to Descartes.&quot;\"><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\">John<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\">Cottingham<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"170\" class=\"wp-image-6751\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic color headshot cutout of John Cottingham facing forward wearing a white colored shirt with stripes and a blue suit jacket and sweater used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116.png 282w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116-264x300.png 264w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>, 58\u201390. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Revised version in <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_and_the_Last_Scholastics.html?id=adxa2TnF5VMC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_and_the_Last_Scholastics.html?id=adxa2TnF5VMC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Descartes and the Last Scholastics<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Descartes_and_the_Last_Scholastics\/adxa2TnF5VMC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;printsec=frontcover\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"270\" class=\"wp-image-12918\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5693.jpeg\" alt=\"For visual identification, an enhanced dark blue book cover of &quot;Descartes and the Last Scholastics,&quot; edited by Roger Ariew, is used.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5693.jpeg 415w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5693-195x300.jpeg 195w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5693-97x150.jpeg 97w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usf.edu\/arts-sciences\/departments\/philosophy\/about-us\/faculty\/roger-ariew.aspx\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.usf.edu\/arts-sciences\/departments\/philosophy\/about-us\/faculty\/roger-ariew.aspx\">Roger<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roger_Ariew\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roger_Ariew\">Ariew<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-3850\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863.png\" alt=\"A reversed color photographic head shot of Roger Ariew wearing a red collared shirt.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>, 7\u201335. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roger_Ariew\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roger_Ariew\">Ariew<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usf.edu\/arts-sciences\/departments\/philosophy\/about-us\/faculty\/roger-ariew.aspx\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.usf.edu\/arts-sciences\/departments\/philosophy\/about-us\/faculty\/roger-ariew.aspx\">Roger<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usf.edu\/arts-sciences\/departments\/philosophy\/about-us\/faculty\/roger-ariew.aspx\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-3850\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863.png\" alt=\"A color photographic head shot of Roger Ariew wearing a red collared shirt.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> , <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?sca_esv=a982c7140206c012&amp;sca_upv=1&amp;hl=en&amp;q=inauthor:%22Dennis+Des+Chene%22&amp;tbm=bks\"><strong>Dennis Des Chene<\/strong><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/SUYGeLXDydyyPj4t8\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"140\" class=\"wp-image-15512\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8224.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Dennis Des Chene, with a full red mustache, glasses, and a light purple narrow vertical striped shirt, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8224.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8224-300x279.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8224-150x140.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?sca_esv=a982c7140206c012&amp;sca_upv=1&amp;hl=en&amp;q=inauthor:%22Douglas+M.+Jesseph%22&amp;tbm=bks\"><strong>Douglas M. Jesseph<\/strong><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/NoaTtvqTp30?feature=shared\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"146\" class=\"wp-image-15510\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8222.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced color photographic cutout of Douglas M. Jesseph, wearing glasses and a blue and white grided shirt, with his hands touching each other in front of his chest, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8222.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8222-300x293.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8222-150x146.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?sca_esv=a982c7140206c012&amp;sca_upv=1&amp;hl=en&amp;q=inauthor:%22Tad+M.+Schmaltz%22&amp;tbm=bks\"><strong>Tad M. Schmaltz<\/strong><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.lsa.umich.edu\/tschmalt\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"127\" class=\"wp-image-15506\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8209.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of dark sunglasses adorned Tad M. Schmaltz with a white goatee wearing a white and gray grided shirt under a dark blue Michigan outerwear jacket is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8209.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8209-300x254.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8209-150x127.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?sca_esv=a982c7140206c012&amp;sca_upv=1&amp;hl=en&amp;q=inauthor:%22Theo+Verbeek%22&amp;tbm=bks\"><strong>Theo Verbeek<\/strong><\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/blog.despinoza.nl\/log\/theo-verbeek-over-tolerantie-en-vrijheid-van-meningsuiting.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"129\" class=\"wp-image-4647\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7529.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of a mustached Theo Verbeek with his head turned straight at viewer wearing a dark suit jacket, white shirt, and tie used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7529.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7529-300x258.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, eds. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Historical_Dictionary_of_Descartes_and_C\/zj99CAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1\">Historical Dictionary of Descartes and Cartesian Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Historical_Dictionary_of_Descartes_and_C\/zj99CAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"273\" class=\"wp-image-15504\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8207.jpeg\" alt=\"The white book cover of \u201c Historical Dictionary of Descartes and Cartesian Philosophy\u201d (2nd Ed., 2015), edited by Roger Ariew, Dennis Des Chene, Douglas M. Jesseph, Tad M. Schmaltz, and Theo Verbeek, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8207.jpeg 411w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8207-193x300.jpeg 193w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8207-96x150.jpeg 96w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, 2nd ed. Lanham, Maryland: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Rowman_and_Littlefield_Publishers_Inc\/Z9zmjwEACAAJ?hl=en\">Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers<\/a>, 2015. First edition published in 2003. Clicking on the title permits reading up to p. 103 (missing: xv\u2013xvi, 2\u20133, 9\u201310, 16\u201317, 23\u201334, 30\u201331, 37\u201338, 44\u201345, 51\u201352, 58\u201359, 65\u201366, 72\u201373, 79\u201380, 86\u201387, 93\u201394, 100\u20131) with 105 to 387 not shown.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roger_Ariew\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roger_Ariew\">Ariew<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usf.edu\/arts-sciences\/departments\/philosophy\/about-us\/faculty\/roger-ariew.aspx\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.usf.edu\/arts-sciences\/departments\/philosophy\/about-us\/faculty\/roger-ariew.aspx\">Roger<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-3850\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863.png\" alt=\"A reversed color photographic head shot of Roger Ariew wearing a red collared shirt.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/> and <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20191113220652\/https:\/\/www.phil.vt.edu\/people\/memoriam.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20191113220652\/https:\/\/www.phil.vt.edu\/people\/memoriam.html\"><strong>Marjorie<\/strong><\/a><em><strong> <\/strong><\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marjorie_Grene\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marjorie_Grene\"><strong>Grene<\/strong><\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"130\" height=\"170\" class=\"wp-image-4142\" style=\"width: 130px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/b5f8e58d-4e21-421f-a13a-1c1c000290fc.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of a late middle aged glasses adorned Marjorie Greene wearing a black speckled shirt and facing forward used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/b5f8e58d-4e21-421f-a13a-1c1c000290fc.png 244w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/b5f8e58d-4e21-421f-a13a-1c1c000290fc-229x300.png 229w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 130px) 100vw, 130px\" \/> . <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4130453\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4130453\">The Cartesian Destiny of Form and Matter<\/a><em>.&#8221; Early Comparative Philosophy Science and Medicine<\/em> 3 (1997): 300\u201325.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roger_Ariew\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roger_Ariew\">Ariew<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usf.edu\/arts-sciences\/departments\/philosophy\/about-us\/faculty\/roger-ariew.aspx\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.usf.edu\/arts-sciences\/departments\/philosophy\/about-us\/faculty\/roger-ariew.aspx\">Roger<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usf.edu\/arts-sciences\/departments\/philosophy\/about-us\/faculty\/roger-ariew.aspx\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-3850\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863.png\" alt=\"A color photographic head shot of Roger Ariew wearing a red collared shirt.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20191113220652\/https:\/\/www.phil.vt.edu\/people\/memoriam.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20191113220652\/https:\/\/www.phil.vt.edu\/people\/memoriam.html\"><strong>Marjorie<\/strong><\/a><em><strong> <\/strong><\/em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marjorie_Grene\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marjorie_Grene\">Grene<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"171\" class=\"wp-image-8666\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9346.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of a middle aged heavily framed black glasses adorned Marjorie Grene wearing lipstick and a black shirt with thin metal necklace on outside with shoulders turned back to her left used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9346.png 468w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9346-219x300.png 219w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9346-110x150.png 110w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/>, eds. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_and_His_Contemporaries.html?id=zXG1OfDLp1IC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_and_His_Contemporaries.html?id=zXG1OfDLp1IC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Descartes and His Contemporaries: Meditations, Objections, and Replies<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/ARIDAH-3\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"226\" class=\"wp-image-6032\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_1655.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color image of &quot;Descartes and His Contemporaries: Meditations, Objections and Replies&quot; edited by Roger Ariel and Marjorie Grene with the name Descartes in soft lavender font used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_1655.png 212w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_1655-199x300.png 199w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roger_Ariew\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roger_Ariew\">Ariew<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usf.edu\/arts-sciences\/departments\/philosophy\/about-us\/faculty\/roger-ariew.aspx\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.usf.edu\/arts-sciences\/departments\/philosophy\/about-us\/faculty\/roger-ariew.aspx\">Roger<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usf.edu\/arts-sciences\/departments\/philosophy\/about-us\/faculty\/roger-ariew.aspx\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-3850\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863.png\" alt=\"A color photographic head shot of Roger Ariew wearing a red collared shirt.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20191113220652\/https:\/\/www.phil.vt.edu\/people\/memoriam.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20191113220652\/https:\/\/www.phil.vt.edu\/people\/memoriam.html\"><strong>Marjorie<\/strong><\/a><em><strong> <\/strong><\/em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marjorie_Grene\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marjorie_Grene\">Grene<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=L1SFChvTyjw\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"202\" class=\"wp-image-8532\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_6C832EAF-6CD8-41AB-8752-82A9584AC9CB.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic cutout of a 60s year old Marjorie Grene with glasses wearing a white blouse with a scalloped collar buttoned at her neck with a black and white striped right sleeve with her right hand bent at her elbow with her fingers open and touching her own forehead and cheek used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_6C832EAF-6CD8-41AB-8752-82A9584AC9CB.png 476w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_6C832EAF-6CD8-41AB-8752-82A9584AC9CB-223x300.png 223w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_6C832EAF-6CD8-41AB-8752-82A9584AC9CB-112x150.png 112w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2710008\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2710008\">Ideas, In and Before Descartes<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Journal of the History of Ideas<\/em>, 56, no. 1 (1995): 87\u2013106.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/E._Jennifer_Ashworth\">Ashworth<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/E.%20J.%20Ashworth\">E<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/105894522\">J<\/a>.<\/strong> (Earline Jennifer) <a href=\"https:\/\/uwaterloo.ca\/philosophy\/e-jennifer-ashworth\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"206\" class=\"wp-image-8164\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7944.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling E. Jennifer Ashworth with glasses wearing a purple flat collared shirt under a dark jacket used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7944.png 466w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7944-218x300.png 218w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7944-109x150.png 109w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/newscholas\/content\/newscholas_1975_0049_0003_0331_0340\">Descartes&#8217; Theory of Objective Reality<\/a>.&#8221;&nbsp;<em>New Scholasticism<\/em> 45 (1975): 331-40.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Margaret_Atherton\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Margaret_Atherton\">Atherton<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Margaret%20Atherton\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Margaret%20Atherton\">Margaret<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"167\" class=\"wp-image-3912\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6255.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic cutout of a glasses adorned Margaret Atherton wearing a beige top with a blue and orange silk scarf tied around her neck used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6255.png 240w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6255-225x300.png 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"154\" class=\"wp-image-3914\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_39813442-F524-4E65-8CF2-B12F55A89662.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic cutout of Margaret Atherton not with glasses wearing a black jacket used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_39813442-F524-4E65-8CF2-B12F55A89662.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_39813442-F524-4E65-8CF2-B12F55A89662-300x264.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/ATHGIL\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/ATHGIL\">Green Is like Bread:&nbsp;The Nature of Descartes\u2019 Account of Color Perception<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SCHPAR-3\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SCHPAR-3\">Perception and Reality: From Descartes to the Present<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SCHPAR-3\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SCHPAR-3\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"259\" class=\"wp-image-1210\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_9117.jpeg\" alt=\"The book cover for &quot;Perception and Reality: From Descartes to the Present.&quot;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_9117.jpeg 216w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_9117-203x300.jpeg 203w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Ralph%20Schumacher\">Ralph<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/educ.ethz.ch\/lernzentren\/mint-lernzentrum\/ueber-das-mint-lernzentrum\/mitarbeiter-und-projekte\/ralph-schumacher.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/educ.ethz.ch\/lernzentren\/mint-lernzentrum\/ueber-das-mint-lernzentrum\/mitarbeiter-und-projekte\/ralph-schumacher.html\">Schumacher<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/educ.ethz.ch\/lernzentren\/mint-lernzentrum\/ueber-das-mint-lernzentrum\/mitarbeiter-u\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"207\" class=\"wp-image-8322\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8444.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of a glasses wearing Ralph Schumacher with his arms bent at his elbows with hands palms up wearing burnt orange colored pants with a black belt and a white shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8444.png 386w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8444-181x300.png 181w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8444-90x150.png 90w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"208\" class=\"wp-image-8324\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8445.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of a glasses wearing Ralph Schumacher with his arms bent at his elbows with hands palms up wearing burnt orange colored pants with a black belt and a white shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8445.png 192w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8445-180x300.png 180w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8445-90x150.png 90w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>, 27\u201342. Paderborn: Mentis, 2004.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_R._Ayers\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_R._Ayers\">Ayers<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/michael-richard-ayers\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/michael-richard-ayers\">Michael Richard<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ae-info.org\/ae\/Member\/Ayers_Michael\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-3916\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6264.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic cutout of a full bearded Richard Michael Ayers wearing a dark patterned shirt used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6264.png 266w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6264-249x300.png 249w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-history-of-seventeenthcentury-philosophy\/ideas-and-objective-being\/697E61C068C2FFF06F9ABEE866443F80#\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-history-of-seventeenthcentury-philosophy\/ideas-and-objective-being\/697E61C068C2FFF06F9ABEE866443F80#\">Ideas and Objective Being<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/cambridge-history-of-seventeenthcentury-philosophy\/A13C0C0226F7B31FB9F03429001A5837\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/cambridge-history-of-seventeenthcentury-philosophy\/A13C0C0226F7B31FB9F03429001A5837\">The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Cambridge_History_of_Seventeenth_cen.html?id=BPlkkgIhUXIC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"220\" class=\"wp-image-3587\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5575.jpeg\" alt=\"The blue-gray book cover for &quot;The Cambridge History of Seventeenth Century Philosophy.&quot;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5575.jpeg 218w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5575-204x300.jpeg 204w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> vol. 2, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Daniel%20Garber&amp;eventCode=SE-AU\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Daniel%20Garber&amp;eventCode=SE-AU\">Daniel<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.princeton.edu\/sites\/g\/files\/toruqf2381\/files\/person\/cv\/garber_cv_2-18.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.princeton.edu\/sites\/g\/files\/toruqf2381\/files\/person\/cv\/garber_cv_2-18.pdf\">Garber<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"147\" class=\"wp-image-4128\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6737.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized headshot photographic cutout of a glasses adorned Dan Garber with full beard and mustache wearing a gray green shirt under a tan sports coat with his right hand up by the dude of his face used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6737.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6737-300x294.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_R._Ayers\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_R._Ayers\">Michael Ayers<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/oxford.academia.edu\/MichaelAyers\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-10209\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1634.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of a glasses wearing Michael Ayers wearing a light purple turtleneck under a black zippered jacket unzipped to center chest  used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1634.jpeg 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1634-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1634-150x150.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1634-600x600.jpeg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, 1062\u2013107. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\" id=\"B-neon-ivy-drop-cap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"320\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0965.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2146\" style=\"width:142px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0965.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0965-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0965-150x150.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:28px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.colorado.edu\/philosophy\/people\/faculty\/dominic-bailey\">Bailey<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/experts.colorado.edu\/\/vitas\/145110.pdf\">D<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/experts.colorado.edu\/display\/fisid_145110#publications\">T<\/a>. J<\/strong>. <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-6447\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2255.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a glasses adorned and unsmiling Dom Bailey wearing a blue shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2255.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2255-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2255-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/> &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/09608780600792083\">Descartes on the Logical Properties of Ideas<\/a>.&#8221; <em>British Journal of the History of Philosophy<\/em> 14, no. 3 (2006): 401\u201311.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:35px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gordon_Park_Baker\">Baker<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/G.%20P.%20Baker\">Gordon<\/a> P<\/strong>. <a href=\"https:\/\/h1960.classes.harvard.edu\/article.html?aid=263\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"166\" class=\"wp-image-6759\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3143.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Gordon P. Baker wearing a white collared shirt under a black sweater used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3143.png 241w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3143-226x300.png 226w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/K.%20J.%20Morris\">Katherine<\/a> J. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mansfield.ox.ac.uk\/dr-katherine-morris\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.mansfield.ox.ac.uk\/dr-katherine-morris\">Morris<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.torch.ox.ac.uk\/people\/dr-katherine-morris\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"142\" class=\"wp-image-6762\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3137.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of a glasses adorned Katherine J. Morris with wavy gray hair used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3137.png 282w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3137-264x300.png 264w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>.&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Descartes_Dualism\/oeZQstYQLIsC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;printsec=frontcover\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Descartes_Dualism\/oeZQstYQLIsC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;printsec=frontcover\">Descartes&#8217; Dualism<\/a><\/em>  <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_Dualism.html?id=oeZQstYQLIsC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"215\" class=\"wp-image-4807\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_8146.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced dark blue and white diagonal asymmetrical quadrants of the book cover for &quot;Descartes' Dualism&quot; by Gordon Baker and Katherine J. Morris with a drawing of a rhinoceros sideways with head facing to viewer's right used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_8146.jpeg 223w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_8146-209x300.jpeg 209w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. London: Routledge, 1996.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>See <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.wisc.edu\/staff\/nadler-steven\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.wisc.edu\/staff\/nadler-steven\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Steven<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steven_Nadler\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steven_Nadler\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Nadler\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.wisc.edu\/staff\/nadler-steven\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"142\" class=\"wp-image-3093\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_CE322BC8-7D0D-4C9F-ACC8-A29A6121D62B.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of a smiling Steven Nadler wearing glasses used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_CE322BC8-7D0D-4C9F-ACC8-A29A6121D62B.png 225w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_CE322BC8-7D0D-4C9F-ACC8-A29A6121D62B-211x300.png 211w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1468-0149.00065\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1468-0149.00065\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/asearch.pl?pub=780\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Philosophical Books<\/span><\/a><\/em>&nbsp;38, no. 1 (1997): 157\u201369.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gordon_Park_Baker\">Baker<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/G.%20P.%20Baker\">Gordon<\/a> P<\/strong>. <a href=\"https:\/\/h1960.classes.harvard.edu\/article.html?aid=263\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"162\" class=\"wp-image-6766\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/SIX_5ADE6853-ECD7-4CF0-BD08-BF302AE0A69A.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Gordon P. Baker wearing a white collared shirt under a black sweater with his head turned towards his left used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/SIX_5ADE6853-ECD7-4CF0-BD08-BF302AE0A69A.png 247w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/SIX_5ADE6853-ECD7-4CF0-BD08-BF302AE0A69A-232x300.png 232w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a> and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/K.%20J.%20Morris\">Katherine<\/a> J. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mansfield.ox.ac.uk\/dr-katherine-morris\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.mansfield.ox.ac.uk\/dr-katherine-morris\">Morris<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.torch.ox.ac.uk\/people\/dr-katherine-morris\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"171\" class=\"wp-image-2979\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_B7BB0DA7-B07F-4328-9A05-8C5B9D7AD89B.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and mirror reversed photographic headshot cutout of Katherine J. Morris holding a book with a red flower on paper bookmark used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_B7BB0DA7-B07F-4328-9A05-8C5B9D7AD89B.png 281w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_B7BB0DA7-B07F-4328-9A05-8C5B9D7AD89B-263x300.png 263w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>.&nbsp;&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/09608789308570871\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/09608789308570871\">Descartes Unlocked<\/a>.&#8221;&nbsp;<em>British Journal for the History of Philosophy<\/em> 1, no. 1 (1993): 1\u201327.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/christian-barth\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/christian-barth\">Barth<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/hu-berlin.academia.edu\/ChristianBarth\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/hu-berlin.academia.edu\/ChristianBarth\">Christian<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"171\" class=\"wp-image-8173\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7966.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Christian Barth with a light beard and mustache facing to the left wearing a dark blue with white stripes collared shirt under a dark maroon sweater in 2016 used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7966.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7966-300x293.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7966-150x147.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/edoc.hu-berlin.de\/bitstream\/handle\/18452\/23420\/kant-2016-0038.pdf?sequence=8&amp;isAllowed=y\">Consciousness in Early Modern Philosophy: Remarks on Udo Thiel\u2019s Account<\/a>.\u201d Kant-Studien 107, no. 3 (2016): 515\u201325.<br><br><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/edoc.hu-berlin.de\/bitstream\/handle\/18452\/23420\/kant-2016-0038.pdf?sequence=8&amp;isAllowed=y\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> This commentary on Udo Thiel\u2019s rich and inspiring book <em>The Early Modern Subject<\/em> consists of three parts. The first part expresses agreement with Thiel\u2019s claim that the early modern philosophers use terms such as \u201cconscientia,\u201d \u201cconscience,\u201d \u201cconsciousness,\u201d and \u201cBewusstsein\u201d in order to refer to forms of \u201crelating to one\u2019s own self\u201d. However, Thiel\u2019s additional claim that the early modern philosophers were not much concerned with object consciousness is found wanting. The second part takes issue with Thiel\u2019s understanding of the way in which Ren\u00e9 Descartes\u2019s psychological usage of the term \u201cconscientia\u201d is innovative. It is argued that Descartes does not arrive at the psychological meaning of the term by abstraction from its moral meaning. Instead, Descartes only widens the application of the term in one of its established ancient meanings. The third part presents objections to Thiel\u2019s higher-order reading of Cartesian <em>conscientia<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/christian-barth\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/christian-barth\">Barth<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/hu-berlin.academia.edu\/ChristianBarth\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/hu-berlin.academia.edu\/ChristianBarth\">Christian<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/christian-barth\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/christian-barth\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"154\" class=\"wp-image-2665\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1841.png\" alt=\"A mildly enhanced reversed color photographic headshot of Christian Barth used for identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1841.png 259w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1841-243x300.png 243w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.academia.edu\/30352350\/Descartes_on_Intentionality_Conscientia_and_Phenomenal_Consciousness_Studia_philosophica_\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.academia.edu\/30352350\/Descartes_on_Intentionality_Conscientia_and_Phenomenal_Consciousness_Studia_philosophica_\">Descartes on Intentionality, Conscientia, and Phenomenal Consciousness<\/a>.&#8221; <em><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.phil.muni.cz\/studia-philosophica\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/journals.phil.muni.cz\/studia-philosophica\">Studia Philosophica<\/a><\/em> 75 (2016): 17\u201332. <a href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.24894\/StPh-en.2016.75003\">http:\/\/doi.org\/10.24894\/StPh-en.2016.75003<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/christian-barth\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/christian-barth\">Barth<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/hu-berlin.academia.edu\/ChristianBarth\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/hu-berlin.academia.edu\/ChristianBarth\">Christian<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.philosophie.phil.fau.de\/2020\/09\/29\/veranstaltungen-im-wintersemester-2016-2017\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"171\" class=\"wp-image-8166\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7950.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Christian Barth with a light beard and mustache facing to the right wearing a dark blue with white stripes collared shirt under a dark maroon sweater in 2016 used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7950.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7950-300x293.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7950-150x147.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.academia.edu\/33262367\/Intentionalit\u00e4t_und_Bewusstsein_in_der_fr\u00fchen_Neuzeit_Klostermann_\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.academia.edu\/33262367\/Intentionalit\u00e4t_und_Bewusstsein_in_der_fr\u00fchen_Neuzeit_Klostermann_\">Intentionalit\u00e4t und Bewusstsein in der fr\u00fchen Neuzeit: Die Philosophie des Geistes von Ren\u00e9 Descartes und Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/33262367\/Intentionalit%C3%A4t_und_Bewusstsein_in_der_fr%C3%BChen_Neuzeit_Klostermann_\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"279\" class=\"wp-image-8170\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7964.png\" alt=\"An enhanced 3D off white book cover with a rectangle with title information within it of &quot;Intentionalit\u00e4t und Bewusstsein in der fr\u00fchen Neuzeit&quot; by Christian Barth used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7964.png 402w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7964-188x300.png 188w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7964-94x150.png 94w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> [Academia English translation: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/api.academia.edu\/v0\/translation\/download?work_id=33262367&amp;source_language=de&amp;target_language=en\">Intentionality and Consciousness in the Early Modern Period: The Philosophy of the Mind by Ren\u00e9 Descartes and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz<\/a><\/em>]. Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann, 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/christian-barth\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/christian-barth\">Barth<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/hu-berlin.academia.edu\/ChristianBarth\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/hu-berlin.academia.edu\/ChristianBarth\">Christian<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.philosophie.phil.fau.de\/2020\/09\/29\/veranstaltungen-im-wintersemester-2016-2017\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"171\" class=\"wp-image-8166\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7950.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Christian Barth with a light beard and mustache facing to the right wearing a dark blue with white stripes collared shirt under a dark maroon sweater in 2016 used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7950.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7950-300x293.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7950-150x147.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/43695745\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/43695745\">Leibnizian <em>Conscientia<\/em> and its Cartesian Roots<\/a>.&#8221; <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.steiner-verlag.de\/en\/Studia-Leibnitiana-online\/2366-228X.NORMP\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.steiner-verlag.de\/en\/Studia-Leibnitiana-online\/2366-228X.NORMP\">Studia Leibnitiana<\/a><\/em> 43, no. 2 (2011): 216\u201336.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/christian-barth\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/christian-barth\">Barth<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/hu-berlin.academia.edu\/ChristianBarth\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/hu-berlin.academia.edu\/ChristianBarth\">Christian<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"171\" class=\"wp-image-8173\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7966.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Christian Barth with a light beard and mustache facing to the left wearing a dark blue with white stripes collared shirt under a dark maroon sweater in 2016 used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7966.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7966-300x293.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7966-150x147.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/archive\/BARSOD-3.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.academia.edu\/36970430\/Sellars_on_Descartes_book_chapter_Routledge_\">Sellars on Descartes<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/CORSAT-15\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/CORSAT-15\">Sellars and the History of Modern Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Sellars-and-the-History-of-Modern-Philosophy\/Corti-Nunziante\/p\/book\/9780367666316\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"232\" class=\"wp-image-8326\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8448.jpeg\" alt=\"The blues and greens with a white strip containing the black title and editing information book cover for &quot;Sellars and the History of Modern Philosophy&quot; (2018)  edited by Luca Corti and Antonio M. Nunziante used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8448.jpeg 350w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8448-194x300.jpeg 194w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8448-97x150.jpeg 97w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"http:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/luca-corti\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/luca-corti\">Luca Corti<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unipd.it\/en\/msca-corti\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"179\" class=\"wp-image-8328\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8455.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a glasses wearing bearded Luca Corti with a thin blue jean material  open neck collared shirt turned to his left with sunlight on his left used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8455.png 537w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8455-252x300.png 252w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8455-126x150.png 126w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Antonio%20M.%20Nunziante\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Antonio%20M.%20Nunziante\">Antonio M. Nunziante<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/antonio-m-nunziante\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-8330\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8458.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of a dark framed glasses wearing Antonio M. Nunzinate with his eyes skewed up to his right wearing a black unzipped at the neck shirt used to identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8458.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8458-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8458-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8458-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, 15\u201335. New York, NY: Routledge, 2019. Also available at <a href=\"http:\/\/www.academia.edu\/36970430\/Sellars_on_Descartes_book_chapter_Routledge_\">Academia.com<\/a> after searching for the title. Also at <a href=\"https:\/\/philarchive.org\/archive\/BARSOD-3\">PhilArchive.org<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/antonigomila.wordpress.com\">Benejam<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uib.eu\/personal\/ABTExMzYx\/\">Antoni<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Antoni%20Gomila%20Benejam\">Gomila<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ime.cat\/Contingut.aspx?IdPub=8895\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-13221\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5931.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Antoni Gomila Benejam with a thin mustache and goatee and wearing glasses and a white shirt is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5931.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5931-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5931-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5931-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/antonigomila.wordpress.com\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"187\" class=\"wp-image-13222\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5930.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Antoni Gomila Benejam wearing a white Panama hat with a black band, glasses, and a black T-shirt with white writing on it is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5930.png 427w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5930-200x300.png 200w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5930-100x150.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uib.cat\/personal\/ABTExMzYx\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"149\" class=\"wp-image-13223\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5929.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Antoni Gomila Benejam with a brown mustache and goatee and wearing glasses and a soft collared shirt is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5929.png 536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5929-251x300.png 251w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5929-126x150.png 126w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/uKosHWXqZia5XMkx8\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"183\" class=\"wp-image-13225\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5936.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of Antoni Gomila Benejam wearing a white thinly grided shirt, glasses, and a tan sweater under a black outerwear jacket with wide lapels is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5936.png 526w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5936-247x300.png 247w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5936-123x150.png 123w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/dialnet.unirioja.es\/descarga\/articulo\/4245538.pdf\">La Teoria de las Ideas de Descartes<\/a>.\u201d <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"183\" class=\"wp-image-13225\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5936.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Antoni Gomila Benejam with glasses, wearing a white shirt with a grid pattern, under a tan sweater and a black outerwear jacket with wide lapels is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5936.png 526w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5936-247x300.png 247w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5936-123x150.png 123w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><em>Teorema<\/em> XVI, no. 1 (1996): 47\u201369. Also available <a href=\"https:\/\/antonigomila.wordpress.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/02\/descartes-idees.doc\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.es\/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=ca&amp;user=3-b3iRoAAAAJ&amp;cstart=20&amp;pagesize=80&amp;citation_for_view=3-b3iRoAAAAJ:4hFrxpcac9AC\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> Against standard readings of Descartes as philosophy of mind&#8217;s &#8220;villain&#8221;, because of his dualism (Ryle), his subjectivism (followers of the second Wittgenstein), or his individualism (Burge), this paper tries to point out his most valuable legacy, his representationalism, through a reconstruction of his notion of &#8220;idea&#8221; as a natural sign. To this end, attention is paid not only to the Meditations, but also to his scientific works, as they are the key to the rejection of the usual reading of &#8220;idea&#8221; as an incorporeal image.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jonathan_Bennett_(philosopher)\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jonathan_Bennett_(philosopher)\">Bennett<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/faqs\/bennett\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/faqs\/bennett\">Jonathan<\/a><\/strong>  <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jonathan_Bennett_(philosopher)\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"170\" class=\"wp-image-3199\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_3143.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout headshot of Jonathan Bennett used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_3143.png 235w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_3143-220x300.png 220w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2186100\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2186100\">Descartes&#8217; Theory of Modality<\/a>.&#8221; <em><a href=\"https:\/\/read.dukeupress.edu\/the-philosophical-review\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/read.dukeupress.edu\/the-philosophical-review\">The Philosophical Review<\/a><\/em> 103, no. 4 (1994): 639\u201367.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jonathan_Bennett_(philosopher)\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jonathan_Bennett_(philosopher)\">Bennett<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/faqs\/bennett\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/faqs\/bennett\">Jonathan<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.acpcpa.ca\/articles\/in-memoriam-jonathan-bennett\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"172\" class=\"wp-image-8470\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8745.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic cutout headshot of an old and white bearded glasses wearing Jonathan Bennett with a collared white shirt and floppy hat turned to his left used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8745.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8745-300x258.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8745-150x129.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/lockeberkeleyhum0000benn\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/lockeberkeleyhum0000benn\">Locke, Berkeley, Hume: Central Themes<\/a><\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/lockeberkeleyhum0000benn\/page\/n5\/mode\/2up\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"282\" class=\"wp-image-8338\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8469.png\" alt=\"An enhanced 3D photographic cutout of the spine and red front cover of &quot;Locke, Berkeley, Hume: Central Themes&quot; with portraits of the three philosophers on cover below the all capital letters title by Jonathan Bennett used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8469.png 397w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8469-186x300.png 186w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8469-93x150.png 93w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Read <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Steven%20Rappaport\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Stephen<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/southernjphil\/content\/southernjphil_1993_0031_0004_0527_0533?file_type=pdf\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Rappaport\u2019s<\/span><\/a> (no known photo) <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/227890\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/227890\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">critical Review<\/span><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/pub\/1\/journal\/76\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Journal of the History of Philosophy<\/span><\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/issue\/12270\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">12, no. 1 (January 1974)<\/span><\/a>: 117\u201320.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ceu.edu\/people\/hanoch-ben-yami\">Ben-Yami<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/openresearch.ceu.edu\/discover?filtertype_1=author&amp;filter_relational_operator_1=equals&amp;filter_1=Ben-Yami,%20Hanoch\">Hanoch<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ceu.edu\/people\/hanoch-ben-yami\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"208\" class=\"wp-image-9530\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0758.png\" alt=\"An enhanced  photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of a seated Hanoch Ben-Yami with interlaced fingers at his waist wearing dark clothing used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0758.png 539w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0758-253x300.png 253w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0758-126x150.png 126w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/openresearch.ceu.edu\/bitstream\/handle\/20.500.14018\/14278\/Ben-Yami-Hanoch_2023.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y\">The Development of Descartes\u2019 Idea of Representation by Correspondence<\/a>.&#8221; In <a href=\"https:\/\/media.fupress.com\/files\/pdf\/24\/13653\/38529\">Reading Descartes: Consciousness, Body, and Reasoning<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/media.fupress.com\/files\/pdf\/24\/13653\/38529\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"257\" class=\"wp-image-9528\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0751.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced dark green with yellow font title of the book cover of &quot;Reading Descartes: Consciousness, Body, and Reasoning&quot; edited by  Andrea Strazzoni and  Marco Sgarbi used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0751.jpeg 872w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0751-204x300.jpeg 204w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0751-698x1024.jpeg 698w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0751-102x150.jpeg 102w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0751-768x1127.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unive.it\/data\/search?q=andrea+strazzoni#gsc.tab=0&amp;gsc.q=andrea%20strazzoni&amp;gsc.page=1\">Andrea<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/andrea-strazzoni\">Strazzoni<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/photo\/?fbid=1682348445310637&amp;set=a.1452185354993615\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"162\" class=\"wp-image-9537\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0767.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Andrea Strazzoni smiling with white upper teeth shoeing while wearing a dark blue polo shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0767.png 493w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0767-231x300.png 231w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0767-116x150.png 116w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unive.it\/data\/people\/10995620\">Marco<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marco_Sgarbi\">Sgarbi<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unive.it\/data\/people\/10995620\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-9535\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0768.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of an unsmiling with frizzy top hair looking straight ahead Marco Sgbari wearing a white collared shirt and light blue tie under a black suit jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0768.png 440w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0768-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0768-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Firenze, IT: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fupress.com\/en\/contenuti\/who-we-are\/9179\">Firenze University Press<\/a> (2023): 41\u201357. Also <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/375252340_The_Development_of_Descartes%27_Idea_of_Representation_by_Correspondence\/fulltext\/6544eb85ce88b87031c1f2f3\/The-Development-of-Descartes-Idea-of-Representation-by-Correspondence.pdf?origin=publication_detail&amp;_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uRG93bmxvYWQiLCJwcmV2aW91c1BhZ2UiOiJwdWJsaWNhdGlvbiJ9fQ\">downloadable from Research Gate<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ceu.edu\/people\/hanoch-ben-yami\">Ben-Yami<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/openresearch.ceu.edu\/discover?filtertype_1=author&amp;filter_relational_operator_1=equals&amp;filter_1=Ben-Yami,%20Hanoch\">Hanoch<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ceu.edu\/people\/hanoch-ben-yami\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"208\" class=\"wp-image-9530\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0758.png\" alt=\"An enhanced  photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of a seated Hanoch Ben-Yami with interlaced fingers at his waist wearing dark clothing used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0758.png 539w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0758-253x300.png 253w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0758-126x150.png 126w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1057\/9781137512024\">Descartes&#8217; Philosophical Revolution: A Reassessment<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1057\/9781137512024\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"274\" class=\"wp-image-9551\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0778.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced dark orange book cover of &quot;Descartes' Philosophical Revolution: A Reassessment&quot; by Hanoch Ben-Yami with a statue of a shaved head priest in a brown robe with a string of very large beads and a cross in his two hands used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0778.jpeg 409w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0778-192x300.jpeg 192w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0778-96x150.jpeg 96w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Hampshire: Palgrave, 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Read <a href=\"https:\/\/udallas.edu\/academics\/programs\/philosophy\/faculty\/sepper-dennis.php\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Dennis<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/junkyardofthemind.com\/blog\/2018\/1\/22\/imagination-and-neo-aristotelian-epistemology\">L<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/independent.academia.edu\/DennisSepper\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Sepper&#8217;s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/udallas.edu\/academics\/programs\/philosophy\/faculty\/sepper-dennis.php\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"163\" class=\"wp-image-11070\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2915.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Dennis L. Sepper, his head tipped to his right,  with rimless glasses, a full dark beard, and a mustache with some gray wearing a white shirt with thin blue stripes and a likely paisley blue tie used to identify him visually.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2915.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2915-300x279.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2915-150x139.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/ndpr.nd.edu\/reviews\/descartes-philosophical-revolution-a-reassessment\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ceu.edu\/people\/hanoch-ben-yami\">Ben-Yami<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/openresearch.ceu.edu\/discover?filtertype_1=author&amp;filter_relational_operator_1=equals&amp;filter_1=Ben-Yami,%20Hanoch\">Hanoch<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ceu.edu\/people\/hanoch-ben-yami\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"208\" class=\"wp-image-9530\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0758.png\" alt=\"An enhanced  photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of a seated Hanoch Ben-Yami with interlaced fingers at his waist wearing dark clothing used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0758.png 539w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0758-253x300.png 253w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0758-126x150.png 126w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/jems\/content\/jems_2021_0010_0001_0029_0046\">Word, Sign and Representation in Descartes<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Journal of Early Modern Studies<\/em> 10, no. 1 (2021): 29\u201346.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/collection\/show?id=jems_2021_0010_0001_0029_0046&amp;file_type=pdf\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> In the first chapter of his <em>The World<\/em>, Descartes compares light to words and discusses signs and ideas. This made scholars read into that passage our views of language as a representational medium and consider it Descartes\u2019 model for representation in perception. I show, by contrast, that Descartes does not ascribe there any representational role to language; that to be a sign is for him to have a kind of causal role; and that he is concerned there only with the cause\u2019s lack of resemblance to its effect, not with the representation\u2019s lack of resemblance to what it represents. I support this interpretation by comparisons with other places in Descartes\u2019 corpus and with earlier authors, Descartes\u2019 likely sources. This interpretation may shed light both on Descartes\u2019 understanding of the functioning of language and on the development of his theory of representation in perception.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:31px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-philosophique-2018-2-page-305.htm\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-philosophique-2018-2-page-305.htm\">Beyssade<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/fr.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Marie_Beyssade\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/fr.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Marie_Beyssade\">Jean-Marie<\/a><\/strong>  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.babelio.com\/auteur\/Jean-Marie-Beyssade\/53505\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"169\" class=\"wp-image-3335\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4599.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced, and colorized photographic headshot cutout of Jean-Marie Beyssade used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4599.png 236w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4599-221x300.png 221w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/23945454\">La classification cart\u00e9sienne des passions<\/a>.&#8221;&nbsp;<em>Revue Internationale de Philosophie<\/em> <a class=\"  \" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/i23945447\">37, no. 146 (1983)<\/a>: 278\u201387.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-philosophique-2018-2-page-305.htm\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-philosophique-2018-2-page-305.htm\">Beyssade<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/fr.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Marie_Beyssade\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/fr.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Marie_Beyssade\">Jean-Marie<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.babelio.com\/auteur\/Jean-Marie-Beyssade\/53505\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"169\" class=\"wp-image-3335\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4599.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced, and colorized photographic headshot cutout of Jean-Marie Beyssade used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4599.png 236w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4599-221x300.png 221w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/BEYDOM-2\">Descartes on Material Falsity<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ridgeviewpublishing.com\/NAKS.html\">Minds, Ideas and Objects. Essays on the Theory of Representation in Modern Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Minds_Ideas_and_Objects\/DlANAQAAMAAJ?hl=en\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"336\" class=\"wp-image-3748\" style=\"width: 225px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5676.jpeg\" alt=\"The enhanced dark blue book cover for &quot;Minds, Ideas, and Objects&quot; edited by Phillip D. Cummins and Gunther Zoeller.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5676.jpeg 214w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5676-201x300.jpeg 201w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a> vol. 2 of the North American Kant Society Studies in Philosophy, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Phillip%20D.%20Cummins\">Phillip D.<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/clas.uiowa.edu\/philosophy\/people\/phillip-d-cummins\">Cummins<\/a> (<a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.uiowa.edu\/people\/phillip-d-cummins\">no known photo<\/a>) and <a href=\"https:\/\/lmu-munich.academia.edu\/GZoeller\">Guenter<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Guenter%20Zoeller\">Zoeller<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.philosophie.lmu.de\/de\/personen\/kontaktseite\/guenter-zoeller-a77930ef.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-9420\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0553.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Gunther Zoeller with glasses and wearing a collared white shirt and light green tie under a black sports coat used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0553.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0553-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0553-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0553-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, 5\u201320. Atascadero, CA: Ridgeview Press, 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-philosophique-2018-2-page-305.htm\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-philosophique-2018-2-page-305.htm\">Beyssade<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/fr.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Marie_Beyssade\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/fr.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Marie_Beyssade\">Jean-Marie<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.babelio.com\/auteur\/Jean-Marie-Beyssade\/53505\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"169\" class=\"wp-image-3335\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4599.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced, and colorized photographic headshot cutout of Jean-Marie Beyssade used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4599.png 236w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4599-221x300.png 221w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.senscritique.com\/livre\/La_Philosophie_premiere_de_Descartes\/45500056\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.senscritique.com\/livre\/La_Philosophie_premiere_de_Descartes\/45500056\">La Philosophie Premi\u00e8re de Descartes: Le temps et la coh\u00e9rence de la m\u00e9taphysique<\/a><\/em> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"288\" class=\"wp-image-8340\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8474.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced white book cover of &quot;La Philosophe Premere de Descartes&quot; by Jean-Marie Beyssade used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8474.jpeg 389w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8474-182x300.jpeg 182w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8474-91x150.jpeg 91w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/>. [<em>Descartes&#8217; First Philosophy: Time and the Coherence of Metaphysics<\/em>]. Paris: Flammarion, 1979.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-philosophique-2018-2-page-305.htm\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-philosophique-2018-2-page-305.htm\">Beyssade<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/fr.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Marie_Beyssade\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/fr.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Marie_Beyssade\">Jean-Marie<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.babelio.com\/auteur\/Jean-Marie-Beyssade\/53505\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"169\" class=\"wp-image-3335\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4599.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced, and colorized photographic headshot cutout of Jean-Marie Beyssade used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4599.png 236w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4599-221x300.png 221w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221221221510\/https:\/\/www.commonwealmagazine.org\/marion-francis-love-god-philosophy-woodward\">Jean-Luc<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Luc_Marion\">Marion<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Luc_Marion\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"181\" class=\"wp-image-8750\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_5E2FDBF5-DFCA-4DC8-82C9-79F766E99BE6.png\" alt=\"An enhanced reversed photographic cutout of glasses wearing Jean-Luc Marion with a collared shirt and bow tie and a dark brown suit coat used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_5E2FDBF5-DFCA-4DC8-82C9-79F766E99BE6.png 529w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_5E2FDBF5-DFCA-4DC8-82C9-79F766E99BE6-248x300.png 248w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_5E2FDBF5-DFCA-4DC8-82C9-79F766E99BE6-124x150.png 124w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>(eds.). <em><a href=\"https:\/\/gallica.bnf.fr\/ark:\/12148\/bpt6k4814458t.r=Descartes%2520objecter%2520et%2520r%C3%A9pondre?rk=21459;2\">Descartes: objecter et r\u00e9pondre<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/gallica.bnf.fr\/ark:\/12148\/bpt6k4814458t.r=Descartes%252520objecter%252520et%252520r%C3%A9pondre?rk=21459;2\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"235\" class=\"wp-image-8345\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8506.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced orange, blue, and white book over of Descartes: Objecter et R\u00e9pondre&quot; edited by Jean-Marie Beyssade and Jean-Luc Marion used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8506.jpeg 408w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8506-191x300.jpeg 191w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8506-96x150.jpeg 96w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, edited by&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/fr.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Marie_Beyssade\">Jean-Marie<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-philosophique-2018-2-page-305.htm\">Beyssade<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221221221510\/https:\/\/www.commonwealmagazine.org\/marion-francis-love-god-philosophy-woodward\">Jean-Luc<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Luc_Marion\">Marion<\/a>, 187. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1994.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.rutgers.edu\/people\/regular-faculty\/regular-faculty-profile\/182-regular-faculty-full-time\/567-bolton-martha-brandt\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.rutgers.edu\/people\/regular-faculty\/regular-faculty-profile\/182-regular-faculty-full-time\/567-bolton-martha-brandt\">Bolton<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/martha-bolton\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Martha%20Bolton&amp;eventCode=SE-AU\">Martha<\/a><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.rutgers.edu\/people\/regular-faculty\/regular-faculty-profile\/182-regular-faculty-full-time\/567-bolton-martha-brandt\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-3779\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5723.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized headshot photographic cutout of a young Martha Bolton used for identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5723.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5723-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5723-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.rutgers.edu\/docman-lister\/adobe-pdf-documents\/425-newsletter-2013-2014final\/file\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"165\" class=\"wp-image-3869\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6145.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized headshot photographic cutout of a glasses adorned old Martha Bolton with a correctly labeled name tag over her heart used for identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6145.png 242w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6145-227x300.png 227w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.philosophy.rutgers.edu\/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=567:bolton-martha-brandt&amp;catid=182:faculty-profiles\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"135\" height=\"169\" class=\"wp-image-3786\" style=\"width: 135px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_0CB0CB75-EC9E-491C-82C5-6B4C6C41C07D.png\" alt=\"A reversed and enhanced blended colorized headshot photographic cutout of a glasses adorned old Martha Bolton used for identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_0CB0CB75-EC9E-491C-82C5-6B4C6C41C07D.png 256w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_0CB0CB75-EC9E-491C-82C5-6B4C6C41C07D-240x300.png 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 135px) 100vw, 135px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/75540459\/16_Confused_and_Obscure_Ideas_of_Sense\">Confused and Obscure Ideas of Sense<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ucpress.edu\/book\/9780520055094\/essays-on-descartes-meditations\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.ucpress.edu\/book\/9780520055094\/essays-on-descartes-meditations\">Essays on Descartes&#8217; Meditations<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Essays_on_Descartes_Meditations\/WnZQVOrfDaMC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"263\" class=\"wp-image-5144\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/SIX_65211643-BC7A-4CEC-ACE5-BEFEC6FE8C7E.png\" alt=\"The enhanced dark green book cover with white font in titles for &quot;Essays on Descartes' Meditations&quot; edited by Amelie Oksenberg Rorty used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/SIX_65211643-BC7A-4CEC-ACE5-BEFEC6FE8C7E.png 213w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/SIX_65211643-BC7A-4CEC-ACE5-BEFEC6FE8C7E-200x300.png 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"http:\/\/amelierorty.blogspot.com\/2008\/03\/amelie-oksenberg-rorty.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/amelierorty.blogspot.com\/2008\/03\/amelie-oksenberg-rorty.html\">Am\u00e9lie O.<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Am%C3%A9lie_Rorty\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Am%C3%A9lie_Rorty\">Rorty<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"128\" class=\"wp-image-4547\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/0e49cd1c-1747-432e-b0cc-8f931199dc3b.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized from black and white photographic headshot and shoulders cutout of a smiling Amelie O. Rorty with her head facing the camera wearing a light blue knitted sweater and cowl used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/0e49cd1c-1747-432e-b0cc-8f931199dc3b.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/0e49cd1c-1747-432e-b0cc-8f931199dc3b-300x219.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/>, Ch. 16., 389\u2013403. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1986.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.cofc.edu\/faculty-staff-listing\/boyle-deborah.php\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.cofc.edu\/faculty-staff-listing\/boyle-deborah.php\"><strong>Boyle, Deborah A<\/strong><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/projectvox.org\/revealing-voices\/revealing-voices-deborah-boyle\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"145\" class=\"wp-image-3864\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6142.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of a glasses adorne Deborah Boyle with long brown air hanging down her front lower than her shoulders wearing a dark red rounded neck sweater used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6142.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6142-300x290.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomsbury.com\/ca\/descartes-on-innate-ideas-9781441102874\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.bloomsbury.com\/ca\/descartes-on-innate-ideas-9781441102874\/\">Descartes on Innate Ideas<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Descartes_on_Innate_Ideas\/bUwSBwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;pg=PR3&amp;printsec=frontcover\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"264\" class=\"wp-image-7583\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4607.png\" alt=\"An enhanced white top and blue bottom half of the book cover for &quot;Descartes on Innate Ideas&quot; with a black font title at the top of the blue half by Deborah J. Boyle used to visually identify it.\"><\/a>. London: Continuum, 2009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.cofc.edu\/faculty-staff-listing\/boyle-deborah.php\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.cofc.edu\/faculty-staff-listing\/boyle-deborah.php\"><strong>Boyle, Deborah A<\/strong><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/charleston.edu\/philosophy\/index.php\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"190\" class=\"wp-image-9424\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_4C4EC9C2-3345-437C-B84A-53C302A3CA29.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic cutout of a glasses wearing Deborah Boyle with shoulder length  brown hair with her hands touch and extended in front of her used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_4C4EC9C2-3345-437C-B84A-53C302A3CA29.png 588w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_4C4EC9C2-3345-437C-B84A-53C302A3CA29-276x300.png 276w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_4C4EC9C2-3345-437C-B84A-53C302A3CA29-138x150.png 138w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/schoolman\/content\/schoolman_2000_0078_0001_0035_0051\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/schoolman\/content\/schoolman_2000_0078_0001_0035_0051\">Descartes on Innate Ideas<\/a>.&#8221;&nbsp;<em>The Modern Schoolman<\/em>&nbsp;78 (November 2000): 35\u201350.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.cofc.edu\/faculty-staff-listing\/boyle-deborah.php\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.cofc.edu\/faculty-staff-listing\/boyle-deborah.php\"><strong>Boyle, Deborah A<\/strong><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/deborah-boyle\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"169\" class=\"wp-image-3864\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6142.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of a glasses adorne Deborah Boyle with long brown air hanging down her front lower than her shoulders wearing a dark red rounded neck sweater used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6142.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6142-300x290.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/228743\/pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/228743\/pdf\">Descartes&#8217; Natural Light Reconsidered<\/a>.&#8221;&nbsp;<em>Journal of the History of Philosophy<\/em>&nbsp;37, no. 4 (October 1999): 601\u201312. Complete article at <a href=\"https:\/\/muse-jhu-edu.libproxy.nau.edu\/article\/228743\/pdf\">Muse<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Janet_Broughton\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Janet_Broughton\">Broughton<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.berkeley.edu\/people\/detail\/9\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.berkeley.edu\/people\/detail\/9\">Janet<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/news.berkeley.edu\/2010\/11\/23\/broughton\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"131\" class=\"wp-image-3789\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5705.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout headshot of a smiling gray haired Janet Broughton used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5705.jpeg 244w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5705-229x300.jpeg 229w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><\/a> and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/John%20Carriero\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/John%20Carriero\">John<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucla.edu\/person\/john-carriero\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucla.edu\/person\/john-carriero\/\">Carriero<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.berkeley.edu\/people\/detail\/619\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.berkeley.edu\/people\/detail\/619\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"143\" class=\"wp-image-2670\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_95CE9BA0-A331-4D8E-A913-382E9E76EC4C.png\" alt=\"A color photographic headshot of John Carriero wearing a light brown jacket over a blue shirt used for identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_95CE9BA0-A331-4D8E-A913-382E9E76EC4C.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_95CE9BA0-A331-4D8E-A913-382E9E76EC4C-300x286.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> eds. <a href=\"https:\/\/eclass.uoa.gr\/modules\/document\/file.php\/PHS414\/%5BJanet_Broughton%2C_John_Carriero%5D_A_Companion_to_Descartes.pdf\"><em>A Companion to Descartes<\/em><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/eclass.uoa.gr\/modules\/document\/file.php\/PHS414\/%5BJanet_Broughton%2C_John_Carriero%5D_A_Companion_to_Descartes.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"258\" class=\"wp-image-6037\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_1675.png\" alt=\"An enhanced image of the black book cover for &quot;A Companion to Descartes&quot; edited by Janet Broughton and John Carriero with an Amsterdam full portrait of Descartes used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_1675.png 217w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_1675-203x300.png 203w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Janet_Broughton\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Janet_Broughton\">Broughton<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.berkeley.edu\/people\/detail\/9\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.berkeley.edu\/people\/detail\/9\">Janet<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/news.berkeley.edu\/2010\/11\/23\/broughton\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"131\" class=\"wp-image-3789\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5705.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout headshot of a smiling gray haired Janet Broughton used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5705.jpeg 244w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5705-229x300.jpeg 229w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_s_Method_of_Doubt.html?id=nannymrP6d8C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_s_Method_of_Doubt.html?id=nannymrP6d8C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Descartes\u2019s Method of Doubt<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/press.princeton.edu\/books\/ebook\/9781400825042\/descartess-method-of-doubt\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"267\" class=\"wp-image-6039\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_1678.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced image of the centered horizontal black stripe as background to the title fir the book cover of &quot;Descartes's Method of Doubt&quot; by Janet Broughton with a photograph of a tree with extensively exposed roots used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_1678.jpeg 210w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_1678-197x300.jpeg 197w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Janet_Broughton\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Janet_Broughton\">Broughton<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.berkeley.edu\/people\/detail\/9\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.berkeley.edu\/people\/detail\/9\">Janet<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.berkeley.edu\/people\/detail\/9\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"263\" class=\"wp-image-3792\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5706.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout headshot of a smiling gray haired Janet Broughton with a dark red rounded collar shirt under a lapeled dark brown jacket and used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5706.jpeg 213w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5706-200x300.jpeg 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/9780470696439.ch11\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/9780470696439.ch11\">Self-Knowledge<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/eclass.uoa.gr\/modules\/document\/file.php\/PHS414\/%5BJanet_Broughton%2C_John_Carriero%5D_A_Companion_to_Descartes.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/A_Companion_to_Descartes\/yKue-wZAvmYC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;pg=PT4&amp;printsec=frontcover\">A Companion to Descartes<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/A_Companion_to_Descartes\/yKue-wZAvmYC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;pg=PT4&amp;printsec=frontcover\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"215\" class=\"wp-image-7590\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4608.jpeg\" alt=\"A black book cover with Descartes's Franz Gals portrait centered on cover under the title &quot;A Companion to Descartes&quot; edited by Janet Broughton and John Carriero used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4608.jpeg 223w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4608-209x300.jpeg 209w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.berkeley.edu\/people\/detail\/9\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.berkeley.edu\/people\/detail\/9\">Janet<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Janet_Broughton\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Janet_Broughton\">Broughton<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"131\" class=\"wp-image-3789\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5705.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout headshot of a smiling gray haired Janet Broughton used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5705.jpeg 244w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5705-229x300.jpeg 229w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/> and <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/John%20Carriero\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/John%20Carriero\">John<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucla.edu\/person\/john-carriero\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucla.edu\/person\/john-carriero\/\">Carriero<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucla.edu\/person\/john-carriero\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"143\" class=\"wp-image-2670\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_95CE9BA0-A331-4D8E-A913-382E9E76EC4C.png\" alt=\"A color photographic headshot of John Carriero wearing a light brown jacket over a blue shirt used for identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_95CE9BA0-A331-4D8E-A913-382E9E76EC4C.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_95CE9BA0-A331-4D8E-A913-382E9E76EC4C-300x286.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, 179\u201395. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/arts\/educational-magazines\/brown-deborah-j-1963\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/arts\/educational-magazines\/brown-deborah-j-1963\">Brown<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/hpi.uq.edu.au\/profile\/433\/deborah-brown\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/hpi.uq.edu.au\/profile\/433\/deborah-brown\">Deborah J<\/a><\/strong>. <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"214\" class=\"wp-image-3796\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5739.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout headshot of a smiling Deborah J. Brown used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5739.png 224w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5739-210x300.png 210w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/espace.library.uq.edu.au\/view\/UQ:390998\">Being, formal versus objective<\/a>.&#8221; In&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/the-cambridge-descartes-lexicon-0521193524-9780521193528.html\">The Cambridge Descartes Lexicon<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/the-cambridge-descartes-lexicon-0521193524-9780521193528.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"216\" class=\"wp-image-6539\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2336.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color image of the cerulean blue book cover for &quot;The Cambridge Descartes Lexicon&quot; edited by Lawrence Nolan used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2336.jpeg 222w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2336-208x300.jpeg 208w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, edited by&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/espace.library.uq.edu.au\/records\/search?searchQueryParams%5Brek_contributor%5D%5Bvalue%5D=Lawrence+Nolan&amp;searchQueryParams%5Brek_contributor%5D%5Blabel%5D=Lawrence+Nolan&amp;searchMode=advanced\">Lawrence Nolan<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucla.edu\/person\/larry-nolan\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-3122\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2549.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of a headshot of a smiling Lawrence Nolan with sunglasses propped on the top of his head used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2549.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2549-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2549-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, 60\u201365.&nbsp;Cambridge, UK:&nbsp;Cambridge University Press, 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/arts\/educational-magazines\/brown-deborah-j-1963\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/arts\/educational-magazines\/brown-deborah-j-1963\">Brown<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/hpi.uq.edu.au\/profile\/433\/deborah-brown\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/hpi.uq.edu.au\/profile\/433\/deborah-brown\">Deborah J<\/a><\/strong>.<a href=\"https:\/\/study.uq.edu.au\/stories\/dear-16-year-old-me-advice-uqs-professor-deborah-brown\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-9432\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0002.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color  photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Deborah J. Brown with dangling pearl earrings and wearing an academic cap and gown used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0002.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0002-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0002-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0002-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_and_the_Passionate_Mind.html?id=vgm1c0VSpy4C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_and_the_Passionate_Mind.html?id=vgm1c0VSpy4C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Descartes and the Passionate Mind<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_and_the_Passionate_Mind.html?id=vgm1c0VSpy4C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"279\" class=\"wp-image-6547\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2340.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced. color  image of the dark blue book cover for &quot;Descartes and the Passionate Mind&quot; with a painterly version headshot of the Franz Hals portrait of Descartes written by Deborah J. Brown used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2340.jpeg 201w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2340-188x300.jpeg 188w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1714\" class=\"wp-image-38515\" style=\"width: 1200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6601.jpeg\" alt=\"The Table of Contents for Descartes and the Passionate Mind (2006) by Deborah Brown.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6601.jpeg 1568w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6601-210x300.jpeg 210w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6601-717x1024.jpeg 717w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6601-105x150.jpeg 105w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6601-768x1097.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6601-1075x1536.jpeg 1075w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6601-1434x2048.jpeg 1434w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Read <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/search?action=search&amp;query=author:Sean%20Greenberg:and&amp;min=1&amp;max=10&amp;t=query_term\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Sean Greenberg\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/127129797\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a>.<a href=\"https:\/\/emotionresearcher.com\/on-the-emotional-turn-in-the-history-of-early-modern-philosophy\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"193\" class=\"wp-image-4236\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7144.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic headshot cutout of Sean Greenberg wearing a collared light purple shirt with two buttons undone at neck used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7144.png 249w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7144-233x300.png 233w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/pub\/1\/journal\/76\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\"><em>Journal of the History of Philosophy<\/em><\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/issue\/11713\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">45, no.  3 (July 2007)<\/span><\/a>: 499\u2013500.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Read <a href=\"https:\/\/lisacshapiro.org\/papers\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Lisa<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lisa%20Shapiro\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Shapiro\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/ndpr.nd.edu\/reviews\/descartes-and-the-passionate-mind\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a>.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fmsh.fr\/en\/researchers\/lisa-shapiro\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"140\" height=\"187\" class=\"wp-image-4040\" style=\"width: 140px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6586.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Lisa Shapiro wearing a tight rounded neck black shirt used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6586.png 240w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6586-225x300.png 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 140px) 100vw, 140px\" \/><\/a> <em>Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews<\/em>, March 4, 2007.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Read <a href=\"https:\/\/warwick.ac.uk\/fac\/soc\/pais\/people\/sorell\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Tom<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tom_Sorell\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Sorell\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/tom-sorell\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-22138\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/IMG_4119.png\" alt=\"An enhanced headshot of Tom Sorell, wearing a colored shirt under a blue sweater and looking straight ahead used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/IMG_4119.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/IMG_4119-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/IMG_4119-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/IMG_4119-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/51897739\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a>. <em>Philosophical Books<\/em> Vol. 49, no. 1 (January 2008): 47\u201359.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Read <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/tatiana-patrone\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Tatiana<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ithaca.edu\/faculty\/tpatrone\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Patrone\u2018s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/4cnpbXELV417hDD88\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"186\" class=\"wp-image-22142\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/IMG_4126.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of Tatiana Patrone wearing glasses and a white sweater with gray and yellow cross stripes was used for visual identification. \" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/IMG_4126.png 603w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/IMG_4126-283x300.png 283w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/IMG_4126-141x150.png 141w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/IMG_4126-600x640.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/metapsychology.net\/index.php\/book-review\/descartes-and-the-passionate-mind\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a>.  <em>Metapsychology<\/em> Online Reviews 11, no. 5 (2007).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Read <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/action\/doBasicSearch?Query=au%3A%22Amy%20Morgan%20Schmitter%22\">Amy<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Amy%20Morgan%20Schmitter\">Morgan<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/apps.ualberta.ca\/directory\/person\/as24\">Schmitter\u2019s<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/woegoshow.com\/with-philosophy-ep-73\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"159\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_7A7D3939-7984-4998-81AF-D4B12372B53D.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_7A7D3939-7984-4998-81AF-D4B12372B53D-300x272.png 300w\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_7A7D3939-7984-4998-81AF-D4B12372B53D.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic cutout headshot of a middle aged Amy M. Schmitter facing forward wearing a gray top and with  heavy black headset on ears and a large black microphone extension out of the black headset used for identifying her.\"><\/a>Review: \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/401755\/pdf\">Descartes&#8217;s Peepshow.<\/a>\u201d <em>Canadian Journal of Philosophy<\/em> 40, no. 3, September 2010, 485\u2013508.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/arts\/educational-magazines\/brown-deborah-j-1963\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/arts\/educational-magazines\/brown-deborah-j-1963\">Brown<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/hpi.uq.edu.au\/profile\/433\/deborah-brown\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/hpi.uq.edu.au\/profile\/433\/deborah-brown\">Deborah J<\/a><\/strong>. <a href=\"https:\/\/study.uq.edu.au\/stories\/dear-16-year-old-me-advice-uqs-professor-deborah-brown\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"180\" class=\"wp-image-9435\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0007.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Deborah J. Brown with dangling pearl earrings and her head. turned to her left and wearing. a dark pink shirt used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0007.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0007-300x270.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0007-150x135.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/eclass.uoa.gr\/modules\/document\/file.php\/PHS414\/%5BJanet_Broughton%2C_John_Carriero%5D_A_Companion_to_Descartes.pdf\">Descartes on True and False Ideas<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/eclass.uoa.gr\/modules\/document\/file.php\/PHS414\/%5BJanet_Broughton%2C_John_Carriero%5D_A_Companion_to_Descartes.pdf\">A Companion to Descartes<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/eclass.uoa.gr\/modules\/document\/file.php\/PHS414\/%5BJanet_Broughton%2C_John_Carriero%5D_A_Companion_to_Descartes.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"221\" class=\"wp-image-6037\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_1675.png\" alt=\"An enhanced image of the black book cover for &quot;A Companion to Descartes&quot; edited by Janet Broughton and John Carriero with an Amsterdam full portrait of Descartes used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_1675.png 217w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_1675-203x300.png 203w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.berkeley.edu\/people\/detail\/9\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.berkeley.edu\/people\/detail\/9\">Janet<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Janet_Broughton\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Janet_Broughton\">Broughton<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/news.berkeley.edu\/2010\/11\/23\/broughton\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"131\" class=\"wp-image-3789\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5705.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout headshot of a smiling gray haired Janet Broughton used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5705.jpeg 244w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5705-229x300.jpeg 229w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/John%20Carriero\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/John%20Carriero\">John<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucla.edu\/person\/john-carriero\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucla.edu\/person\/john-carriero\/\">Carriero<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucla.edu\/newsletter\/spring-2017\/interviews\/john-carriero\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-9290\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0048.png\" alt=\"An enhanced reversed colorized photographic headshot cutout of a thinly bearded and mustached John Carriero with rimless glasses and wearing a checkered patterned collared shirt and a black jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0048.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0048-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0048-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0048-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, 196\u2013215. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/arts\/educational-magazines\/brown-deborah-j-1963\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/arts\/educational-magazines\/brown-deborah-j-1963\">Brown<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/hpi.uq.edu.au\/profile\/433\/deborah-brown\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/hpi.uq.edu.au\/profile\/433\/deborah-brown\">Deborah J<\/a><\/strong>. .<a href=\"https:\/\/study.uq.edu.au\/stories\/dear-16-year-old-me-advice-uqs-professor-deborah-brown\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"180\" class=\"wp-image-9435\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0007.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Deborah J. Brown with dangling pearl earrings and her head. turned to her left and wearing. a dark pink shirt used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0007.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0007-300x270.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0007-150x135.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>&#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/espace.library.uq.edu.au\/view\/UQ:390997\">Passion<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/the-cambridge-descartes-lexicon-0521193524-9780521193528.html\">The Cambridge Descartes Lexicon<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/the-cambridge-descartes-lexicon-0521193524-9780521193528.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"252\" class=\"wp-image-6539\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2336.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color image of the cerulean blue book cover for &quot;The Cambridge Descartes Lexicon&quot; edited by Lawrence Nolan used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2336.jpeg 222w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2336-208x300.jpeg 208w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/espace.library.uq.edu.au\/records\/search?searchQueryParams%5Brek_contributor%5D%5Bvalue%5D=Lawrence+Nolan&amp;searchQueryParams%5Brek_contributor%5D%5Blabel%5D=Lawrence+Nolan&amp;searchMode=advanced\">Lawrence Nolan<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucla.edu\/person\/larry-nolan\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-10251\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1744.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Lawrence Nolan with a mustache and goatee with sunglasses propped on the top of his head and wearing a dark gray polo style shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1744.png 560w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1744-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1744-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, 563\u201369. Cambridge, UK:&nbsp;Cambridge University Press, 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/arts\/educational-magazines\/brown-deborah-j-1963\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/arts\/educational-magazines\/brown-deborah-j-1963\">Brown<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/hpi.uq.edu.au\/profile\/433\/deborah-brown\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/hpi.uq.edu.au\/profile\/433\/deborah-brown\">Deborah J<\/a><\/strong>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.edx.org\/bio\/deborah-brown\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-9438\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0565.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Deborah J. Brown with her head tilted to her right and wearing a black shirt used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0565.png 220w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0565-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/espace.library.uq.edu.au\/view\/UQ:133059\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/espace.library.uq.edu.au\/data\/UQ_133059\/brown_2006_objective.pdf?Expires=1694280665&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAJKNBJ4MJBJNC6NLQ&amp;Signature=IvPe1PDEfFyioYt40qdQsaJlaRjNP0OiK91gA6WjtCeLjjYN2oK3rxDxNrcpLG~rfI6K3eeeQQ~THXtYgX4DfsBxVx2aJtLT9NjoDg7Jv9CgpgttEsQ5UfkXwbZh7TlH8AeSbcvYzkV-Io2k8Zk444xGz43npDcsHnKf6bgggCpnIfz~ljOQAsJAZUjYHl7mn~qSkm1wnuRma0cjCAGZoSn52qKhXOgpttqFmJASx5wqBu7au2hsJGpsTAG1NZqg5ptVhfRanN-LL0RMSIDaOF2qXEdh9JcmFUEvdNLfODzAJLNtv1vJaqSqZn7Rzhqten614ROmdacAGaeIOI68~g__\">Objective Being in Descartes: That Which We Know, or That By Which We Know<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Representation_and_Objects_of_Thought_in.html?id=a30fl7OeOIEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Representation_and_Objects_of_Thought_in.html?id=a30fl7OeOIEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Representation and Objects of Thought in Medieval Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"265\" class=\"wp-image-879\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_8562-1.jpeg\" alt=\"The royal purple book cover for &quot;Representation and Objects of Thought in Medieval Philosophy.&quot;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_8562-1.jpeg 360w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_8562-1-198x300.jpeg 198w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.su.se\/english\/profiles\/hlage-1.313716\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.su.se\/english\/profiles\/hlage-1.313716\">Henrik Lagerlund<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"153\" class=\"wp-image-4194\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1aa82adf-a5f0-4b90-9b73-b68b5dabad42.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of an eye's smiling full brown beard and mustache Henrik Lagerlund wearing a light purple colored collared shirt under a black suit jacket used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1aa82adf-a5f0-4b90-9b73-b68b5dabad42.png 313w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1aa82adf-a5f0-4b90-9b73-b68b5dabad42-293x300.png 293w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>, 135\u201353. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Co., 2007.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/gregory-brown\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/gregory-brown\">Brown, Gregory A<\/a><\/strong>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uh.edu\/class\/philosophy\/department-news\/index.php\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"188\" class=\"wp-image-8309\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8412.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling red faced grey bearded and mustached Gregory Brown wearing a red collared shirt and turning to his left used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8412.png 144w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8412-100x150.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/uh.edu\/class\/news\/archive\/2010\/november\/phil-leibnizconference\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-8310\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8411.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling grey bearded and mustached Gregory Brown wearing a blue and green palm tree patterned Hawaiian shirt open at the neck used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8411.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8411-300x263.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8411-150x131.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/227348\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/227348\">Vera Entia: The Nature of Mathematical Objects in Descartes.<\/a>&#8221; <em>Journal of the History of Philosophy<\/em> 18, no. 1 (1980): 23\u201337.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.csusb.edu\/cal\/faculty\/cal-outstanding-faculty-award\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.csusb.edu\/cal\/faculty\/cal-outstanding-faculty-award\">Buroker<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Jill%20Vance%20Buroker\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Jill%20Vance%20Buroker\">Jill<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/search?dc.creator=Jill%20Vance%20Buroker\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/search?dc.creator=Jill%20Vance%20Buroker\">Vance<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.csusb.edu\/cal\/news\/2018-news\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"193\" class=\"wp-image-8313\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8421.png\" alt=\"An enhanced cloned right shoulder of Jill Vance Buroker wearing a v-neck purple shirt under a dark gray sweater used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8421.png 497w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8421-233x300.png 233w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8421-116x150.png 116w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>  <a href=\"https:\/\/tableau.uchicago.edu\/articles\/2014\/09\/women-philosophy-uchicago\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"206\" class=\"wp-image-8316\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_81056E8B-BB55-44C0-8F6A-ABA3A2D666B0.png\" alt=\"An enhanced middle aged Jill Vance Buroker wearing a round neck dark maroon short sleeve top with her arms at her waist with hands interlocked used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_81056E8B-BB55-44C0-8F6A-ABA3A2D666B0.png 389w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_81056E8B-BB55-44C0-8F6A-ABA3A2D666B0-182x300.png 182w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_81056E8B-BB55-44C0-8F6A-ABA3A2D666B0-91x150.png 91w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.csusb.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/upload\/file\/2013_CAL_Annual_Fall_Celebration.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"209\" class=\"wp-image-8318\" style=\"width: 250px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8434.png\" alt=\"An enhanced middle aged Jill Vance Buroker wearing a blue collared blouse while holding her thick ZKsnt book to an open page holding the book in her right hand while seated used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8434.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8434-300x250.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8434-150x125.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/226254\/pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/226254\/pdf\">Descartes on Sensible Qualities<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Journal of the History of Philosophy<\/em> 29, no. 4 (October 1991):&nbsp;585\u2013611.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><font style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><font style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/asearch.pl?year=&amp;hideAbstracts=&amp;author=Butler%2C%20Ronald%20J%2E&amp;sqc=&amp;langFilter=&amp;sort=relevance&amp;proOnly=on&amp;publishedOnly=&amp;searchStr=Ronald%20J%2E%20Butler&amp;freeOnly=&amp;showCategories=on&amp;categorizerOn=&amp;newWindow=on&amp;filterMode=notauthors&amp;filterByAreas=&amp;onlineOnly=&amp;\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/asearch.pl?year=&amp;hideAbstracts=&amp;author=Butler%2C%20Ronald%20J%2E&amp;sqc=&amp;langFilter=&amp;sort=relevance&amp;proOnly=on&amp;publishedOnly=&amp;searchStr=Ronald%20J%2E%20Butler&amp;freeOnly=&amp;showCategories=on&amp;categorizerOn=&amp;newWindow=on&amp;filterMode=notauthors&amp;filterByAreas=&amp;onlineOnly=&amp;\"><strong>Butler, Ronald<\/strong><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oxfordreference.com\/display\/10.1093\/oi\/authority.20110803095538675\">J<\/a>(oseph). (no know photo), ed. <\/font><\/font><em><font style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><font style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/cartesianstudies0000butl\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/cartesianstudies0000butl\">Cartesian Studies<\/a><\/font><\/font><\/em><font style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><font style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> <\/font><\/font><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sfparis.com\/pages\/books\/73998\/r-j-butler-essays\/cartesian-studies\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"273\" class=\"wp-image-7691\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_5085.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced full faced green book cover with a white square containing the black font title and author's name for &quot;Cartesian Studies&quot; edited by R. J. Butler used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_5085.jpeg 205w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_5085-192x300.jpeg 192w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a><font style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><font style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">. Oxford: Blackwell, 1972.<\/font><\/font><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.meisterdrucke.ie\/fine-art-prints\/Unknown-artist\/973310\/View-of-the-museum-%28cabinet%29-of-curiosities-%28encyclopedic-museum%29-of-the-pharmacist-Ferrante-Imperato-%281550---1631%29.-Engraving-from-1678.-Museum-of-the-Neapolitan-apothecary-Ferrante-Imperato..html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"827\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_17899F52-01E0-40DB-8097-726A3220C47Ab1-1-scaled-1-1024x827.jpeg\" alt=\"A framed color drawing of Descartes standing at a lectern\/table in a library with four soldiers to his left used as an advertising promotion for the DTOI website.\" class=\"wp-image-893\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_17899F52-01E0-40DB-8097-726A3220C47Ab1-1-scaled-1-1024x827.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_17899F52-01E0-40DB-8097-726A3220C47Ab1-1-scaled-1-300x242.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_17899F52-01E0-40DB-8097-726A3220C47Ab1-1-scaled-1-768x620.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_17899F52-01E0-40DB-8097-726A3220C47Ab1-1-scaled-1-1536x1241.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_17899F52-01E0-40DB-8097-726A3220C47Ab1-1-scaled-1-2048x1654.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\" id=\"C-neon-ivy-drop-cap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"320\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0966.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2151\" style=\"width:138px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0966.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0966-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0966-150x150.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucla.edu\/person\/john-carriero\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucla.edu\/person\/john-carriero\/\">Carriero<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/John%20Carriero\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/John%20Carriero\">John<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.berkeley.edu\/people\/detail\/619\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.berkeley.edu\/people\/detail\/619\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"167\" class=\"wp-image-2670\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_95CE9BA0-A331-4D8E-A913-382E9E76EC4C.png\" alt=\"A color photographic headshot of John Carriero wearing a light brown jacket over a blue shirt used for identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_95CE9BA0-A331-4D8E-A913-382E9E76EC4C.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_95CE9BA0-A331-4D8E-A913-382E9E76EC4C-300x286.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Between_Two_Worlds.html?id=4dCen1pZRFMC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Between_Two_Worlds.html?id=4dCen1pZRFMC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><em>Between Two Worlds: A Reading of Descartes\u2019s Meditations<\/em><\/a>.<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Between_Two_Worlds.html?id=4dCen1pZRFMC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Between_Two_Worlds.html?id=4dCen1pZRFMC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"227\" class=\"wp-image-2633\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1725.jpeg\" alt=\"The color book over of &quot;Between Two Worlds: A Reading of Descartes's Meditations.&quot;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1725.jpeg 211w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1725-198x300.jpeg 198w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucla.edu\/person\/john-carriero\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucla.edu\/person\/john-carriero\/\">Carriero<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/John%20Carriero\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/John%20Carriero\">John<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucla.edu\/newsletter\/spring-2017\/interviews\/john-carriero\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-9290\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0048.png\" alt=\"An enhanced reversed colorized photographic headshot cutout of a thinly bearded and mustached John Carriero with rimless glasses and wearing a checkered patterned collared shirt and a black jacket used to visually identify him. \" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0048.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0048-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0048-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0048-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1525\/9780520907836-012\/html?lang=en\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1525\/9780520907836-012\/html?lang=en\">The Second Meditation and the Essence of Mind<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ucpress.edu\/book\/9780520055094\/essays-on-descartes-meditations\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.ucpress.edu\/book\/9780520055094\/essays-on-descartes-meditations\">Essays on Descartes&#8217; Meditations<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Essays_on_Descartes_Meditations\/WnZQVOrfDaMC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"263\" class=\"wp-image-5144\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/SIX_65211643-BC7A-4CEC-ACE5-BEFEC6FE8C7E.png\" alt=\"The enhanced dark green book cover with white font in titles for &quot;Essays on Descartes' Meditations&quot; edited by Amelie Oksenberg Rorty used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/SIX_65211643-BC7A-4CEC-ACE5-BEFEC6FE8C7E.png 213w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/SIX_65211643-BC7A-4CEC-ACE5-BEFEC6FE8C7E-200x300.png 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"http:\/\/amelierorty.blogspot.com\/2008\/03\/amelie-oksenberg-rorty.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/amelierorty.blogspot.com\/2008\/03\/amelie-oksenberg-rorty.html\">Am\u00e9lie<\/a> Oksenberg <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Am%C3%A9lie_Rorty\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Am%C3%A9lie_Rorty\">Rorty<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"200\" class=\"wp-image-4549\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/878ff53d-551c-4b4c-aa16-57c21635c157.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot and shoulders cutout of a smiling glasses adorned Amelie O. Rorty with her head tilted to her right facing the camera wearing a black cowl neck under a autumn colored jacket used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/878ff53d-551c-4b4c-aa16-57c21635c157.png 240w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/878ff53d-551c-4b4c-aa16-57c21635c157-225x300.png 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>, 199\u2013221. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1986.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucla.edu\/person\/john-carriero\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucla.edu\/person\/john-carriero\/\">Carriero<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/John%20Carriero\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/John%20Carriero\">John<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/religion.ucla.edu\/person\/john-carriero\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-9293\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0044.png\" alt=\"An enhanced reversed colorized photographic headshot cutout of a bearded and mustached John Carriero with rimless glasses and wearing a light green collared shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0044.png 560w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0044-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0044-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/descartes-meditations\/sensation-and-knowledge-of-body-in-descartesmeditations\/D949AC4ABA632DD8B5B94F8E833D8EF6\">Sensation and Knowledge of Body in Descartes\u2019 Meditations<\/a>.\u201d In&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/descartes-meditations\/FA7C5BC5F571915C45B716C3F115124A\">Descartes\u2019 Meditations: A Critical Guide<\/a><\/em> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"262\" class=\"wp-image-8151\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_5314.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced image of the black and purple book cover of &quot;Descartes' Meditations: A Critical Guide&quot; edited by Karen Detlefsen used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_5314.jpeg 427w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_5314-200x300.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_5314-100x150.jpeg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.sas.upenn.edu\/people\/karen-detlefsen\">Karen<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/karen-detlefsen\">Detlefsen<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"164\" class=\"wp-image-3328\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4641.png\" alt=\"A mirror reversed enhanced colorized photographic cutout of Karen Detlefsen used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4641.png 292w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4641-274x300.png 274w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>, 103\u201326. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/297192098_Sensation_and_knowled\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/297192098_Sensation_and_knowled\">Carriero\u2019s Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> Descartes is often thought to embrace some form of \u201cindirect realism\u201d in the Meditations, at least when it comes to sensory cognition. Broadly, there are two main grounds for attributing such a position to him. First, in the Meditations, Descartes presents an argument for the existence of bodies. But what else could the purpose of this argument be, if not to get us from an inner world of our sensory ideas to an outer world of bodies? (Kant, for one, seems to have understood Descartes as having set some such problem for himself.) Second, Descartes denies in the Meditations that sensory ideas resemble things in bodies. This, on its face, would seem to make for a gap between our sensory cognition of features of bodies and the features themselves. Although for many years I read the Meditations in this way, I have come to think better of it. In the Third Meditation, Descartes sketches a \u201cpre-critical\u201d conception of sensory cognition, that is, the conception of the senses that he takes the meditator to have entered the Meditations with. This conception has affinities with an Aristotelian \u201crealist\u201d account of sensation. In the Sixth Meditation he presents his own theory of the senses. While there are important differences between the earlier position and the later one, I have come to think that it is easy to exaggerate the differences and that the new position is better seen as a modification of the Aristotelian \u201crealist\u201d picture than its abandonment.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/archive\/MIHDMC.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/archive\/MIHDMC.pdf\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">Publisher&#8217;s overview<\/mark><\/a>:<\/strong> <br>In &#8220;Sensation and knowledge of body in Descartes&#8217; Meditations,&#8221; John Carriero argues it is a mistake to interpret Descartes as having radically revised his view about sensation from a naive, pre-critical direct realism to a considered and philosophically grounded indirect realism. Carriero takes Descartes to have only modified his initial position while remaining within the confines of a broadly Aristotelian direct realist framework of sense perception. According to Carriero, direct realism involves a lack of mediation, a sharing of form between cognizer and cognized (105). Indirect realism, on the other hand, is exemplified by causal covariance (114). To support what we might call his &#8220;modification without change of framework&#8221; reading, Carriero points to the similarities between Descartes&#8217; two positions: the &#8220;spontaneous impulse&#8221; of Meditation III is very close to Meditation VI; and in both cases, sensations come to the mediator willy-nilly. Moreover, Carriero contends that apparent dissimilarities between Descartes&#8217; naive and his considered views can be accounted for in terms of a stretching of the direct realist framework. Carriero makes a case for interpreting Descartes&#8217; concept of sensation in terms of shared structure, as opposed to the Aristotelians&#8217; identity of form.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucla.edu\/person\/john-carriero\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucla.edu\/person\/john-carriero\/\">Carriero<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/John%20Carriero\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/John%20Carriero\">John<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.berkeley.edu\/people\/detail\/619\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"167\" class=\"wp-image-2670\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_95CE9BA0-A331-4D8E-A913-382E9E76EC4C.png\" alt=\"A color photographic headshot of John Carriero wearing a light brown jacket over a blue shirt used for identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_95CE9BA0-A331-4D8E-A913-382E9E76EC4C.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_95CE9BA0-A331-4D8E-A913-382E9E76EC4C-300x286.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, ed. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/FREEMP\">Early Modern Philosophy Reconsidered: Essays in Honor of Paul Hoffman<\/a><\/em> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"305\" class=\"wp-image-12970\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5772.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced blue with white and black rectangle in the lower third of the book cover of \u201cEarly Modern Philosophy Reconsidered\u201d edited by Peter A. French and Howard K. Wettstein is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5772.jpeg 419w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5772-196x300.jpeg 196w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5772-98x150.jpeg 98w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/>. <em>Midwest Studies in Philosophy<\/em>, vol. 35, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/search.asu.edu\/profile\/286173\">Peter A<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peter_A._French\">French<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/search.asu.edu\/profile\/286173\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"207\" class=\"wp-image-9299\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0067.png\" alt=\"An enhanced reversed photographic headshot cutout of Peter A. French with glasses and head pointing slightly down wearing a brown shirt under a black suit coat used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0067.png 464w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0067-218x300.png 218w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0067-109x150.png 109w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/profiles.ucr.edu\/app\/home\/profile\/howie\">Howard K. Wettstein<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/bibleandphilosophy.org\/conference-2015\/presenters\/howard-wettstein-university-of-california-riverside\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"211\" class=\"wp-image-9448\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0093.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Howard K. Wettstein with a gray beard and mustache wearing a white rounded neck shirt and a single cord around his neck hanging down used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0093.png 328w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0093-248x300.png 248w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0093-124x150.png 124w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Boston: Blackwell Publishing, 2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"http:\/\/web21direct.pdcnet.org\/projekte\/pdc\/workflow\/msp.nsf\/D14A0FD362E501AF852584C6003A37ED\/$file\/msp_2011_0035_0000_con_toc.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"772\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8544-772x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8366\" style=\"width:747px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8544-772x1024.jpeg 772w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8544-226x300.jpeg 226w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8544-113x150.jpeg 113w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8544-768x1019.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8544-1157x1536.jpeg 1157w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8544-1543x2048.jpeg 1543w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8544.jpeg 1923w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 772px) 100vw, 772px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.greggcaruso.com\/home.html\">Caruso<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/gregg-d-caruso\">Gregg D<\/a><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/gregg-d-caruso\">.<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.morning-times.com\/lifestyles\/article_cdf8d4dc-7d4e-5fa1-b849-55accaef3334.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"184\" class=\"wp-image-6849\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3177.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a thin mustache and goateed Gregg D. Caruso with green colored glasses and wearing a purple collared shirt looking straight at viewer used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3177.png 261w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3177-245x300.png 245w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/190305090\/Nathan-Smith-and-Jason-Taylor-Descartes-and-Cartesianism-2005\">Sensory States, Consciousness, and the Cartesian Assumption<\/a>.\u201d In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/190305090\/Nathan-Smith-and-Jason-Taylor-Descartes-and-Cartesianism-2005\">Descartes and Cartesianism<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/jZgbrJeFb6Uhetk78\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"245\" class=\"wp-image-13010\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5849.jpeg\" alt=\"The dark gray book cover of \u201cDescartes and Cartesianism,\u201d edited by Nathan Smith and Jason Taylor, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5849.jpeg 458w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5849-215x300.jpeg 215w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5849-107x150.jpeg 107w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/190305090\/Nathan-Smith-and-Jason-Taylor-Descartes-and-Cartesianism-2005\"><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Nathan%20D.%20Smith\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Nathan%20D.%20Smith\">Nathan<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/uh.edu\/class\/ccs\/people\/smith-n\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/uh.edu\/class\/ccs\/people\/smith-n\/\">Smith<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uh.edu\/class\/ccs\/people\/smith-n\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"233\" class=\"wp-image-9451\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0571.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic headshot cutout of a smiling gray and brown lightly bearded and mustached Nathan Smith ith glasses wearing a checkered white and blue shirt under a dark blue sport coat used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0571.png 480w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0571-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0571-113x150.png 113w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jason-taylor-9652142a\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jason-taylor-9652142a\">Jason Taylor<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.regis.edu\/academics\/faculty-finder\/faculty\/jason-taylor\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"194\" class=\"wp-image-9455\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_E627CB2C-2570-43F0-A224-9B9F610FDDF8.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic headshot cutout of Jason Taylor with shoulder length blonde hair and wearing a blue, green, and white cross patterned collared shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_E627CB2C-2570-43F0-A224-9B9F610FDDF8.png 578w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_E627CB2C-2570-43F0-A224-9B9F610FDDF8-271x300.png 271w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_E627CB2C-2570-43F0-A224-9B9F610FDDF8-135x150.png 135w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, 177\u201399. Cambridge Scholars Press, 2005. Click below on <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/CARSSC\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/CARSSC\">Author&#8217;s Abstract<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/190305090\/Nathan-Smith-and-Jason-Taylor-Descartes-and-Cartesianism-2005\">Editor&#8217;s Introduction<\/a> for the source of the quotation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/CARSSC\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/CARSSC\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">Author&#8217;s Abstract<\/mark><\/a>:<\/strong> One of the central assumptions made in much of contemporary philosophy of mind is that there is no appearance-reality distinction when it comes to sensory states. On this assumption, sensory states simply are as they seem: consciousness is an intrinsic property of sensory states\u2014that is, all sensory states are conscious\u2014and the consciousness of one\u2019s own sensory states is never inaccurate. For a sensation to be felt as pain, for example, is for it to be pain. This assumption, which I call the Cartesian assumption, can be seen everywhere from the standard arguments against physicalism\u2014such as those advanced by Kripke, Nagel, and Levine\u2014to current theorizing about consciousness. I here argue that this assumption is false and that it goes wrong in two ways. I further argue that the appeal of the Cartesian assumption is due to a commitment many still have to a poorly motivated and misguided Cartesian model of consciousness and its relation to mental states. As an alternative to this Cartesian concept of mind, I argue for a theory of consciousness which claims that the \u201cphenomenal character\u201d of a sensation or perception\u2014the \u201cwhat it\u2019s like\u201d to have that sensation\u2014is determined by the content of a higher-order thought one has of that sensory state<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/CARSSC\">.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/190305090\/Nathan-Smith-and-Jason-Taylor-Descartes-and-Cartesianism-2005\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">Editor&#8217;s Introduction<\/mark><\/a>:<\/strong> In \u201cSensory States, Consciousness, and the Cartesian Assumption,\u201d Gregg Caruso approaches the<em> res cogitans <\/em>from the concerns of contemporary philosophy of mind, investigating, specifically, the relationship between sensation and consciousness. Carouso challenges, the assumption, which he calls the \u201cCartesian assumption,\u201d that the range of sensation is co-extensive with consciousness: to have a sensation is to be aware of having a sensation. With examples from both ordinary experience and cognitive science, Carouso argues that this assumption can be undermined in two ways. First, we can have real sensations, which do not appear to us as sensations. Second, we can appear to have sensations which are not really sensations for us. Caruso concludes by offering an alternative theory of mind, the HOT (Higher Order Thought) model, which he believes more adequately represents the variety of our experience.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.colinchamberlain.com\/about\">Chamberlain<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucl.ac.uk\/philosophy\/people\/dr-colin-chamberlain\">Colin<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucl.ac.uk\/philosophy\/people\/dr-colin-chamberlain\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"168\" class=\"wp-image-3953\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_8C4D0F4C-B568-41F2-B129-E1F0407AB9DC.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic cutout of Colin Chamberlin wearing a gray rounded neck shirt with his left hand under his chin and fingers wrapped around his left cheek used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_8C4D0F4C-B568-41F2-B129-E1F0407AB9DC.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_8C4D0F4C-B568-41F2-B129-E1F0407AB9DC-300x288.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.colinchamberlain.com\/_files\/ugd\/fa44c7_f3f3091c7a184d68bc40212488b246b3.pdf?index=true\">Not a Sailor in His Ship: Descartes on Bodily Awareness<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Routledge_Handbook_of_Bodily_Awarene.html?id=BzCXEAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">The&nbsp;Routledge Handbook to Bodily Awareness<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Routledge_Handbook_of_Bodily_Awarene.html?id=BzCXEAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"167\" class=\"wp-image-3960\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6370.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color book cover of &quot;The Routledge Handbook of Bodily Awareness&quot; used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6370.jpeg 240w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6370-225x300.jpeg 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/adrianjtalsmith\/home\">Adrian J(ohn). T(etteh). Alsmith<\/a> (no known photo) and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbk.ac.uk\/our-staff\/profile\/8007317\/matthew-longo\">Matthew R. Longo<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbk.ac.uk\/our-staff\/#publications\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-9459\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0579.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced  photographic headshot cutout of a glasses wearing Matthew R. Longo wearing a light blue collared shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0579.png 404w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0579-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0579-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, 83\u201394. London: Routledge, 2022.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.colinchamberlain.com\/_files\/ugd\/fa44c7_f3f3091c7a184d68bc40212488b246b3.pdf?index=true\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.colinchamberlain.com\/_files\/ugd\/fa44c7_f3f3091c7a184d68bc40212488b246b3.pdf?index=true\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">Author&#8217;s Abstract<\/mark><\/a>:<\/strong> Despite his reputation for neglecting the body, Descartes develops a systematic account of bodily awareness. He holds that in bodily awareness each of us feels intimately connected to our body. We experience this body as inescapable, as infused with bodily sensations and volitions, and as a special object of concern. This multifaceted experience plays an ambivalent role in Descartes\u2019s philosophy. Bodily awareness is epistemically dangerous. It tempts us to falsely judge that we cannot exist apart from our bodies. But bodily awareness isn\u2019t all bad for Descartes. It helps us stay alive. Descartes also appeals to bodily awareness as a corrective to overly disembodied conceptions of the self.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.colinchamberlain.com\/about\">Chamberlain<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucl.ac.uk\/philosophy\/people\/dr-colin-chamberlain\">Colin<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/colin-chamberlain\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"165\" class=\"wp-image-3954\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6363.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of a smiling Colin Chamberlin wearing a white shirt and purple patterned tie with a dark blue sports coat used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6363.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6363-300x283.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.colinchamberlain.com\/_files\/ugd\/fa44c7_816a527d8f7b45289cbd14be4079c626.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">What Am I? Descartes\u2019s Various Ways of Considering the Self<\/a>.&#8221;&nbsp;<em>Journal of Modern Philosophy&nbsp;<\/em>2, no. 1 (2020): 1\u201330.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\"><strong>Author&#8217;s Abstract:<\/strong><\/mark> In the&nbsp;<em>Meditations<\/em>&nbsp;and related texts from the early 1640s, Descartes argues that the self can be correctly considered as either a mind or a human being, and that the self\u2019s properties vary accordingly. For example, the self is simple considered as a mind, whereas the self is composite considered as a human being. Someone might object that it is unclear how merely considering the self in different ways blocks the conclusion that a single subject of predication\u2014the self\u2014is both simple and composite, which is contradictory. In response to this objection, this paper develops a reading of Descartes\u2019s various ways of considering the self. I argue that the best reading of Descartes\u2019s qualified claims about the self, i.e., about the self qua mind or the self qua human being, presupposes an account of the unqualified self, that is, of the self simpliciter. I argue that the self simpliciter is not a mind, and that it is not a human being either. This result might suggest the pessimistic conclusion that Descartes\u2019s view of the self is incoherent. To avoid this result, I introduce a new metaphysical account of the Cartesian self. On my view, the self is individuated by a unified mental life. The self is constituted by the beings that jointly produce this mental life, and derives its unity from it.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vere_Chappell\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vere_Chappell\">Chappell<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.umass.edu\/philosophy\/news\/memoriam-vere-chappell-1930-2019\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.umass.edu\/philosophy\/news\/memoriam-vere-chappell-1930-2019\">Vere<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vere_Chappell\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"170\" class=\"wp-image-3976\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6377.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic cutout of a glasses adorned Vere Chappell wearing a white shirt under a dark blue sports coat used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6377.png 282w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6377-264x300.png 264w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/38083568\/24293994-Descartes-s-Ontology\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/38083568\/24293994-Descartes-s-Ontology\">Descartes&#8217; Ontology<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Topoi<\/em> 16, (1997): 111\u201327.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vere_Chappell\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vere_Chappell\">Chappell<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.umass.edu\/philosophy\/news\/memoriam-vere-chappell-1930-2019\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.umass.edu\/philosophy\/news\/memoriam-vere-chappell-1930-2019\">Vere<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legacy.com\/us\/obituaries\/gazettenet\/name\/vere-chappell-obituary?id=9706679\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"172\" class=\"wp-image-6441\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2246.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorize blended  photographic cutout of a glasses adorned smiling Vere Chappell wearing a light blue shirt under a dark blue suit coat with a blue and gold striped tie used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2246.png 233w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2246-218x300.png 218w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1525\/9780520907836-011\/html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1525\/9780520907836-011\/html\">The Theory of Ideas<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ucpress.edu\/book\/9780520055094\/essays-on-descartes-meditations\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.ucpress.edu\/book\/9780520055094\/essays-on-descartes-meditations\">Essays on Descartes&#8217; Meditations<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Essays_on_Descartes_Meditations\/WnZQVOrfDaMC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"188\" class=\"wp-image-5144\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/SIX_65211643-BC7A-4CEC-ACE5-BEFEC6FE8C7E.png\" alt=\"The enhanced dark green book cover with white font in titles for &quot;Essays on Descartes' Meditations&quot; edited by Amelie Oksenberg Rorty used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/SIX_65211643-BC7A-4CEC-ACE5-BEFEC6FE8C7E.png 213w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/SIX_65211643-BC7A-4CEC-ACE5-BEFEC6FE8C7E-200x300.png 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"http:\/\/amelierorty.blogspot.com\/2008\/03\/amelie-oksenberg-rorty.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/amelierorty.blogspot.com\/2008\/03\/amelie-oksenberg-rorty.html\">Am\u00e9lie<\/a> Oksenberg <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Am%C3%A9lie_Rorty\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Am%C3%A9lie_Rorty\">Rorty<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Am%C3%A9lie_Rorty_2010_%2528cropped%2529.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"181\" class=\"wp-image-4544\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c4efe5d-5496-4afe-a43a-0d759a1f94b1.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot and upper torso cutoff of a smiling Amelie O. Rorty with her head turned to her left and not facing the camera wearing a white cowl neck and dark blue sweater ensemble with an ovoid metal brooch pin on her right and wearing a name tag on her left used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c4efe5d-5496-4afe-a43a-0d759a1f94b1.png 309w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c4efe5d-5496-4afe-a43a-0d759a1f94b1-290x300.png 290w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, 177\u201398. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jjay.cuny.edu\/faculty\/enrique-ch%C3%A1vez-arvizo\">Ch\u00e1vez-Arvizo<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jjay.cuny.edu\/faculty\/enrique-chavez-arvizo\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.jjay.cuny.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/faculty\/cv\/Chavez_Arvizo_Enrique.pdf\">Enrique<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cuny.edu\/about\/administration\/offices\/transformation\/careers-across-disciplines\/2023-cuny-career-success-fellows\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"166\" class=\"wp-image-3998\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6388.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of a smiling Biff wearing a bright green collared shirt used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6388.png 290w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6388-272x300.png 272w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/cogito\/content\/cogito_1996_0010_0001_0015_0021\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/cogito\/content\/cogito_1996_0010_0001_0015_0021\">The History Corner\u2014Descartes\u2019 Concept of Sense-Perception: A Tribute in his Fourth Centenary<\/a>.&#8221;&nbsp;<em>Cogito<\/em>&nbsp;10, no.&nbsp;1 (1996): 15\u201321.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/chignell.net\/writing\/\">Chignall<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/chignell.net\/\">Andrew<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/-Go45PUjtL8?feature=shared\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/-Go45PUjtL8?feature=shared\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"148\" class=\"wp-image-2777\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1950.png\" alt=\"A color shoulders and headshot of a glasses wearing Andrew Chignall with a lavender colored collar under a black sweater used to identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1950.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1950-300x254.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/quod.lib.umich.edu\/cgi\/p\/pod\/dod-idx\/descartes-on-sensation-a-defense-of-the-semantic-causation.pdf?c=phimp;idno=3521354.0009.005;format=pdf\">Descartes on Sensation: A Defense of the Semantic-Causation Model<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Philosopher&#8217;s Imprint<\/em> 9, no. 5 (June 2009): 1\u201322.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/quod.lib.umich.edu\/p\/phimp\/3521354.0009.005\/1\/--descartes-on-sensation-a-defense-of-the-semantic-causation?page=root;size=200;view=image#pagenav\">Abstract<\/a>: Descartes&#8217;s lack of clarity about the causal connections between brain states and mental states has led many commentators to conclude that he has no coherent account of body-mind relations in sensation, or that he was simply confused about the issue. In this paper I develop what I take to be a coherent account that was available to Descartes, and argue that there are both textual and systematic reasons to think that it was his considered view. The account has brain states serving as occasions for the mind to produce in itself the sensations that it takes these brain states to signify. The relation between body and mind on this model is thus neither a standard efficient-causal relation, nor an occasionalist one, but rather a semantic-causal relation (i.e. a non-standard efficient causal relation that goes by way of natural signification). At the end of the paper I argue that the model does not undermine Descartes&#8217; commitment to the self-transparency of the mind.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desmond_Clarke\">Clarke<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/life-and-style\/people\/desmond-m-clarke-fearless-philosopher-and-distinguished-scholar-1.2793591\">Desmond<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"185\" class=\"wp-image-5558\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/IMG_9371.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot and torso cutout of a glasses adorned Desmond M. Clarke wearing a blue suit with a white shirt and red tie facing forward used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/IMG_9371.png 302w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/IMG_9371-283x300.png 283w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_s_Theory_of_Mind.html?id=vdMuz_75vRYC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Descartes&#8217;s Theory of Mind<\/a><\/em> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"212\" class=\"wp-image-4165\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6831.png\" alt=\"A color photographic cutout of the yellow book cover turned to left so top white pages are visible of &quot;Descartes's Theory of Mind&quot; by Desmond M. Clarke used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6831.png 189w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6831-177x300.png 177w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/>. Oxford:&nbsp;Clarendon&nbsp;Press,&nbsp;2003.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Read <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jjay.cuny.edu\/faculty\/enrique-chavez-arvizo\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.jjay.cuny.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/faculty\/cv\/Chavez_Arvizo_Enrique.pdf\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Enrique<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jjay.cuny.edu\/faculty\/enrique-ch%C3%A1vez-arvizo\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Ch\u00e1vez-Arvizo\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cuny.edu\/about\/administration\/offices\/transformation\/careers-across-disciplines\/2023-cuny-career-success-fellows\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"166\" class=\"wp-image-3998\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6388.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of a smiling Biff wearing a bright green collared shirt used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6388.png 290w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6388-272x300.png 272w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/101809800\/Descartess_Theory_of_Mind_review_\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/101809800\/Descartess_Theory_of_Mind_review_\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a>. <em>Journal&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;History&nbsp;of&nbsp;Philosophy<\/em> 43,&nbsp;no.&nbsp;1 (January&nbsp;2005): 116\u201317.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tableau.uchicago.edu\/articles\/2014\/09\/women-philosophy-uchicago\">Clemenson, David Lee<\/a><\/strong> (no known photo). &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/researchonline.stthomas.edu\/esploro\/outputs\/991015131534103691\">Descartes&#8217; Direct Realisms<\/a>.&#8221; Unpublished manuscript, presented at the APA Pacific Division meeting, San Francisco, CA 2005.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/30045158\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> Yolton, Nadler, et al. claim that Descartes considered ideas of corporeal things to be (normally) acts rather than objects of perception. They also claim that Descartes cannot have held that (A) ideas can be really identical to mental modes on the one hand and to physical objects on the other. In this paper I argue that, on any plausible direct realist reading of Cartesian idea theory, proposition (A) is entailed by certain remarks in the Meditations. Fortunately for any future direct realist reading of Cartesian idea theory, (A) does not (as might be thought) obviously contradict Cartesian dualism. Just as being identical to a statue does not entail being necessarily statue-shaped (in spite of the fact that of necessity statues are statue-shaped), being identical to a mental mode does not entail being necessarily in the mind (in spite of the fact that of necessity mental modes are in the mind).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/david-clemenson\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/david-clemenson\">Clemenson<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/prabook.com\/web\/david_lee.clemenson\/145538\">David<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/cas.stthomas.edu\/departments\/faculty\/david-clemenson\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/cas.stthomas.edu\/departments\/faculty\/david-clemenson\/\">L<\/a><\/strong>. (no known photo). <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomsbury.com\/us\/descartes-theory-of-ideas-9780826487735\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.bloomsbury.com\/us\/descartes-theory-of-ideas-9780826487735\/\">Descartes&#8217; Theory of Ideas<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.booktopia.com.au\/descartes-theory-of-ideas-david-clemenson\/book\/9780826487735.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"279\" class=\"wp-image-3745\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5673.jpeg\" alt=\"The top half white and bottom half blue of David Clemenson's &quot;Descartes' Theory of Ideas.&quot;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5673.jpeg 201w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5673-188x300.jpeg 188w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. London: Continuum, 2007.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Read <a href=\"https:\/\/www.colorado.edu\/philosophy\/sites\/default\/files\/attached-files\/cv_kaufman.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.colorado.edu\/philosophy\/sites\/default\/files\/attached-files\/cv_kaufman.pdf\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Dan<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Dan%20Kaufman\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Dan%20Kaufman\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Kaufman\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/Read Dan Kaufman's  Review. Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews, March 6, 2008.\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"181\" class=\"wp-image-3806\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5749.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced, and blended colorized photographic cutout headshot of a young adult Dan Kaufman used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5749.png 221w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5749-207x300.png 207w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/ndpr.nd.edu\/reviews\/descartes-theory-of-ideas\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/ndpr.nd.edu\/about\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/ndpr.nd.edu\/about\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews<\/span><\/a><\/em>, March 6, 2008.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/david-clemenson\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/david-clemenson\">Clemenson<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/prabook.com\/web\/david_lee.clemenson\/145538\">David<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/cas.stthomas.edu\/departments\/faculty\/david-clemenson\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/cas.stthomas.edu\/departments\/faculty\/david-clemenson\/\">L<\/a><\/strong>. (no known photo). &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/ndpr.nd.edu\/reviews\/descartes-and-the-puzzle-of-sensory-representation\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/ndpr.nd.edu\/reviews\/descartes-and-the-puzzle-of-sensory-representation\/\">Review of Raffaella De Rosa&#8217;s <em>Descartes and the Puzzle of Sensory Representation<\/em><\/a>.&#8221; <em><a href=\"https:\/\/ndpr.nd.edu\/about\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/ndpr.nd.edu\/about\/\">Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews<\/a><\/em>. 2010.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/david-clemenson\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/david-clemenson\">Clemenson<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/prabook.com\/web\/david_lee.clemenson\/145538\">David<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/cas.stthomas.edu\/departments\/faculty\/david-clemenson\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/cas.stthomas.edu\/departments\/faculty\/david-clemenson\/\">L<\/a><\/strong>. (no known photo). &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/CLESCS-2\">Seventeenth Century Scholastic Philosophy of Cognition and Descartes&#8217; Causal Proof of God&#8217;s Existence<\/a>.&#8221; PhD diss., Harvard University, 1991. Available at <a href=\"https:\/\/dissexpress.proquest.com\/search.html\">ProQuest Dissertation Express<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/dissexpress.proquest.com\/dxweb\/results.html?QryTxt=&amp;By=&amp;Title=&amp;pubnum=9131929\">UMI publication number 9131929<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/david-clemenson\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/david-clemenson\">Clemenson<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/prabook.com\/web\/david_lee.clemenson\/145538\">David<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/cas.stthomas.edu\/departments\/faculty\/david-clemenson\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/cas.stthomas.edu\/departments\/faculty\/david-clemenson\/\">L<\/a><\/strong>. (no known photo). <a href=\"https:\/\/scholarship.rice.edu\/bitstream\/handle\/1911\/17949\/3021107.PDF?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/scholarship.rice.edu\/bitstream\/handle\/1911\/17949\/3021107.PDF?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y\">Species, Ideas and Idealism: The Scholastic and Cartesian Background of Berkeley&#8217;s Master Argument<\/a>. PhD diss., Rice University, Houston, TX, August, 2000. Major adviser: <a href=\"https:\/\/arruf.rice.edu\/members\/Mark-Kulstad\">Mark Kulstad<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/arruf.rice.edu\/members\/Mark-Kulstad\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"216\" class=\"wp-image-6877\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3185.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color enhanced teeth and eye whiteness of a glasses adorned smiling Mark Kulstad wearing a dark blue\/gray collared shirt with his arms folded at his mid-chest used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3185.png 259w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3185-243x300.png 243w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ou.edu\/cas\/philosophy\/people\/faculty\/monte-cook#:~:text=Monte%20L.,Cook&amp;text=My%20research%20focuses%20on%20early,been%20on%20possible%2Dworlds%20metaphysics.\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.ou.edu\/cas\/philosophy\/people\/faculty\/monte-cook#:~:text=Monte%20L.,Cook&amp;text=My%20research%20focuses%20on%20early,been%20on%20possible%2Dworlds%20metaphysics.\">Cook<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/monte-cook\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/monte-cook\">Monte<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ou.edu\/cas\/philosophy\/people\/faculty\/monte-cook\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"152\" class=\"wp-image-4170\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_2333999F-E535-4E8A-A69B-32CF1BAB4321.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Monte Cook wearing a dark blue with gray horizontal stripes used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_2333999F-E535-4E8A-A69B-32CF1BAB4321.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_2333999F-E535-4E8A-A69B-32CF1BAB4321-300x261.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/27743807\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/27743807\">Descartes&#8217; Alleged Representationalism<\/a>.&#8221; <em>History of Philosophy Quarterly<\/em> 4, no. 2 (April, 1987): 179\u201395.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/search?action=search&amp;&amp;query=author:%22Michael%20J.%20Costa%22\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/search?action=search&amp;&amp;query=author:%22Michael%20J.%20Costa%22\"><strong>Costa, Michael J<\/strong><\/a>. (no known photo). &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/226979\/summary\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/226979\/summary\">What Cartesian Ideas are Not<\/a>.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/issue\/12309\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/issue\/12309\"><em>Journal of the History of Philosophy<\/em> 21, no. 4<\/a> (1983): 537\u201349.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=What+Cartesian+Ideas+Are+Not&amp;author=Costa+M.+J.&amp;publication+year=1983\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=What+Cartesian+Ideas+Are+Not&amp;author=Costa+M.+J.&amp;publication+year=1983\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">Author&#8217;s Abstract<\/mark>:<\/a><\/strong> IT IS CLEAR that Descartes uses the term &#8216;idea&#8217; in a number of different senses. One recent commentator, Anthony Kenny, claims that Descartes&#8217;s failure to identify clearly these different senses is not only confusing to the reader, it is also a major source of confusion in Descartes&#8217;s thought. Failure to keep track of &#8220;the ambiguity leads Descartes into inconsistencies and vitiates some of his arguments.&#8221; There is some justification for Kenny&#8217;s position. One certainly wishes that Descartes had kept better track of his uses of the term &#8216;idea,&#8217; and it may be that his failure to do so is an occasional course of equivocation. Still, I think that Kenny distorts the nature of the ambiguity in Descartes&#8217;s use of &#8216;idea.&#8217; Kenny virtually ignores a sense of &#8216;idea&#8217; that, as I shall show, is very important to a proper understanding of Descartes&#8217;s thought; and Kenny reads a sense of &#8216;idea,&#8217; in which it denotes an immaterial image or phenomenal object, that I claim is not present in Descartes&#8217;s thought. The sense of &#8216;idea&#8217; that Kenny virtually ignores is that in which it is used to denote what Descartes often calls an &#8220;image in the corporeal imagination.&#8221; This &#8216;image&#8217; is corporeal not only in the sense that it is an image of an extended object, but also in the sense that the image is itself corporeal and extended. The image is made up of material particles in a certain arrangement. In modern parlance, what Descartes refers to as an &#8220;image in the corporeal imagination&#8221; is a brain state.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\">Cottingham<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\">John<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.whyarewehere.tv\/people\/john-cottingham\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"146\" class=\"wp-image-8254\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7677.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of John Cottingham with his chin raised wearing a collared shirt and a gray sports coat used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7677.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7677-300x251.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7677-150x125.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/3749880\">A Brute to the Brutes: Descartes&#8217; Treatment of Animals<\/a>.&#8221;&nbsp;<em>Philosophy<\/em>&nbsp;53 (1978): 551\u201359.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reading.ac.uk\/philosophy\/philosophy-staff-profiles\/john-cottingham\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"904\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0768.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1918\" style=\"width:170px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0768.png 904w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0768-265x300.png 265w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0768-768x870.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 904px) 100vw, 904px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>See <a href=\"https:\/\/reading.academia.edu\/JohnCottingham\/CurriculumVitae\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">John Cottingham\u2019s CV<\/span><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>See a comprehensive <a href=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/Articles\/#earlymod\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">John Cottingham bibliography<\/span><\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\">Cottingham<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\">John<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/q47JtJ37NUc?si=nOvvai75LHy0LfnQ\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"153\" class=\"wp-image-8255\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_77DA1C77-90EB-41DB-99EA-F0EFBCB00A4A.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of a glasses wearing John Cottingham with a green tie and a suit jacket and a tiny microphone clipped on his left lapel used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_77DA1C77-90EB-41DB-99EA-F0EFBCB00A4A.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_77DA1C77-90EB-41DB-99EA-F0EFBCB00A4A-300x262.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_77DA1C77-90EB-41DB-99EA-F0EFBCB00A4A-150x131.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, ed. <em><a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Cambridge_Companion_to_Descartes.html?id=Prhr9FBdQ_MC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_entity&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=US#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Cambridge_Companion_to_Descartes.html?id=Prhr9FBdQ_MC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_entity&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=US#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">The Cambridge Companion to Descartes<\/a><\/em>. <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Cambridge_Companion_to_Descartes.html?id=Prhr9FBdQ_MC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_entity&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=US#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Cambridge_Companion_to_Descartes.html?id=Prhr9FBdQ_MC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_entity&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=US#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"133\" height=\"200\" class=\"wp-image-1025\" style=\"width: 133px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_8980.png\" alt=\"The purple book cover of &quot;The Cambridge Companion to Descartes.&quot;\"><\/a> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Read <a href=\"https:\/\/marleenhrozemond.weebly.com\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Marleen<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/marleen-rozemond\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Rozemond\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/marleen-rozemond\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-3555\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5511.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of Marleen Rozemond wearing a gray open collared shirt with white buttons used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5511.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5511-150x150.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/marleenhrozemond.weebly.com\/uploads\/7\/9\/5\/8\/79580796\/rozemond_-_cambridge_companion_to_descartes__review_.pdf\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a>. <em>Journal of the History of Philosophy<\/em>, 32, no. 4 (April, 1994): 304\u20136. Also available <a href=\"https:\/\/marleenhrozemond.weebly.com\/uploads\/7\/9\/5\/8\/79580796\/rozemond_-_cambridge_companion_to_descartes__revie\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">here<\/span><\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\">Cottingham<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\">John<\/a><\/strong>  <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/abVVKe5zObU\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"160\" class=\"wp-image-8257\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7684.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of John Cottingham with his arms out with palms up wearing a tie under a black sweater and a suit coat a green tie and a suit jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7684.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7684-300x240.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7684-150x120.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a> . <em><a href=\"https:\/\/johncottingham.co.uk\/Descartes\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/johncottingham.co.uk\/Descartes\/\">Descartes<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/johncottingham.co.uk\/Descartes\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"263\" class=\"wp-image-2418\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1593.jpeg\" alt=\"The colored book cover of &quot;Descartes&quot; by John Cottingham of the portrait of Descartes by Frans Hall on a brown background and the name Descartes underneath in yellow font.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1593.jpeg 213w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1593-200x300.jpeg 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"1004\" class=\"wp-image-19172\" style=\"width: 500px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/IMG_4363-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"The image is an enhancement of the Table of Contents of \u201cDescartes\u201d (1986) by John Cottingham.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/IMG_4363-scaled.jpeg 1275w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/IMG_4363-149x300.jpeg 149w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/IMG_4363-510x1024.jpeg 510w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/IMG_4363-75x150.jpeg 75w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/IMG_4363-768x1542.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/IMG_4363-765x1536.jpeg 765w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/IMG_4363-1020x2048.jpeg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Read <a href=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Lilli<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Alanen\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/dailynous.com\/2021\/10\/28\/lilli-alanen-1941-2021\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"157\" class=\"wp-image-6840\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3173.png\" alt=\"A reversed color photographic headshot cutout of a glasses adorned Lilli Alanen wearing a tan jacket with white sheep collar and a red scarf tied around her neck used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3173.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3173-300x269.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2027176\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2027176\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a>, <em>The Journal of Philosophy<\/em> <a class=\"  \" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/i335801\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">86, no. 1 (January, 1989)<\/span><\/a>: 44\u201349.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Read <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/peter-markie\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Peter<\/span><\/a> J. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peter_Markie\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Markie\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peter_Markie\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"110\" height=\"168\" class=\"wp-image-4501\" style=\"width: 110px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/be73ea65-4f98-42a5-9a9c-b710b5b34252.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot of an open mouth smiling Peter Markie wearing a blue shirt used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/be73ea65-4f98-42a5-9a9c-b710b5b34252.png 209w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/be73ea65-4f98-42a5-9a9c-b710b5b34252-196x300.png 196w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 110px) 100vw, 110px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/revmetaph\/content\/revmetaph_1987_0041_0002_0380_0380\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/revmetaph\/content\/revmetaph_1987_0041_0002_0380_0380\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/collection-anonymous\/browse?fp=revmetaph\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\"><em>The Review of Metaphysics<\/em><\/span><\/a> 41, no. 2 (December 1987): 380\u201381. To see <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/revmetaph\/content\/revmetaph_1987_0041_0002_0381_0383\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">next page<\/span><\/a>, click on &gt;&gt; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/revmetaph\/content\/revmetaph_1987_0041_0002_0381_0383\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Next Article<\/span><\/a> in the upper right corner.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\">Cottingham<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\">John<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"170\" class=\"wp-image-6751\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic color headshot cutout of John Cottingham facing forward wearing a white colored shirt with stripes and a blue suit jacket and sweater used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116.png 282w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116-264x300.png 264w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/> ed. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/descartes0000unse\/mode\/2up\">Descartes<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/descartes0000unse\/mode\/2up\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"229\" class=\"wp-image-19174\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/IMG_4358.jpeg\" alt=\"The website uses an enhanced image of the purple book cover for \u201cDescartes\u201d (1998) by John Cottingham, with the title in white font for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/IMG_4358.jpeg 420w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/IMG_4358-197x300.jpeg 197w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/IMG_4358-98x150.jpeg 98w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/global.oup.com\/academic\/product\/descartes-9780198751823?cc=us&amp;lang=en&amp;#\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">Table of Contents<\/mark><\/a>:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Introduction,<strong> <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\">John<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\">Cottingham<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"104\" class=\"wp-image-8254\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7677.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of John Cottingham with his chin raised wearing a collared shirt and a gray sports coat used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7677.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7677-300x251.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7677-150x125.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><br>I. <a href=\"https:\/\/learning.hccs.edu\/faculty\/nathan.poage\/phil1301\/materials-on-descartes\/cottingham-descartes-book-2\/at_download\/file\">Descartes and the Metaphysics of Doubt<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.jhu.edu\/directory\/michael-williams\/\">Michael<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_Williams_(philosopher)\">Williams<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.jhu.edu\/directory\/michael-williams\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"152\" class=\"wp-image-11597\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3840.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photograph of Michael Williams with glasses, wearing a black shirt under a dark brown suit coat, was used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3840.png 421w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3840-197x300.png 197w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3840-99x150.png 99w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><\/a><br>II. The Cogito and its Importance,<strong> <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/peter-markie\">Peter<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peter_Markie\">Markie<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"70\" height=\"107\" class=\"wp-image-4501\" style=\"width: 70px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/be73ea65-4f98-42a5-9a9c-b710b5b34252.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot of an open mouth smiling Peter Markie wearing a blue shirt used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/be73ea65-4f98-42a5-9a9c-b710b5b34252.png 209w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/be73ea65-4f98-42a5-9a9c-b710b5b34252-196x300.png 196w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 70px) 100vw, 70px\" \/><br>III. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/3748353\">Clearness and Distinctness in Descartes<\/a>,<strong> <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/humanities\/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps\/gewirth-alan-1912-2004\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/humanities\/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps\/gewirth-alan-1912-2004\">Alan<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alan_Gewirth\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alan_Gewirth\">Gewirth<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"116\" class=\"wp-image-4221\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7033.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of a glasses adorned smiling late in life Alan Gewirth with his head mostly facing the viewer wearing a brown suit jacket with a dark cross hatched patterned tie used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7033.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7033-300x278.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><br>IV. Foundationalism, Epistemic Principles and the Cartesian Circle,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amacad.org\/person\/james-l-van-cleve\">James<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/james-van-cleve\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/272\/2023\/11\/vancleve_vita_1003785.pdf\">Van<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/james-van-cleve\/\">Cleve<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/dornsife.usc.edu\/profile\/james-van-cleve\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"140\" class=\"wp-image-11637\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3997.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photograph of James Van Cleve smiling, wearing a blue beret and blue shirt is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3997.png 228w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3997-214x300.png 214w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3997-107x150.png 107w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><\/a><br>V. <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/KENDOT-3\">Descartes on the Will<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/arts\/educational-magazines\/kenny-anthony-1931\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/arts\/educational-magazines\/kenny-anthony-1931\">Anthony<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anthony_Kenny\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anthony_Kenny\">Kenny<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"99\" class=\"wp-image-3827\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5815.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of an old Anthony Kenny wearing a collared light blue shirt under a brownish outer jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5815.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5815-300x238.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><br>VI. Descartes&#8217; Theory of Modality,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/faqs\/bennett\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/faqs\/bennett\">Jonathan<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jonathan_Bennett_(philosopher)\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jonathan_Bennett_(philosopher)\">Bennett<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"129\" class=\"wp-image-8470\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8745.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic cutout headshot of an old and white bearded glasses wearing Jonathan Bennett with a collared white shirt and floppy hat turned to his left used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8745.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8745-300x258.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8745-150x129.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><br>VII. <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/pub\/267\/monograph\/chapter\/1327598\/pdf\">The Epistemological Argument for Mind-Body Distinctness<\/a>,<strong> <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Margaret%20Dauler%20Wilson\">Margaret<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Margaret_Dauler_Wilson\">Wilson<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.princeton.edu\/gallery\/inaugural-margaret-dauler-wilson-lecture#:-:text=margaret%20wilson\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"116\" class=\"wp-image-10538\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_7366E915-F155-436F-B8EA-4FB8286CFCEC.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of a laughing Margaret D. Wilson turned to her left wearing an off-white collared shirt with a deep red scarf under a black leather jacket used to identify her visually.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_7366E915-F155-436F-B8EA-4FB8286CFCEC.png 550w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_7366E915-F155-436F-B8EA-4FB8286CFCEC-258x300.png 258w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_7366E915-F155-436F-B8EA-4FB8286CFCEC-129x150.png 129w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><\/a><br>VIII. Descartes and the Unity of Human Being,<strong> <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Genevi%C3%A8ve%20Rodis-Lewis\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Genevi%C3%A8ve%20Rodis-Lewis\">Genevi\u00e8ve<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genevi%C3%A8ve_Rodis-Lewis\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/fr.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genevi%C3%A8ve_Rodis-Lewis\">Rodis-Lewis<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"90\" height=\"121\" class=\"wp-image-3575\" style=\"width: 90px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5549.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and colorized photographic headshot cutout of Genieveve Rodis-Lewis used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5549.png 239w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5549-224x300.png 224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 90px) 100vw, 90px\" \/><br>IX. <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/GAUDTO\">Descartes&#8217; Theory of the Passions<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20Gaukroger\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20Gaukroger\">Stephen<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\">Gaukroger<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"90\" height=\"127\" class=\"wp-image-4087\" style=\"width: 90px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/9919ec92-be5c-4a5f-a444-7f7482dcb503.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Stephen Gaukroger in right profile wearing a white shirt with tie and black suit jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/9919ec92-be5c-4a5f-a444-7f7482dcb503.png 227w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/9919ec92-be5c-4a5f-a444-7f7482dcb503-213x300.png 213w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 90px) 100vw, 90px\" \/><br>X. Descartes&#8217; Treatment of Animals,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\">John<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\">Cottingham<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"131\" class=\"wp-image-8255\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_77DA1C77-90EB-41DB-99EA-F0EFBCB00A4A.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of a glasses wearing John Cottingham with a green tie and a suit jacket and a tiny microphone clipped on his left lapel used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_77DA1C77-90EB-41DB-99EA-F0EFBCB00A4A.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_77DA1C77-90EB-41DB-99EA-F0EFBCB00A4A-300x262.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_77DA1C77-90EB-41DB-99EA-F0EFBCB00A4A-150x131.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><br>XI. Descartes, Method and the Role of Experiment,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/daniel-garber\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/daniel-garber\">Daniel<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Garber_(philosopher)\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Garber_(philosopher)\">Garber<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.paris-iea.fr\/en\/fellows\/daniel-garber-2\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"118\" class=\"wp-image-10213\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1663.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a glasses wearing Dan Garber with full beard and gray mustache wearing a blue shirt under a tan sports coat looking straight ahead used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1663.png 544w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1663-255x300.png 255w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1663-128x150.png 128w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><\/a><br>XII. Descartes&#8217; Concept of Scientific Explanation,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/life-and-style\/people\/desmond-m-clarke-fearless-philosopher-and-distinguished-scholar-1.2793591\">Desmond<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desmond_Clarke\">Clarke<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"118\" class=\"wp-image-5559\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/IMG_9386.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a glasses adorned Desmond M. Clarke wearing a blue suit with a white shirt and red tie turning his head to his right used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/IMG_9386.png 271w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/IMG_9386-254x300.png 254w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><br>XIII. <a href=\"https:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/27797324\">Force (God) in Descartes&#8217; Physics<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\">Gary Hatfield<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"131\" class=\"wp-image-11333\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3472.png\" alt=\"A reversed close colorized headshot of a rimless glasses wearing Gary Carl Hatfield with a full white beard and mustache and a dark shirt used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3472.png 488w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3472-229x300.png 229w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3472-114x150.png 114w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><\/a><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Notes on the Contributors<br>Bibliography<br>Table of Citations of Descartes&#8217; Works<br>Index<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\">Cottingham<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\">John<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-8258\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7682.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of a glasses wearing John Cottingham leaning forward with an open collar blue shirt and a dark suit jacket and used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7682.png 428w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7682-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7682-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4545119\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4545119\">Descartes on Colour<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society<\/em>, n.s. 90, no. 3 (1989\u201390):&nbsp;231\u201346.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\">Cottingham<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\">John<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"170\" class=\"wp-image-6751\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic color headshot cutout of John Cottingham facing forward wearing a white colored shirt with stripes and a blue suit jacket and sweater used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116.png 282w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116-264x300.png 264w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/355925374\/Descartes-Dictionary-Cottingham-pdf\">A Descartes Dictionary<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/355925374\/Descartes-Dictionary-Cottingham-pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/355925374\/Descartes-Dictionary-Cottingham-pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"223\" class=\"wp-image-2422\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1615.jpeg\" alt=\"The purple book cover of &quot;A Descartes Dictionary&quot; by John Cottingham.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1615.jpeg 215w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1615-202x300.jpeg 202w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 1993. Also available in full at <a href=\"https:\/\/dirzon.com\/Doc\/ReaderAsync?target=telegram%3Ajohn-cottingham-a-descartes-dictionary.pdf\">Dirzon.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>See <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Jill%20Vance%20Buroker\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Jill%20Vance%20Buroker\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Jill<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/search?dc.creator=Jill%20Vance%20Buroker\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/search?dc.creator=Jill%20Vance%20Buroker\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Vance<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.csusb.edu\/cal\/faculty\/cal-outstanding-faculty-award\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.csusb.edu\/cal\/faculty\/cal-outstanding-faculty-award\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Buroker\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.csusb.edu\/cal\/news\/2018-news\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"193\" class=\"wp-image-8313\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8421.png\" alt=\"An enhanced cloned right shoulder of an older Jill Vance Buroker wearing a v-neck purple shirt under a dark gray sweater used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8421.png 497w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8421-233x300.png 233w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8421-116x150.png 116w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1468-0149.1994.tb02421.x\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1468-0149.1994.tb02421.x\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1468-0149.1994.tb02421.x\"><em><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">International Journal of Philosophical Studies<\/span><\/em>&nbsp;35, no. 3 (July 1994)<\/a>: 175\u201377.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\">Cottingham<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\">John<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"170\" class=\"wp-image-6751\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic color headshot cutout of John Cottingham facing forward wearing a white colored shirt with stripes and a blue suit jacket and sweater used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116.png 282w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116-264x300.png 264w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/chapters\/edit\/10.4324\/9781315678023-13\/descartes-john-cottingham\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/chapters\/edit\/10.4324\/9781315678023-13\/descartes-john-cottingham\">Descartes<\/a> [and the Problem of Consciousness].\u201d <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Consciousness_and_the_Great_Philosophers.html?id=TTQlDwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Consciousness_and_the_Great_Philosophers.html?id=TTQlDwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Consciousness and the Great Philosophers: What would they have said about our mind-body problem?<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.book2look.com\/embed\/9781317389934\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"263\" class=\"wp-image-12954\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5764.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color book  cover of \u201cConsciousness and the Great Philosophers,\u201d edited by. Stephen Leach and James Tartaglia is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5764.jpeg 426w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5764-200x300.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5764-100x150.jpeg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.keele.ac.uk\/spgs\/staff\/stephenleach\/\">Stephen<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/independent.academia.edu\/StephenLeach9\">Leach<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.keele.ac.uk\/socialsciences\/staff\/stephenleach\/#Book%20Chapter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"172\" class=\"wp-image-12958\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5769.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Stephen Leach wearing glasses and a lime green undershirt under a Forrest green collared shirt open by two buttons is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5769.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5769-300x295.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5769-150x148.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/jamestartaglia.com\/philosophy.html\">James Tartaglia<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.idcrawl.com\/james-tartaglia\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-12956\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5770.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced, color closeup photographic headshot cutout of James Tartaglia with a mustache and the crook of his brass saxophone over his right shoulder is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5770.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5770-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5770-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5770-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. London: Routledge (2016): 63\u201372.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\">Cottingham<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\">John<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"170\" class=\"wp-image-6751\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic color headshot cutout of John Cottingham facing forward wearing a white colored shirt with stripes and a blue suit jacket and sweater used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116.png 282w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116-264x300.png 264w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2218841\">Descartes on Thought<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Philosophical Quarterly<\/em>, 28, no. 112 (July, 1978): 208\u201314.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\">Cottingham<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\">John<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"170\" class=\"wp-image-6751\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic color headshot cutout of John Cottingham facing forward wearing a white colored shirt with stripes and a blue suit jacket and sweater used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116.png 282w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116-264x300.png 264w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/chapters\/edit\/10.4324\/9780203471029-10\/intentionality-phenomenology-descartes-objects-thought-john-cottingham\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/chapters\/edit\/10.4324\/9780203471029-10\/intentionality-phenomenology-descartes-objects-thought-john-cottingham\">Intentionality or Phenomenology: Descartes and the objects of thought<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/edit\/10.4324\/9780203471029\/history-mind-body-problem-tim-crane-sarah-patterson?refId=419d4762-d194-46c0-865f-a1961f934ace&amp;context=ubx\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/edit\/10.4324\/9780203471029\/history-mind-body-problem-tim-crane-sarah-patterson?refId=419d4762-d194-46c0-865f-a1961f934ace&amp;context=ubx\">History of the Mind-Body Problem<\/a><\/em> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"233\" class=\"wp-image-1582\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_0112.jpeg\" alt=\"The book cover for  &quot;History of the Mind-Body Problem.&quot;\">, edited by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.timcrane.com\/\">Tim<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tim_Crane\">Crane<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/people.ceu.edu\/tim_crane\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"115\" height=\"154\" class=\"wp-image-12931\" style=\"width: 115px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5426.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced, color photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of Tim Crane, with a full dark and gray beard and mustache, wearing a white shirt under a gray sweater and a black suit coat, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5426.png 478w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5426-224x300.png 224w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5426-112x150.png 112w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 115px) 100vw, 115px\" \/><\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"156\" class=\"wp-image-13093\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5908.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Tim Crane, with a full brown and gray beard and mustache, wearing glasses, a white shirt, a black tie, and a black jacket, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5908.png 615w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5908-288x300.png 288w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5908-144x150.png 144w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.timcrane.com\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"151\" class=\"wp-image-13094\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5907.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Tim Crane with his arms folded and wearing a light purple-blue shirt open at the neck is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5907.png 634w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5907-297x300.png 297w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5907-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5907-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/sarah-patterson\">Sarah<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbk.ac.uk\/our-staff\/profile\/8005982\/sarah-patterson\">Patterson<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/DBaEd4ZV2pXqAdr36\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-12961\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5701.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced, color photographic headshot cutout of Sarah Patterson wearing a black sweater with a shoulder-wide gray stripe is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5701.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5701-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5701-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5701-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/32zkg9RcSFk?feature=shared\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"143\" class=\"wp-image-12963\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/SIX_8AD9069E-7FB4-4173-9FEA-F10DABEA4167.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot still shot cutout of a lecturing Sarah Patterson from YouTube.com is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/SIX_8AD9069E-7FB4-4173-9FEA-F10DABEA4167.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/SIX_8AD9069E-7FB4-4173-9FEA-F10DABEA4167-300x215.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/SIX_8AD9069E-7FB4-4173-9FEA-F10DABEA4167-150x108.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>, 132\u201348. London: Routledge, 2000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\">Cottingham<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\">John<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"170\" class=\"wp-image-6751\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic color headshot cutout of John Cottingham facing forward wearing a white colored shirt with stripes and a blue suit jacket and sweater used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116.png 282w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116-264x300.png 264w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.3-16am.co.uk\/articles\/reflections-on-descartes-reflections-on-religion\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.3-16am.co.uk\/articles\/reflections-on-descartes-reflections-on-religion\">An Interview with John Cottingham<\/a>.&#8221; <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/collection-anonymous\/browse?fp=cogito\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/collection-anonymous\/browse?fp=cogito\">Cogito<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5840\/cogito199610136\">10, no. 1 (Spring 1996)<\/a>: 5\u201315.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\">Cottingham<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\">John<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"170\" class=\"wp-image-6751\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic color headshot cutout of John Cottingham facing forward wearing a white colored shirt with stripes and a blue suit jacket and sweater used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116.png 282w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116-264x300.png 264w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>, ed. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/335988262\/John-Cottingham-Reason-Will-and-Sensation-Studies-in-Descartes-s-Metaphysics-1994-pdf\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"15627\">Reason, Will, and Sensation: Studies in Descartes&#8217; Metaphysics<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/50160\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"206\" class=\"wp-image-2423\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1616.jpeg\" alt=\"The green book cover with a white font for &quot;Reasson, Will, and Sensation: Studies in Descartes's Metaphysics.&quot;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1616.jpeg 194w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1616-182x300.jpeg 182w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Read <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/laura-keating\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Laura<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hunter.cuny.edu\/philosophy\/faculty\/keating\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Keating\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/laura-keating\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"172\" class=\"wp-image-3180\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2985.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of Laura Keating used to visually identify her.\"><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/225797\/pdf\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a> on two pages, <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/225797\/pdf\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">613<\/span><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/pub\/1\/article\/225791\/pdf\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">614<\/span><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/pub\/1\/journal\/76\"><em><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Journal of the History of Philosophy<\/span><\/em><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/issue\/12361\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">34, no. 4, October 1996<\/span><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Read <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.fas.harvard.edu\/people\/alison-simmons\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philosophy.fas.harvard.edu\/people\/alison-simmons\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Alison<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/alison-simmons\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/alison-simmons\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Simmons\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.fas.harvard.edu\/people\/alison-simmons\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"178\" class=\"wp-image-2697\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1890.png\" alt=\"A color photographic cutout of a smiling Allison Simmons identifying her visually.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1890.png 270w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1890-253x300.png 253w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2998428\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2998428\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a>. <em>The Philosophical Review<\/em> <a class=\"  \" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/i350365\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">105, no. 4 (October, 1996)<\/span><\/a>: 536\u201338.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\">Cottingham<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\">John<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"170\" class=\"wp-image-6751\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic color headshot cutout of John Cottingham facing forward wearing a white colored shirt with stripes and a blue suit jacket and sweater used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116.png 282w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116-264x300.png 264w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/COTART-2\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/COTART-2\">Selection and Interpretation in Descartes: A Reply to Baker and Morris<\/a>.\u201d <em>International Journal of Philosophical Studies<\/em> 2, no. 1 (1994): 122\u201329.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/J.%20A.%20Cover\">Cover<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cla.purdue.edu\/directory\/profiles\/jan-cover.html\">Jan A<\/a><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cla.purdue.edu\/directory\/profiles\/jan-cover.html\">.<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/marcsandersfoundation.org\/our-people\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-6886\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3286.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of a leather hat adorned Jan A. Cover with glasses and a long brown with some gray streaks in a full beard and shoulder length long hair and a heavy overcoat used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3286.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3286-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3286-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/arruf.rice.edu\/members\/Mark-Kulstad#:~:text=Professor%20Emeritus%20of%20Philosophy%20and,.rice.edu%2F~kulstad%2F\">Mark<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Mark%20Kulstad\">Kulstad<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mark-kulstad-23a0963b\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-6884\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3188.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout with enhanced teeth and eye whitening of a glasses adorned smiling gray-haired with gray mustached Mark Kulstad looking directly at viewer used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3188.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3188-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3188-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> eds. <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Central_Themes_in_Early_Modern_Philosoph.html?id=pD13AX54iP4C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_entity&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=US#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Central Themes in Early Modern Philosophy: Essays Presented to Jonathon Bennett<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"279\" class=\"wp-image-6900\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3296.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced pale yellow color book cover for &quot;Central Themes in Early Modern Philosophy&quot; (1990) edited by J. A. Cover and Mark Kulstad used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3296.jpeg 201w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3296-188x300.jpeg 188w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/>. Cambridge, MA: Hackett Publishing Co., 1990.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Objective_Being_in_Descartes_and_in_Su%C3%A1\/o4zB31RcfLoC?hl=en\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Objective_Being_in_Descartes_and_in_Su%C3%A1\/o4zB31RcfLoC?hl=en\">Cronin<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Timothy%20J.%20Cronin\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Timothy%20J.%20Cronin\">Timothy J<\/a><\/strong>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/objectivebeingin0000cron\/page\/n7\/mode\/2up\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Objective_Being_in_Descartes_and_in_Suar\/He6jAAAACAAJ?hl=en\">Objective Being in Descartes and in Suarez<\/a><\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/objectivebeingin0000cron\/page\/n7\/mode\/2up\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Objective_Being_in_Descartes_and_in_Suar\/He6jAAAACAAJ?hl=en\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"273\" class=\"wp-image-1016\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_8982.png\" alt=\"The book cover of &quot;Objective Being in Descartes and in Suarez.&quot;\"><\/a>Rome: Gregorian University Press, 1966. <a style=\"font-style: italic;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?tbo=p&amp;tbm=bks&amp;q=bibliogroup:%22Analecta+Gregoriana%22&amp;source=gbs_metadata_r&amp;cad=2\">Volume 154 of Analecta Gregoriana<\/a><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?tbo=p&amp;tbm=bks&amp;q=bibliogroup:%22Analecta+Gregoriana.+Vol.+154.+Series+Facultatis+philosophicae.+Sectio+A.N.+10%22&amp;source=gbs_metadata_r&amp;cad=2\">. Series Facultatis philosophicae. Sectio A.N. 10<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Objective_Being_in_Descartes_and_in_Su%C3%A1\/o4zB31RcfLoC?hl=en\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Objective_Being_in_Descartes_and_in_Su%C3%A1\/o4zB31RcfLoC?hl=en\">Cronin<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Timothy%20J.%20Cronin\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Timothy%20J.%20Cronin\">Timothy J<\/a><\/strong>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/wisdomindepthess00daue\/page\/n13\/mode\/2up\">Objective Reality of Ideas in Human Thought: Descartes and Suarez<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/wisdomindepthess00daue\/page\/n13\/mode\/2up\">Wisdom in Depth: Essays in Honor of Henri Renard, S. J<\/a><\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/wisdomindepthess00daue\/page\/n7\/mode\/2up\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"258\" class=\"wp-image-6590\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2368.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced blue color image of the dust jacket for &quot;Wisdom in Depth: Essays in Honor of Henri Renard, S. J.&quot; edited by Vincent F. Daues, Maurice R. Holloway, Leo Sweeney with the main title in white font capital  letters.used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2368.jpeg 217w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2368-203x300.jpeg 203w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Vincent%20F.%20Daues\">Vincent F. Daues<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"75\" height=\"253\" class=\"wp-image-13013\" style=\"width: 75px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5859.png\" alt=\"An enhanced, colorized, photographic entire body and head in left profile cutout of theologian Vincent F. Daues wearing a black clerical robe and priest\u2019s collar is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5859.png 95w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5859-89x300.png 89w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 75px) 100vw, 75px\" \/>, <a href=\"https:\/\/wipfandstock.com\/author\/maurice-r-holloway\/\">Maurice Holloway<\/a> (no known photo), and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/schoolman\/content\/schoolman_1958_0035_0003_0191_0212\">Leo J<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chicagotribune.com\/2001\/12\/11\/rev-leo-sweeney-83\/\">Sweeney<\/a> (no known photo), 68\u201379. Milwaukee, WI: The Bruce Publishing Co., 1966.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/clas.uiowa.edu\/philosophy\/people\/phillip-d-cummins\">Cummins, Phillip<\/a><\/strong> (no known photo) and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.philosophie.uni-muenchen.de\/lehreinheiten\/philosophie_2\/personen\/zoeller\/zoeller_publications_0623.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.philosophie.uni-muenchen.de\/lehreinheiten\/philosophie_2\/personen\/zoeller\/zoeller_publications_0623.pdf\">Guenter<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.philosophie.uni-muenchen.de\/lehreinheiten\/philosophie_2\/personen\/zoeller\/zoeller_publications_0623.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.philosophie.uni-muenchen.de\/lehreinheiten\/philosophie_2\/personen\/zoeller\/zoeller_publications_0623.pdf\">Zoeller<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.phil.arts.cuhk.edu.hk\/web\/tcivp\/gunter-zoller\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"140\" height=\"193\" class=\"wp-image-6777\" style=\"width: 140px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3147.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a glasses adorned mustache and trim goateed Guenter Zoeller wearing a white collared shirt under a black jacket with an upturned collar at his neck used to visually identify him.\"><\/a>, eds. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Minds_Ideas_and_Objects\/DlANAQAAMAAJ?hl=en\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Minds_Ideas_and_Objects\/DlANAQAAMAAJ?hl=en\">Minds, Ideas, and Objects: Essays on the Theory of Representation in Modern Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Minds_Ideas_and_Objects\/DlANAQAAMAAJ?hl=en\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"262\" class=\"wp-image-3748\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5676.jpeg\" alt=\"The enhanced dark blue book cover for &quot;Minds, Ideas, and Objects&quot; edited by Phillip D. Cummins and Gunther Zoeller.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5676.jpeg 214w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5676-201x300.jpeg 201w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. North American Kant Society Studies in Philosophy, Vol. 2. Atascadero, CA: Ridgeview Publishing Company, 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Read <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/michael-richard-ayers\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/michael-richard-ayers\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Michael<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_R._Ayers\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_R._Ayers\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Ayers\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_R._Ayers\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"180\" class=\"wp-image-3916\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6264.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic cutout of a full bearded Richard Michael Ayers wearing a dark patterned shirt used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6264.png 266w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6264-249x300.png 249w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2998366?origin=crossref\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2998366?origin=crossref\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/i350367\"><em><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">The Philosophical Review<\/span><\/em> 106, no. 2 (April, 1997): 288\u201391.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.uiowa.edu\/sites\/philosophy.uiowa.edu\/files\/2026-03\/Updated-Cunning-cv-2024.pdf\">Cunning<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/david-cunning\">David<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/myweb.uiowa.edu\/cunni\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"197\" class=\"wp-image-3758\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_7A8F6609-F2B5-4703-A7BD-2B53A90319C0.png\" alt=\"A reversed and enhanced color photographic cutout of David Cunning used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_7A8F6609-F2B5-4703-A7BD-2B53A90319C0.png 284w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_7A8F6609-F2B5-4703-A7BD-2B53A90319C0-266x300.png 266w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/CUNAAP\">Argument and Persuasion in Descartes&#8217; Meditations<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Argument_and_Persuasion_in_Descartes_Med.html?id=A6BVHcoVt1kC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"225\" class=\"wp-image-3751\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_8C81A320-4AA7-4DE4-9CA4-18637570A32F.png\" alt=\"The enhanced color book cover of &quot;Argument and Persuasion in Descartes' Meditations&quot; by David Clemenson.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_8C81A320-4AA7-4DE4-9CA4-18637570A32F.png 213w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_8C81A320-4AA7-4DE4-9CA4-18637570A32F-200x300.png 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Read <a href=\"https:\/\/cwilson.academia.edu\/cv\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Catherine<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catherine_Wilson_(philosopher)\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Wilson\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catherine_Wilson_(philosopher)\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"193\" class=\"wp-image-3402\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5086.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of a smiling Catherine Wilson used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5086.png 249w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5086-233x300.png 233w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/ndpr.nd.edu\/reviews\/argument-and-persuasion-in-descartes-meditations\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a>. <em>Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews<\/em>, October 25, 2010.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Read <a href=\"https:\/\/cofc.academia.edu\/DeborahBoyle?swp=tc-au-32508661\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Deborah Boyle\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/cofc.academia.edu\/DeborahBoyle?swp=tc-au-32508661\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"169\" class=\"wp-image-3864\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6142.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of a glasses adorne Deborah Boyle with long brown air hanging down her front lower than her shoulders wearing a dark red rounded neck sweater used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6142.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6142-300x290.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/32508661\/David_Cunning_Argument_and_Persuasion_in_Descartes_Meditations_Reviewed_by\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/32508661\/David_Cunning_Argument_and_Persuasion_in_Descartes_Meditations_Reviewed_by\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review. <em>Philosophy in Review<\/em><\/span><\/a>, 2011.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Read <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/search?action=search&amp;query=author:Tom%20Vinci:and&amp;min=1&amp;max=10&amp;t=query_term\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Tom Vinci\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/search?action=search&amp;query=author:Tom%20Vinci:and&amp;min=1&amp;max=10&amp;t=query_term\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-4683\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7787.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Tom C. Vinci's head tilted to his right with full white beard and darker gray mustache wearing a networked patterned. shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7787.png 274w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7787-257x300.png 257w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/453210\/pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/453210\/pdf\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/pub\/1\/journal\/76\"><em><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Journal of the History of Philosophy<\/span><\/em><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/issue\/24161\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">49, no. 4 (October, 2011)<\/span><\/a>: 497\u201398.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.uiowa.edu\/sites\/philosophy.uiowa.edu\/files\/2026-03\/Updated-Cunning-cv-2024.pdf\">Cunning<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/david-cunning\">David<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/religiousstudies.uiowa.edu\/people\/david-cunning\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"160\" class=\"wp-image-8526\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_861AB943-27DB-40E8-A752-B40C4C7E2A1F.png\" alt=\"A reversed and enhanced color photographic cutout of a smirky smiling David Cunning wearing a white v-neck t-shirt and his head his slightly tilted to his right used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_861AB943-27DB-40E8-A752-B40C4C7E2A1F.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_861AB943-27DB-40E8-A752-B40C4C7E2A1F-300x274.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_861AB943-27DB-40E8-A752-B40C4C7E2A1F-150x137.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> ed. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/cambridge-companion-to-descartes-meditations\/D073F1FFC0B4735C63E45D490A18D025\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/cambridge-companion-to-descartes-meditations\/D073F1FFC0B4735C63E45D490A18D025\">The Cambridge Companion to Descartes\u2019 Meditations<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/eclass.uoa.gr\/modules\/document\/file.php\/PHS597\/%5BDavid_Cunning%5D_The_Cambridge_Companion_to_Descartes%27%20Meditations_David%20Cunning.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"262\" class=\"wp-image-8157\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7935.jpeg\" alt=\"The book cover in a dirty yellow color with a painting of a dark alcove with light streaming in from a window on the right of &quot;A Cambridge Companion to Descartes' Meditations&quot; edited by David Cunning used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7935.jpeg 427w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7935-200x300.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7935-100x150.jpeg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Also <a href=\"https:\/\/eclass.uoa.gr\/modules\/document\/file.php\/PHS414\/%5BDavid_Cunning%5D_The_Cambridge_Companion_to_Descartes%27%20Meditations.pdf\">readable<\/a> from the <a href=\"https:\/\/eclass.uoa.gr\">University of Athens<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.uiowa.edu\/sites\/philosophy.uiowa.edu\/files\/2026-03\/Updated-Cunning-cv-2024.pdf\">Cunning<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/david-cunning\">David<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/religiousstudies.uiowa.edu\/people\/david-cunning\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"160\" class=\"wp-image-8527\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8863.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of a smirky smiling David Cunning wearing a white v-neck t-shirt and his head his slightly tilted to his left used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8863.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8863-300x274.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8863-150x137.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes.html?id=fvHDEAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><em>Descartes<\/em><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes.html?id=fvHDEAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"275\" class=\"wp-image-3754\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5682.jpeg\" alt=\"The dark and light gray book cover for &quot;Descartes&quot; by David Cunning.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5682.jpeg 204w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5682-191x300.jpeg 191w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. New York: Routledge, 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.uiowa.edu\/sites\/philosophy.uiowa.edu\/files\/2026-03\/Updated-Cunning-cv-2024.pdf\">Cunning<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/david-cunning\">David<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/myweb.uiowa.edu\/cunni\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"197\" class=\"wp-image-3758\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_7A8F6609-F2B5-4703-A7BD-2B53A90319C0.png\" alt=\"A reversed and enhanced color photographic cutout of David Cunning used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_7A8F6609-F2B5-4703-A7BD-2B53A90319C0.png 284w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_7A8F6609-F2B5-4703-A7BD-2B53A90319C0-266x300.png 266w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40041029?read-now=1#page_scan_tab_contents\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40041029?read-now=1#page_scan_tab_contents\">Descartes on the Dubitability of the Existence of Self<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Philosophy and Phenomenological Research<\/em> 74 (2007): 113\u201333.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.uiowa.edu\/sites\/philosophy.uiowa.edu\/files\/2026-03\/Updated-Cunning-cv-2024.pdf\">Cunning<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/david-cunning\">David<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/myweb.uiowa.edu\/cunni\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"197\" class=\"wp-image-3758\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_7A8F6609-F2B5-4703-A7BD-2B53A90319C0.png\" alt=\"A reversed and enhanced color photographic cutout of David Cunning used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_7A8F6609-F2B5-4703-A7BD-2B53A90319C0.png 284w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_7A8F6609-F2B5-4703-A7BD-2B53A90319C0-266x300.png 266w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/myweb.uiowa.edu\/cunni\/dsisdc.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/myweb.uiowa.edu\/cunni\/dsisdc.pdf\">Descartes on Sensations and Ideas of Sensations<\/a>.&#8221; In <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/43709104\/_The_Puzzle_of_Self_Knowledge_in_An_Anthology_of_Philosophical_Studies_edited_by_P_Hanna_A_McEvoy_P_Voutsina_ATINER_Athens_2006_51_58_ISBN_978_960_6672_11_8P\">An Anthology of Philosophical Studies<\/a>, vol. I [or <em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.atiner.gr\/docs\/2006Phi-Hanna.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.atiner.gr\/docs\/2006Phi-Hanna.pdf\">An Anthology of Philosophical Studies<\/a><\/em>] <a href=\"https:\/\/www.atiner.gr\/docs\/2006COVER_Hanna.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"247\" class=\"wp-image-12946\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5755-1.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced book cover of \u201cAn Anthology of Philosophical Studies,\u201d vol. I, edited by Patricia Hanna, Adrianne L. McEvoy, and Penrlope Voutsina, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5755-1.jpeg 518w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5755-1-243x300.jpeg 243w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5755-1-121x150.jpeg 121w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/patricia-hanna\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/patricia-hanna\">Patricia<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Patricia-Hanna-4\">Hanna<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Patricia-Hanna-4\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-12936\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5747.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Patricia Hannah wearing glasses and a round-neck black top is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5747.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5747-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5747-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5747-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/munews.mansfield.edu\/?p=853\">Adrianne<\/a> Leigh <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Adrianne%20McEvoy\">McEvoy<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sungazette.com\/news\/2017\/03\/todays-candidates-2\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"184\" class=\"wp-image-12938\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5750.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic close-up headshot cutout of Adrianne Leigh McEvoy with a closed-mouth smile is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5750.png 435w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5750-204x300.png 204w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5750-102x150.png 102w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/sheffield.academia.edu\/PenelopeVoutsina\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/sheffield.academia.edu\/PenelopeVoutsina\">Penelope Voutsina<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/43709104\/_The_Puzzle_of_Self_Knowledge_in_An_Anthology_of_Philosophical_Studies_edited_by_P_Hanna_A_McEvoy_P_Voutsina_ATINER_Athens_2006_51_58_ISBN_978_960_6672_11_8P\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-12943\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5757.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Penelope Voutsina with a leather head scarf, a bunch of bead jewelry on a string, and a round-necked shirt under a jumper-like top is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5757.png 448w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5757-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5757-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, 17\u201332. Athens, Greece: Atiner Publishing, 2006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/myweb.uiowa.edu\/cunni\/dsisdc.pdf\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">Author&#8217;s Abstract<\/mark><\/strong><\/a><strong>:<\/strong> In this paper I sketch and defend three theses. The first is that for Descartes there is a distinction between a sensation and an idea of a sensation. Sensations are qualia, and ideas of sensations are ideas of qualia. The second thesis is that ideas of sensations are ideas and so have objective reality and are representational. A Cartesian sensation is a mode of mind but not an idea. If it is representational, it is not representational in virtue of having objective reality but in virtue of something else. The third thesis is that some of the confusion surrounding the issue of Cartesian sensations is due to Descartes&#8217; sometimes interchangeable use of the language of &#8216;sensations&#8217; and the language of sensory &#8216;ideas&#8217;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.uiowa.edu\/sites\/philosophy.uiowa.edu\/files\/2026-03\/Updated-Cunning-cv-2024.pdf\">Cunning<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/david-cunning\">David<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/religiousstudies.uiowa.edu\/people\/david-cunning\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"160\" class=\"wp-image-8526\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_861AB943-27DB-40E8-A752-B40C4C7E2A1F.png\" alt=\"A reversed and enhanced color photographic cutout of a smirky smiling David Cunning wearing a white v-neck t-shirt and his head his slightly tilted to his right used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_861AB943-27DB-40E8-A752-B40C4C7E2A1F.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_861AB943-27DB-40E8-A752-B40C4C7E2A1F-300x274.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_861AB943-27DB-40E8-A752-B40C4C7E2A1F-150x137.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/True-and-immutable-natures-and-epistemic-progress-Cunning\/3f1cbd19b848250756b20fef4f12117d84408ff4\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/True-and-immutable-natures-and-epistemic-progress-Cunning\/3f1cbd19b848250756b20fef4f12117d84408ff4\">True and Immutable N<em>atures and Epistemic Progress in Descartes&#8217; Meditations<\/em><\/a><em>.<\/em>&#8221; In<em>British Journal for the History of Philosophy<\/em> 11, no. 2 (2003): 235\u201348.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/a\/umich.edu\/emcurley\/\">Curley<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/lsa.umich.edu\/philosophy\/people\/emeritus-faculty\/emcurley.html\">Edwin<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/a\/umich.edu\/emcurley\/descartes?authuser=0\">M<\/a><\/strong>. <a href=\"https:\/\/umich.academia.edu\/EdwinCurley\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"135\" height=\"173\" class=\"wp-image-3855\" style=\"width: 135px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_66FD539B-1A9F-4DE0-B851-660C2AB83C45.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic cutout of glasses adorned Edwin M. Curley with hi hand under chi and fingers on his right cheek used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_66FD539B-1A9F-4DE0-B851-660C2AB83C45.png 250w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_66FD539B-1A9F-4DE0-B851-660C2AB83C45-234x300.png 234w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 135px) 100vw, 135px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/CURDAT\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/CURDAT\">Descartes Against the Sceptics<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/descartesagainst0000curl_s1a1\/mode\/2up\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"258\" class=\"wp-image-12743\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5416.jpeg\" alt=\"The brown book cover of \u201cDescartes Against the Sceptics\u201d by Edwin Curley with a large faded portrait of Descartes is used for visual identification. \" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5416.jpeg 185w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5416-102x150.jpeg 102w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/a\/umich.edu\/emcurley\/\">Curley<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/lsa.umich.edu\/philosophy\/people\/emeritus-faculty\/emcurley.html\">Edwin<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/a\/umich.edu\/emcurley\/descartes?authuser=0\">M<\/a><\/strong>. <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.despinoza.nl\/log\/spinoza-scholar-edwin-curley.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"135\" height=\"166\" class=\"wp-image-3856\" style=\"width: 135px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_20B4F23D-63AA-4F6C-AACB-03EC344388AA.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic cutout of glasses adorned Edwin M. Curley wearing a white shirt with a blue tie under a dark blue sweater used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_20B4F23D-63AA-4F6C-AACB-03EC344388AA.png 261w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_20B4F23D-63AA-4F6C-AACB-03EC344388AA-245x300.png 245w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 135px) 100vw, 135px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/a\/umich.edu\/emcurley\/descartes\">Analysis in the Meditations: The Quest for Clear and Distinct Ideas<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ucpress.edu\/book\/9780520055094\/essays-on-descartes-meditations\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.ucpress.edu\/book\/9780520055094\/essays-on-descartes-meditations\">Essays on Descartes&#8217; Meditations<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Essays_on_Descartes_Meditations\/WnZQVOrfDaMC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"263\" class=\"wp-image-5144\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/SIX_65211643-BC7A-4CEC-ACE5-BEFEC6FE8C7E.png\" alt=\"The enhanced dark green book cover with white font in titles for &quot;Essays on Descartes' Meditations&quot; edited by Amelie Oksenberg Rorty used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/SIX_65211643-BC7A-4CEC-ACE5-BEFEC6FE8C7E.png 213w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/SIX_65211643-BC7A-4CEC-ACE5-BEFEC6FE8C7E-200x300.png 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"http:\/\/amelierorty.blogspot.com\/2008\/03\/amelie-oksenberg-rorty.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/amelierorty.blogspot.com\/2008\/03\/amelie-oksenberg-rorty.html\">Am\u00e9lie<\/a> Oksenberg <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Am%C3%A9lie_Rorty\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Am%C3%A9lie_Rorty\">Rorty<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Am%C3%A9lie_Rorty\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"200\" class=\"wp-image-4549\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/878ff53d-551c-4b4c-aa16-57c21635c157.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot and shoulders cutout of a smiling glasses adorned Amelie O. Rorty with her head tilted to her right facing the camera wearing a black cowl neck under a autumn colored jacket used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/878ff53d-551c-4b4c-aa16-57c21635c157.png 240w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/878ff53d-551c-4b4c-aa16-57c21635c157-225x300.png 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, 153\u201376. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1986.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/a\/umich.edu\/emcurley\/\">Curley<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/lsa.umich.edu\/philosophy\/people\/emeritus-faculty\/emcurley.html\">Edwin<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/a\/umich.edu\/emcurley\/descartes?authuser=0\">M<\/a><\/strong>. <a href=\"https:\/\/lsa.umich.edu\/philosophy\/people\/emeritus-faculty\/emcurley.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"170\" class=\"wp-image-3862\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6136.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic cutout of  Edwin M. Curley without glasses wearing a dark blue shirt with open neck used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6136.png 282w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6136-264x300.png 264w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/CURTCA\">The Cogito and the Foundations of Knowledge<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Blackwell_Guide_to_Descartes_Meditat.html?id=nCnhVM7SPuwC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Blackwell_Guide_to_Descartes_Meditat.html?id=nCnhVM7SPuwC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">The Blackwell Guide to Descartes&#8217; Meditations<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/The_Blackwell_Guide_to_Descartes_Meditat\/nCnhVM7SPuwC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;pg=PR3&amp;printsec=frontcover\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"257\" class=\"wp-image-9492\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0728.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced purple book cover of &quot;The Blackwell Guide to Descartes's Meditations&quot; edited by Stephen Gaukroger used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0728.jpeg 435w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0728-204x300.jpeg 204w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0728-102x150.jpeg 102w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20Gaukroger\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20Gaukroger\">Stephen<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\">Gaukroger<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"163\" class=\"wp-image-4088\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized  photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of a glasses adorned Stephen Gaukroger wearing a white shirt with dark blue and white striped tie under a dark blue sweater with a dark gray wool suit jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721-300x279.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, 30\u201347. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1100\" height=\"866\" class=\"wp-image-712\" style=\"width: 1100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_23F7526F-89FD-4ECD-A7AB-B4C5ADD2A6A1b.jpeg\" alt=\"An advertising banner for the DTOI website consisting of a framed color photograph of a short suspension bridge leading into the jungle with prominent categories found in Descartes's theory of ideas sticking up along either side of the suspension wires.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_23F7526F-89FD-4ECD-A7AB-B4C5ADD2A6A1b.jpeg 1168w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_23F7526F-89FD-4ECD-A7AB-B4C5ADD2A6A1b-300x236.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_23F7526F-89FD-4ECD-A7AB-B4C5ADD2A6A1b-1024x807.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_23F7526F-89FD-4ECD-A7AB-B4C5ADD2A6A1b-768x605.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, 1100px\" \/><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\" id=\"D-neon-ivy-drop-cap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"257\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0950.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2155\" style=\"width:120px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0950.jpeg 257w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0950-241x300.jpeg 241w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 257px) 100vw, 257px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roland_Dalbiez\">Dalbiez<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/psychology\/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases\/dalbiez-roland-1893-1976#:~:text=Roland%20Dalbiez%2C%20a%20French%20philosopher,of%20psychoanalysis%20published%20in%201936.\">Roland<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"206\" class=\"wp-image-11625\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1371.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1371.png 400w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1371-219x300.png 219w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1371-109x150.png 109w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"204\" class=\"wp-image-11628\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1373.png\" alt=\"An enhanced, colorized photographic headshot of Roland Dalbiez in middle age, wearing a white shirt, with his head in the right profile, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1373.png 398w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1373-221x300.png 221w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1373-111x150.png 111w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"115\" height=\"246\" class=\"wp-image-11627\" style=\"width: 115px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1374.png\" alt=\"A colorized photograph shows Roland Dalbiez as a young officer in the French military. He is wearing a dark blue military buttoned jacket with epaulets on his shoulders and is holding a sword in his left hand. This photograph is used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1374.png 396w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1374-140x300.png 140w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1374-70x150.png 70w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 115px) 100vw, 115px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"212\" class=\"wp-image-11629\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1372.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Roland Dalbiez in late life with his head turned to his left and wearing a dark blue suit jacket, white shirt, and a blue tie is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1372.png 400w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1372-213x300.png 213w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1372-106x150.png 106w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"219\" class=\"wp-image-11626\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1375.png\" alt=\"An enhanced, colorized photograph showing the full body of Roland Dalbiez, a young officer in the French military, wearing a dark blue military jacket with buttons and a sword hanging from his left side at his waist, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1375.png 398w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1375-206x300.png 206w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1375-103x150.png 103w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Les_Sources_scolastiques_de_la_th%C3%A9orie\/-eFQQwAACAAJ?hl=en\">Les sources Scolastiques de la theorie cartesienne de l&#8217;etre objectif a propos du &#8216;Descartes&#8217; de M. Gilson<\/a>\u201d [\u201dThe Scholastic Sources of the Cartesian Theory of Objective Being in relation to Mr. Gilson&#8217;s \u2018Descartes\u2019&#8221;]. <em>Revue d&#8217;Histoire de la Philosophie<\/em> 34 (1929): 64\u201372.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/anthony-dardis\">Dardis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.hofstra.edu\/anthony-dardis\/\">Anthony<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hofstra.edu\/faculty-profile\/?id=324\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"201\" class=\"wp-image-35102\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/IMG_4259.png\" alt=\"A reversed, colorized photographic cutout of Anthony Dardus, smiling with teeth exposed and wearing a blue collared shirt with white buttons, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/IMG_4259.png 478w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/IMG_4259-224x300.png 224w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/IMG_4259-112x150.png 112w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sites.hofstra.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2019\/08\/FrToOr.pdf#:~:text=6.%20Is%20more%20objective%20reality,the%20following%20objection%2C%20in%20effect\">Is More Objective Reality Really Something More?<\/a>.\u201d <em>Rhema<\/em>. November 11, 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/michael-della-rocca\">Della Rocca<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/yale.academia.edu\/MichaelDellaRocca\">Michael<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/news.yale.edu\/2021\/10\/26\/della-rocca-named-sterling-professor-philosophy\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"325\" height=\"160\" class=\"wp-image-1198\" style=\"width: 325px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_FFDBA954-538D-4B17-B385-08F152CFEBB2.png\" alt=\"Three transparent color headshots of Michael Della Rocca.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_FFDBA954-538D-4B17-B385-08F152CFEBB2.png 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_FFDBA954-538D-4B17-B385-08F152CFEBB2-300x148.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_FFDBA954-538D-4B17-B385-08F152CFEBB2-768x378.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 325px) 100vw, 325px\" \/><\/a> . &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/ROCJAW\">Judgment and Will<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Blackwell_Guide_to_Descartes_Meditat.html?id=nCnhVM7SPuwC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Blackwell_Guide_to_Descartes_Meditat.html?id=nCnhVM7SPuwC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">The Blackwell Guide to Descartes&#8217; Meditations<\/a><\/em> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"257\" class=\"wp-image-9492\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0728.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced purple book cover of &quot;The Blackwell Guide to Descartes's Meditations&quot; edited by Stephen Gaukroger used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0728.jpeg 435w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0728-204x300.jpeg 204w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0728-102x150.jpeg 102w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20Gaukroger\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20Gaukroger\">Stephen<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\">Gaukroger<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"186\" class=\"wp-image-4088\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized  photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of a glasses adorned Stephen Gaukroger wearing a white shirt with dark blue and white striped tie under a dark blue sweater with a dark gray wool suit jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721-300x279.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>, 142\u201359. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/michael-della-rocca\">Della Rocca<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/yale.academia.edu\/MichaelDellaRocca\">Michael<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/news.yale.edu\/2021\/10\/26\/della-rocca-named-sterling-professor-philosophy\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"325\" height=\"160\" class=\"wp-image-1198\" style=\"width: 325px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_FFDBA954-538D-4B17-B385-08F152CFEBB2.png\" alt=\"Three transparent color headshots of Michael Della Rocca.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_FFDBA954-538D-4B17-B385-08F152CFEBB2.png 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_FFDBA954-538D-4B17-B385-08F152CFEBB2-300x148.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_FFDBA954-538D-4B17-B385-08F152CFEBB2-768x378.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 325px) 100vw, 325px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/DELTTF\">Taking the Fourth: Steps toward a New (Old) Reading of Descartes<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Midwest Studies in Philosophy<\/em> 35 (2011): 93\u2013110. Reprinted in&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/FREEMP\">Early Modern Philosophy Reconsidered<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/HKCyFNVPJnYX5xAE8\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"305\" class=\"wp-image-12970\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5772.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced blue with white and black rectangle in the lower third of the book cover of \u201cEarly Modern Philosophy Reconsidered\u201d edited by Peter A. French and Howard K. Wettstein is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5772.jpeg 419w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5772-196x300.jpeg 196w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5772-98x150.jpeg 98w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/search.asu.edu\/profile\/286173\">Peter<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Peter%20A.%20French\">A<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peter_A._French\">French<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peter_A._French\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"188\" class=\"wp-image-12971\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5775.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Peter A. French wearing a black cowboy hat and a dark cerulean blue shirt with white buttons open at the throat is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5775.png 512w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5775-240x300.png 240w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5775-120x150.png 120w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, 221\u201339. London: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/raffaelladerosa.com\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/raffaelladerosa.com\/\">De Rosa<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Raffaella%20De%20Rosa\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Raffaella%20De%20Rosa\">Raffaella<\/a><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.rutgers.edu\/people\/associate-graduate-faculty\/associate-graduate-faculty-profile\/1242-derosa-raffaella\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.rutgers.edu\/people\/associate-graduate-faculty\/associate-graduate-faculty-profile\/1242-derosa-raffaella\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-1929\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_C7F27F62-7BE8-4706-86B7-DD41704F8FD8.png\" alt=\"A color photographic headshot of Rafaella De Rosa with a close cropped platinum blond haircut.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_C7F27F62-7BE8-4706-86B7-DD41704F8FD8.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_C7F27F62-7BE8-4706-86B7-DD41704F8FD8-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_C7F27F62-7BE8-4706-86B7-DD41704F8FD8-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/DERCS\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/DERCS\">Cartesian Sensations<\/a>.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/journal\/17479991\">Philosophy Compass 4<\/a>,  <a href=\"https:\/\/compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/toc\/17479991\/2009\/4\/5\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"198\" class=\"wp-image-12976\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_f3b4cf7f-240c-4dbb-ab2d-b79a1eac2fe4.jpeg\" alt=\"The red logo for the \u201cPhilosophy Compass\u201d journal is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_f3b4cf7f-240c-4dbb-ab2d-b79a1eac2fe4.jpeg 485w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_f3b4cf7f-240c-4dbb-ab2d-b79a1eac2fe4-227x300.jpeg 227w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_f3b4cf7f-240c-4dbb-ab2d-b79a1eac2fe4-114x150.jpeg 114w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/toc\/17479991\/2009\/4\/5\">no. 5<\/a>&nbsp;(September 2009): 780\u201392.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/DERCS\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">Abstract<\/mark><\/a>:<\/strong> Descartes maintained that sensations of color and the like misrepresent the material world in normal circumstances. Some prominent scholars have argued that, to explain this Cartesian view, we must attribute to Descartes a causal account of sensory representation. I contend that neither the arguments motivating this reading nor the textual evidence offered in its support is sufficient to justify such attribution. Both textual and theoretical reasons point in the direction of an (at least partial) internalist account of Descartes\u2019 views on sensory representation.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/raffaelladerosa.com\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/raffaelladerosa.com\/\">De Rosa<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Raffaella%20De%20Rosa\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Raffaella%20De%20Rosa\">Raffaella<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/iWjbdYct9YtBDYrz7\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"174\" class=\"wp-image-12603\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5356.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Raffaella De Rosa, wearing rose lipstick, glasses, large two metal disc earrings, and a black rounded collar shirt under a shiny black jacket, is utilized for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5356.jpeg 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5356-300x298.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5356-150x150.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5356-600x600.jpeg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/82816470\/Descartes_and_the_Curious_Case_of_the_Origin_of_Sensory_Ideas\">Descartes and the Curious Case of the Origin of Sensory Ideas<\/a>.\u201d <em>Philosophy and Phenomenological Research<\/em> (2017): 1\u201320. Also available at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/82816455\/Descartes_on_Sensory_Misrepresentation_The_Case_of_Materially_False_Ideas\">Academia.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/raffaelladerosa.com\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/raffaelladerosa.com\/\">De Rosa<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Raffaella%20De%20Rosa\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Raffaella%20De%20Rosa\">Raffaella<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/raffaelladerosa.com\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"275\" height=\"183\" class=\"wp-image-12564\" style=\"width: 275px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5328.png\" alt=\"A colorized, reversed, enhanced photographic cutout of a young adult Rafaella De Rosa with glasses, earrings, and red lipstick at a podium is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5328.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5328-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5328-150x100.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 275px) 100vw, 275px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_and_the_Puzzle_of_Sensory_Repr.html?id=pZXdXobel-0C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_and_the_Puzzle_of_Sensory_Repr.html?id=pZXdXobel-0C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Descartes and the Puzzle of Sensory Representation<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/JCxu6xVwx7wHiejT7\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"288\" class=\"wp-image-12614\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5363.jpeg\" alt=\"The book cover of \u201cDescartes &amp; The Puzzle of Sensory Representation\u201d by Raffaella De Rosa, with the title in orange and white font, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5363.jpeg 389w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5363-182x300.jpeg 182w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5363-91x150.jpeg 91w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1142\" class=\"wp-image-38748\" style=\"width: 1200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6754.jpeg\" alt=\"The Table of Contents for Descartes and the Puzzle of Sensory Representation by Rafaella De Rosa.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6754.jpeg 1849w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6754-300x285.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6754-1024x974.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6754-150x143.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6754-768x731.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6754-1536x1461.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Read De Rosa\u2019s summer striped application to the National Endowment for the Humanities Division of Research Programs with the <a href=\"https:\/\/academicaffairs.loyno.edu\/sites\/academicaffairs.loyno.edu\/files\/NEH_Stipends_Philosophy.\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Project Title: Descartes\u2019 Theory of Sensory Representation<\/span><\/a> that resulted in her book <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_and_the_Puzzle_of_Sensory_Repr.html?id=pZXdXobel-0C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_and_the_Puzzle_of_Sensory_Repr.html?id=pZXdXobel-0C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Descartes and the Puzzle of Sensory Representation<\/span><\/a><\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Read <a href=\"https:\/\/prabook.com\/web\/david_lee.clemenson\/145538\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">David<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/cas.stthomas.edu\/departments\/faculty\/david-clemenson\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/cas.stthomas.edu\/departments\/faculty\/david-clemenson\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">L.<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/david-clemenson\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/david-clemenson\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Clemenson\u2019s<\/span><\/a> (no known photo) <a href=\"https:\/\/ndpr.nd.edu\/reviews\/descartes-and-the-puzzle-of-sensory-representation\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/ndpr.nd.edu\/reviews\/descartes-and-the-puzzle-of-sensory-representation\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a> in <em>Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews<\/em>, 2010.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Read <a href=\"https:\/\/www.queensu.ca\/philosophy\/people\/elliot-samuel-paul\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.queensu.ca\/philosophy\/people\/elliot-samuel-paul\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Elliot Samuel<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/elliot-samuel-paul\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/elliot-samuel-paul\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Paul\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/elliot-samuel-paul\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-3907\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6242.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout headshot of a smiling and full bearded Elliot Samuel Paul without glasses facing forward and wearing a blue collared shirt with white buttons used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6242.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6242-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6242-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.barnard.edu\/profiles\/john-morrison\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">John Ross<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.columbia.edu\/content\/john-ross-morrison#:~:text=He%20is%20an%20affiliate%20of,Humanities%20and%20the%20Mellon%20Foundation.\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Morrison\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.columbia.edu\/content\/john-ross-morrison\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"164\" class=\"wp-image-12610\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5362.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a clean-shaven John Ross Morrison wearing a black shirt is used for visual identification. \" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5362.png 584w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5362-274x300.png 274w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5362-137x150.png 137w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/43640316\/Review_of_Rafaella_De_Rosas_Descartes_Puzzle_of_Sensory_Representation\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/43640316\/Review_of_Rafaella_De_Rosas_Descartes_Puzzle_of_Sensory_Representation\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a> in <em>Mind<\/em>, 2010.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Read <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/kurt-smith\">Kurt<\/a><\/strong> <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Kurt%20Dwayne%20Smith\">Smith\u2019s<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"165\" class=\"wp-image-14487\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6967.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Kurt D. Smith with glasses, a complete gray and brown mustache, a full gray beard, and wearing a black shirt is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6967.png 484w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6967-227x300.png 227w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6967-113x150.png 113w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/> <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.uvic.ca\/index.php\/pir\/article\/download\/3268\/1616\">Review<\/a> in <em>Philosophy in Review&nbsp;<\/em>XXX (2010), no. 5.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/raffaelladerosa.com\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/raffaelladerosa.com\/\">De Rosa<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Raffaella%20De%20Rosa\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Raffaella%20De%20Rosa\">Raffaella<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/B8VMXKd2dfyHv6XL7\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"218\" class=\"wp-image-12593\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5292.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced, colorized photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of Rafaella De Rosa, wearing glasses, dangling feather-like  earrings, and a black outfit open at her neck, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5292.png 441w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5292-207x300.png 207w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5292-103x150.png 103w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/people.tamu.edu\/~sdaniel\/682%20Readings\/de%20rosa%20ideas.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/people.tamu.edu\/~sdaniel\/682%20Readings\/de%20rosa%20ideas.pdf\">Descartes on Sensory Misrepresentation: The Case of Materially False Ideas<\/a>.&#8221; <em>History of Philosophy Quarterly<\/em> 21, no. 3 (2004): 261\u201380.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/raffaelladerosa.com\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/raffaelladerosa.com\/\">De Rosa<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Raffaella%20De%20Rosa\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Raffaella%20De%20Rosa\">Raffaella<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/iWjbdYct9YtBDYrz7\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"174\" class=\"wp-image-12603\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5356.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Raffaella De Rosa, wearing rose lipstick, glasses, large two metal disc earrings, and a black rounded collar shirt under a shiny black jacket, is utilized for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5356.jpeg 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5356-300x298.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5356-150x150.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5356-600x600.jpeg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/236705878_Material_Falsity_and_Error_in_Descartes's_Meditations_review\">Material Falsity and Error in Descartes&#8217;s Meditations (Review of Wee 2006)<\/a>. <em>Journal of the History of Philosophy<\/em> 46, no. 4 (2008): 641\u201342.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/raffaelladerosa.com\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/raffaelladerosa.com\/\">De Rosa<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Raffaella%20De%20Rosa\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Raffaella%20De%20Rosa\">Raffaella<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/sasn.rutgers.edu\/raffaella-de-rosa\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"200\" class=\"wp-image-12605\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/SIX_8517880A-1EE2-4D29-8EDD-618DFB875B54.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced, color photographic headshot cutout of Raffaella De Rosa, wearing vibrant coral lipstick, glasses, large metal wire earrings, and a black outfit with oversized outlined lapels, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/SIX_8517880A-1EE2-4D29-8EDD-618DFB875B54.png 479w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/SIX_8517880A-1EE2-4D29-8EDD-618DFB875B54-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/SIX_8517880A-1EE2-4D29-8EDD-618DFB875B54-112x150.png 112w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/82816427\/The_Myth_of_Cartesian_Qualia?uc-sb-sw=2180556\">The Myth of Cartesian Qualia<\/a>.\u201d <em>Paci\ufb01c Philosophical Quarterly<\/em> 88 (2007): 181\u2013207.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/82816427\/The_Myth_of_Cartesian_Qualia?uc-sb-sw=2180556\">Abstract:<\/a><\/strong> The standard view of Cartesian sensations (SV) is that they present themselves as purely qualitative features of experience (or qualia). Accordingly, Descartes\u2019 view would be that in perceiving the color red, for example, we are merely experiencing the subjective feel of redness rather than seeming to perceive a property of bodies. In this paper, I establish that the argument and textual evidence offered in support of SV fail to prove that Descartes held this view. Indeed, I will argue that there are textual and theoretical reasons for believing that Descartes held the negation of SV. Qualia aren\u2019t Descartes\u2019 legacy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/raffaelladerosa.com\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/raffaelladerosa.com\/\">De Rosa<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Raffaella%20De%20Rosa\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Raffaella%20De%20Rosa\">Raffaella<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/sasn.rutgers.edu\/raffaella-de-rosa\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"8504\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"200\" class=\"wp-image-12595\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5293.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced, color photographic headshot cutout of Raffaella De Rosa, wearing vibrant coral lipstick, glasses, large metal wire earrings, and a black outfit with oversized outlined lapels, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5293.png 479w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5293-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5293-112x150.png 112w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www-oxfordbibliographies-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk\/display\/document\/obo-9780195396577\/obo-9780195396577-0272.xml\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www-oxfordbibliographies-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk\/display\/document\/obo-9780195396577\/obo-9780195396577-0272.xml\">Ren\u00e9 Descartes: Sensory Representations<\/a>.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/www-oxfordbibliographies-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www-oxfordbibliographies-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk\/\"><em>Oxford Bibliographies<\/em><\/a>. Last reviewed: July 24, 2019. Last modified: July 28, 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/raffaelladerosa.com\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/raffaelladerosa.com\/\">De Rosa<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Raffaella%20De%20Rosa\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Raffaella%20De%20Rosa\">Raffaella<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/B8VMXKd2dfyHv6XL7\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"218\" class=\"wp-image-12593\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5292.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced, colorized photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of Rafaella De Rosa, wearing glasses, dangling feather-like  earrings, and a black outfit open at her neck, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5292.png 441w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5292-207x300.png 207w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5292-103x150.png 103w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/82816311\/Replies_to_Vinci_and_Nelson\">Replies to Vinci and Nelson<\/a>.\u201d <em>Analytic Philosophy<\/em> 54, no. 1 (March 2013): 117\u201328.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/82816311\/Replies_to_Vinci_and_Nelson\">Opening paragraphs<\/a>:<\/strong> In my Replies, I will focus on, and respond to, three main lines of criticisms emerging from both Thomas Vinci\u2019s and Alan Nelson\u2019s commentaries (although, on occasion, I may intersperse these replies with more speci\ufb01c responses to distinct points):<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>Criticism 1<\/em>: Color sensations, and the like, are still not representational;<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>Criticism 2<\/em>: Even if we concede that the texts discussing material falsity testify that Descartes held that sensations are misrepresentations (and so are representational),<sup>1<\/sup> Descartes\u2019 view in these texts is that ideas of secondary qualities are materially false because they represent a non-thing (i.e., a sensation) as a (material) thing rather than representing material things as resembling a color sensation (which is what I claim);<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>Criticism 3<\/em>: The fusion of an intellectual and phenomenal component is crucial to my descriptivist-causal account but raises a host of related worries: don\u2019t <em>qualia<\/em> end up being constitutive parts of a more complex mental state? How is reference to particular material objects explained? Is the spatial articulation contained in sensory ideas due to the intellect or to the imagination?<br><br>Criticisms 1 and 2 are expressed in Vinci\u2019s \ufb01rst three remarks (although Nelson himself, I take it, would be sympathetic to <em>some<\/em> aspects of these criticisms); and they take issue with two pivotal theses of my book, viz., (i) that Cartesian sensations are representational and (ii) that they are misrepresentational (as Vinci puts it). Although I defend (i) and (ii) extensively in the book (see especially Chapters 1 and 2), Vinci attacks some of the arguments offered in the book and provides additional evidence for his criticism. So, I begin my replies by explaining why, in my view, despite Vinci\u2019s remarks, Cartesian sensations are still misrepresentational.<sup>2<\/sup><br><br><sup>1.<\/sup> The texts where Descartes discusses material falsity are Meditation Three and the Fourth Replies. Notice that agreeing that Descartes may have held that sensations are misrepresentations in the above texts is compatible with maintaining that he abandoned this view altogether in later writing such as the Principles. This is in fact Vinci\u2019s view. See Vinci (1998), chapter 7.<br><sup>2.<\/sup> I would like to clarify that my claim that for Descartes \u201crepresentation is primarily presentation of an object to the mind in so far as representing something consists of putting the mind in cognitive content with extra-mental reality\u201d (See De Rosa (2010), p. 12) has to be understood in the context of my discussion of ideas of secondary qualities. Descartes classi\ufb01es the latter among ideas of body (see De Rosa (2010), p. 24). But I do not deny that, for Descartes, we can have ideas about ideas or sensations. Neither do I deny either Wilson\u2019s or Vinci\u2019s claims that the \u201cas if-image\u201d property of ideas, for Descartes, consists in making things (whatever their nature) cognitively accessible. This is clearly indicated, for example, in De Rosa (2010), p. 32 fn 33 (where I de\ufb01ne the notion of referential content) and p. 56 (where I claim that presenting an object to the mind is enough to classify a mental state as representative).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/raffaelladerosa.com\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/raffaelladerosa.com\/\">De Rosa<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Raffaella%20De%20Rosa\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Raffaella%20De%20Rosa\">Raffaella<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/sasn.rutgers.edu\/raffaella-de-rosa\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"200\" class=\"wp-image-12605\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/SIX_8517880A-1EE2-4D29-8EDD-618DFB875B54.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced, color photographic headshot cutout of Raffaella De Rosa, wearing vibrant coral lipstick, glasses, large metal wire earrings, and a black outfit with oversized outlined lapels, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/SIX_8517880A-1EE2-4D29-8EDD-618DFB875B54.png 479w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/SIX_8517880A-1EE2-4D29-8EDD-618DFB875B54-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/SIX_8517880A-1EE2-4D29-8EDD-618DFB875B54-112x150.png 112w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/251332\">Review of Cecilia Wee\u2019s <em>Material Falsity and Error in Descartes\u2019s Meditations<\/em><\/a>.&#8221; <em>Journal of the History of Philosophy<\/em> 46, no. 4 (2008): 641\u201342.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:33px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/raffaelladerosa.com\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/raffaelladerosa.com\/\">De Rosa<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Raffaella%20De%20Rosa\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Raffaella%20De%20Rosa\">Raffaella<\/a><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/raffaelladerosa.com\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"275\" height=\"183\" class=\"wp-image-12564\" style=\"width: 275px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5328.png\" alt=\"A colorized, reversed, enhanced photographic cutout of a young adult Rafaella De Rosa with glasses, earrings, and red lipstick at a podium is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5328.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5328-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5328-150x100.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 275px) 100vw, 275px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/82816437\/A_teleological_account_of_Cartesian_sensations\">A Teleological Account of Cartesian Sensations?<\/a>.\u201d <em>Synthese<\/em> (2007): 311\u201336.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/82816437\/A_teleological_account_of_Cartesian_sensations\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> Alison Simmons, in Simmons (1999), argues that Descartes in Meditation Six offered a teleological account of sensory representation. According to Simmons, Descartes\u2019 view is that the biological function of sensations explains both why sensations represent what they do (i.e., their referential content) and why they represent their objects the way they do (i.e., their presentational content). Moreover, Simmons claims that her account has several advantages over other currently available interpretations of Cartesian sensations. In this paper, I argue that Simmons\u2019 teleological account cannot be sustained for both theoretical and textual reasons and that it does not have the advantages it is claimed to have.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/goclenius.net\/CV\/ddcv201211.pdf\">Des Chene<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/dennis-des-chene\">Dennis<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/SUYGeLXDydyyPj4t8\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"140\" class=\"wp-image-15512\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8224.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Dennis Des Chene, with a full red mustache, glasses, and a light purple narrow vertical striped shirt, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8224.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8224-300x279.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8224-150x140.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/tlonuqbar.typepad.com\/phfn\/2005\/06\/material_falsit.html\">Material Falsity<\/a>.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/tlonuqbar.typepad.com\/phfn\/2005\/06\/material_falsit.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"87\" class=\"wp-image-17936\" style=\"width: 300px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG_2197.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color logo for Dennis De Chene\u2019s \u201cPhilosophical Fortnight\u201d website is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG_2197.jpeg 2108w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG_2197-300x87.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG_2197-1024x296.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG_2197-150x43.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG_2197-768x222.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG_2197-1536x444.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG_2197-2048x593.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/tlonuqbar.typepad.com\/phfn\/themes.html\">Philosophical Fortnights website<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/tlonuqbar.typepad.com\/phfn\/2005\/06\/material_falsit.html\">June 18, 2005<\/a>&nbsp;in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/tlonuqbar.typepad.com\/phfn\/history_of_philosophy\/\">History of Philosophy<\/a>&nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/tlonuqbar.typepad.com\/phfn\/metaphysics_epistemology\/\">Metaphysics &amp; Epistemology<\/a>&nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/tlonuqbar.typepad.com\/phfn\/reading_notes\/\">Reading Notes<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Read his <a href=\"https:\/\/goclenius.net\/CV\/ddcv20090127.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">CV<\/span><\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/karen-detlefsen\">Detlefsen<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.sas.upenn.edu\/people\/karen-detlefsen\">Karen<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/newnarratives.philosophy.columbia.edu\/people\/karen-detlefsen\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"179\" class=\"wp-image-3327\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_17A39873-3BBB-41DA-B75F-E647E7EB6DFC.png\" alt=\"A mirror reversed enhanced colorized photographic cutout of Karen Detlefsen used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_17A39873-3BBB-41DA-B75F-E647E7EB6DFC.png 312w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_17A39873-3BBB-41DA-B75F-E647E7EB6DFC-293x300.png 293w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> . <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/descartes-meditations\/FA7C5BC5F571915C45B716C3F115124A\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/descartes-meditations\/FA7C5BC5F571915C45B716C3F115124A\">Descartes\u2019 Meditations: A Critical Guide<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Descartes_Meditations\/AnGZj8C_-1EC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;pg=PA1&amp;printsec=frontcover\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"262\" class=\"wp-image-8151\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_5314.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced image of the black and purple book cover of &quot;Descartes' Meditations: A Critical Guide&quot; edited by Karen Detlefsen used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_5314.jpeg 427w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_5314-200x300.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_5314-100x150.jpeg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.sas.upenn.edu\/people\/karen-detlefsen\">Karen<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/karen-detlefsen\">Detlefsen<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/penntoday.upenn.edu\/news\/pint-size-philosophers\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"123\" class=\"wp-image-11078\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2923.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of a lecturing Karen L. Detlefsen wearing a blue print blouse under a red sweater, her arms raised, and her glasses propped on top of her head is used to identify her visually. \" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2923.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2923-300x246.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2923-150x123.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>See the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/3040680\/Descartes_Meditations_A_Critical_Guide\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Table of Contents<\/span><\/a> with author\u2019s names and paper titles.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Read <a href=\"https:\/\/yale.academia.edu\/MichaelDellaRocca\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Michael<\/span><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/michael-della-rocca\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Della Rocca\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.skidmore.edu\/perlow\/michael-della-rocca.php\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"177\" class=\"wp-image-12619\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5375.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced color photographic cutout of Michael Della Rocca wearing glasses and a thinly striped shirt under a brown sweater is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5375.png 543w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5375-255x300.png 255w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5375-127x150.png 127w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/ndpr.nd.edu\/reviews\/descartes-meditations-a-critical-guide\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a>, <em>Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews<\/em>, September 3, 2014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Read <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wlu.ca\/academics\/faculties\/faculty-of-arts\/faculty-profiles\/andreea-mihali\/index.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Andreea<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/wlu-ca.academia.edu\/AndreeaMihali\/CurriculumVitae\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Mihali\u2019s<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/wlu-ca.academia.edu\/AndreeaMihali?swp=rr-ac-14531129\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"181\" class=\"wp-image-12621\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5383.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Andreea Mihali wearing glasses and a wide-lapel white shirt under a black suit coat is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5383.png 618w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5383-290x300.png 290w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5383-145x150.png 145w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philarchive.org\/archive\/MIHDMC\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/asearch.pl?pub=285\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Dialogue<\/span><\/a><\/em>&nbsp;4 (2013): 1\u20133.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Review by <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophie.ens.fr\/C-V-de-Jean-Pascal-Anfray.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Jean-Pascal<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.philosophie.ens.fr\/_Anfray-Jean-Pascal-9_.htm\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Anfray<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.human-abilities.de\/fellows\/former_fellows\/anfray_jean_pascal.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"225\" class=\"wp-image-10055\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1306.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced upper torso and  headshot photographic cutout of an unsmiling with glasses   of Jean-Pascal Anfray with his arms crossed at his waist and wearing a light purple collared shirt under a black v-neck sweater used to visually identify him. \" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1306.png 427w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1306-200x300.png 200w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1306-100x150.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>This volume presents itself, at least in its title, as a &#8220;guide&#8221; to the Meditationes and contains a series of articles signed by some of the best specialists in the Anglo-American field. The eleven essays that compose it are distributed in four sections which, without being directly identifiable to the particular Meditations, focus on specific issues emanating from the Cartesian text. Unlike other English-language introductions or guides (see for example the Blackwell Guide published by St. Gaukroger, Malden, 2006, BC XXXVII, 3.1.6; or the Introduction to Meditations of C. Wilson, Cambridge, 2003, BC XXXIV, 3.1.133), he thus focuses, more than on the Cartesian text, on a choice of themes related to it. Mobilizing a research methodology that wants to reconcile a &#8220;philosophical&#8221; approach and a reading that inserts philosophical works into their cultural and historical environment, this volume is a significant testimony to the philosophical problems that, in the Meditationes, are of most interest to the Anglo-American public. The book is composed of four sections.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>(1) In a first section, devoted to skepticism, the article by T. Lennon and M. Hickson (&#8220;The Skepticism of the First Meditations&#8221;, pp. 9\u201324) discuss the problem of doubt and its extension. According to the A., the First Meditation meets requirements of rationality that, on the one hand, invalidate the figures of fools and the evil genius, but at the same time make it possible not to invalidate the cogito; from the presupposition (everything to be demonstrated) that the truth of the cogito requires the divine guarantee, they conclude that this knowledge does not fall into doubt, because doubting it would be unreasonable. D. Brown&#8217;s essay (&#8220;Descartes and content skepticism&#8221;, pp. 25\u201342) examines D.&#8217;s relationship with ancient skepticism, arguing that the novelty introduced in the Meditationes would be what the A. calls a &#8220;content skepticism&#8221;, that is, the invalidation of the very content of our representation in its conditions of possible veracity. This type of skepticism\u2014which the A. identifies in the figure of the deceiving God (a little awkwardly referred to as &#8220;demon hypothesis&#8221;) and in the thesis of materially false ideas\u2014still leaves room, according to D. Brown, for residual skepticism in the Meditations.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>(2) The second section of the volume, focusing on substance and cause, opens with D. Garber&#8217;s article on the progressive development of the substance conception of the Meditationes at the Quartae Responsiones (&#8220;Descartes against materialists: how Descartes&#8217; confrontation with materialism shaped his metaphysics&#8221;, pp. 45\u201363): A. insists on the role played by Hobbes&#8217; objections for overcoming the ousiology proposed in the Meditationes and in the <em>Secundae Responsiones<\/em>: it was the <em>IIIae Objectiones<\/em> that would have pushed D. to develop the theory of the main attribute proposed for the first time in Arnauld. The analysis, precise and subtle, contributes significantly to highlighting an aspect that the critical literature has noticed in recent years: the maturation in progress of Cartesian metaphysics, from the composition of the Meditationes, to the Responsiones to finally reach the formulations of the Principia. Mr. Bolton&#8217;s essay (&#8220;Thinking: the nature of Descartes&#8217; mental substance&#8221;, pp. 64\u201381) deals with the constitution of the substance, and in particular its relationship with its modes. The problem of the status of the thinking substance as such, that is, its distinction from its particular determinations, is addressed through an examination of the discussions that took place in the 17th century (Arnauld, Malebranche, Leibniz). According to the A., D.&#8217;s conception is part of a Neoplatonic matrix diffused in the 17th century, according to which an intrinsically indetermined being in a particular aspect can, under this same aspect, be determined by virtue of certain states he assumes. However, it will be regretted that this solution is proposed without any historical discussion both on Neoplatonism in the classical age and on the relationship between this current and D. The contribution of T. Schmaltz (&#8220;Causation and causal axioms&#8221;, pp. 82\u2013100) deals with the three axioms on the cause set out in the <em>Rationes more geometrico<\/em> (AT VII 164-165): the author shows that their application in the Meditationes is subject to variations in relation to the contexts and that the Cartesian conception of causality is modified and clarified in the transition from the Meditationes to the <em>Responsiones<\/em> (one of the most significant examples is that of the <em>causa sui<\/em>, conceived in Meditation III under the model of efficiency, and then in the <em>Quartae Responsiones<\/em> under that of the formal cause).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>(3) The third section opens with the article by J. Carriero (&#8220;Sensation and knowledge of body in Descartes&#8217; Meditations&#8221;, 103\u201326), which discusses the validity of the thesis attributing to D. an indirect realism about sensitive knowledge: according to Carriero (who develops here lines of reflection from his <em>Between Two Worlds<\/em>, Princeton, 2008, BC XL, 3.1.32), the Cartesian thesis on the relationship between the ideas of the senses and the objects represented by them would still be marked by a direct realism: on the basis of this interpretation, the direct causal link between things and the ideas of the senses would still be respected, but not in terms of Resemblance between the idea and its cause. The direct link between the idea and material things would not be broken, but conceived from a distance that makes it impossible to interpret the qualities of objects on the basis of the sensitive, obscure and confused ideas that we have of them.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>The case of material falsity in relation to the status of the representation is the subject of the article of G. Hatfield (&#8220;Descartes on sensory representation, objective reality, and material falsity&#8221;, 127\u201350). According to the A., the resemblance between the idea and its object is the paradigm from which D. thinks the representative status of the idea; the A. then questions the status of materially false ideas: they would not have, according to their own phenomenon, a representative status. But if we admit (as D. does in <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dioptrique\">Dioptrics<\/a><\/em>) that colors depend on the surface of material things that reflect light rays, then, according to Hatfield, we can admit that these ideas are, although in an obscure and confused way, representations of external things. This would make it possible to read more coherently the Cartesian theory of the idea, within which the case of materially false ideas would constitute only a borderline case.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>(4) The last section, devoted to the human being, opens with the essay by K. Detlefsen (&#8220;Teleology and nature in Descartes&#8217; Sixth Meditation&#8221;, 153\u201375) on the use of teleological arguments in the Sixth Meditation (cf. AT VII, 82\u201385). From a &#8220;conceptual background&#8221; concerning the differences between the Platonic and Aristotelian approach to teleological arguments (but again without any reference to the status of this type of argument in the 17th century), the A. proposes to consider the relationship between the mind and the body not according to a hylemorphic model, but from a relationship of satisfaction in which the soul recognizes a value proper and intrinsic to the body. L. Alanen&#8217;s essay (&#8220;The role of will in Descartes&#8217; account of judgement&#8221;, 176\u201399) focuses on the will and on the relationship between indifference and determination towards the good in the voluntary act: the thesis defended consists in showing that the operation of the will is articulated in two moments: the pursuit of the good and the true fact, in itself, the object of a determination; and it is from this determination that the will is inclined towards the good. The A. concludes his analysis by highlighting the proximity\u2014but also the distance\u2014between the conceptions of D. and Spinoza. In his intervention (&#8220;God and meditation in Descartes&#8217; Meditations&#8221;, 200\u201325), J. Secada proposes to show the relationship between the meditative style of the Cartesian work and the knowledge of God, which is one of its main objects. Reading the Meeitations as a &#8220;therapeutic manual,&#8221; it distances itself from any reading that insists on the formal aspect of the Cartesian argumentation: the validity of the theology of Meditations depends less on a series of arguments than on the contemplation of the idea of God, the real difficulty being in the discovery of this same idea. By considering Cartesian meditation as an &#8220;intellectual mysticism&#8221; (p. 211), he emphasizes that the meditative trial leads not only to the knowledge of some truths, but also to the highest happiness that can be enjoyed in this life (AT VII 52). The last essay, due to L. Shapiro (&#8220;Cartesian selves&#8221;, 226\u201342), proposes to take a closer look at the Cartesian conception of the self. According to the A., although valid, the thesis that makes the Cartesian subject consist of being a substance that thinks proves to be too poor and limited: if we consider that the meditative path contributes in an essential way to the constitution of the self, then, for the understanding of it, we will have to take into account the psychological determinations intrinsically involved in the exercise of meditation. The two main components, required for the ego to meditate well, are, according to Shapiro, the role of memory, which guarantees the unity in time of thought that meditates; the exercise of intellectual virtue that directs the subject towards the search for truth. The integration of these two elements allows, according to the A., a more complex and richer understanding, in which the psychological and personal dimension becomes an essential and constitutive factor of the self.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>These studies are, in different capacities, original and well inserted in the context of the Anglo-American debate, of which they represent an important focus. Nevertheless, it seems legitimate to ask, precisely, to what extent the horizon of this context is essential for their understanding, whether it constitutes a merit or a limit: it all depends on what the reader asks of a &#8220;critical guide&#8221; of Meditations. In any case, it is significant that the bibliography is almost entirely in the English language, except in a few rare cases. The very choice of sections that divide the volume seems to put the interpretative perspective in the foreground in relation to the textual data, but this is a deliberate and conscious choice of the publisher.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/karen-detlefsen\">Detlefsen<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.sas.upenn.edu\/people\/karen-detlefsen\">Karen<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/provost.upenn.edu\/person\/karen-detlefsen\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"192\" class=\"wp-image-3328\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4641.png\" alt=\"A mirror reversed enhanced colorized photographic cutout of Karen Detlefsen used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4641.png 292w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4641-274x300.png 274w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philarchive.org\/archive\/DETTANv1\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philarchive.org\/archive\/DETTANv1\">Teleology and Natures in Descartes&#8217; Sixth Meditation<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/descartes-meditations\/FA7C5BC5F571915C45B716C3F115124A\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/descartes-meditations\/FA7C5BC5F571915C45B716C3F115124A\">Descartes\u2019 Meditations: A Critical Guide<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Descartes_Meditations\/AnGZj8C_-1EC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;pg=PA1&amp;printsec=frontcover\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"262\" class=\"wp-image-8151\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_5314.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced image of the black and purple book cover of &quot;Descartes' Meditations: A Critical Guide&quot; edited by Karen Detlefsen used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_5314.jpeg 427w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_5314-200x300.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_5314-100x150.jpeg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.sas.upenn.edu\/people\/karen-detlefsen\">Karen<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/karen-detlefsen\">Detlefsen<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/theteachersinstitute.org\/2019\/02\/11\/professor-karen-detlefsen-in-penn-today-2\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"123\" class=\"wp-image-11078\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2923.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of a lecturing Karen L. Detlefsen wearing a blue print blouse under a red sweater, her arms raised, and her glasses propped on top of her head is used to identify her visually.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2923.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2923-300x246.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2923-150x123.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, 153\u201375. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www2.brockport.edu\/live\/profiles\/1577-georges-dicker\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www2.brockport.edu\/live\/profiles\/1577-georges-dicker\"><strong>Dicker, Georges<\/strong><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www2.brockport.edu\/live\/profiles\/1577-georges-dicker\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"225\" class=\"wp-image-6593\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2365.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced. color photographic headshot cutout of a glasses adorned white mustache and goateed Georges Dicker wearing a black suit jacket over a white shirt and red patterned tie used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2365.png 213w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2365-200x300.png 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/345152580\/Georges-Dicker-Descartes-an-Analytical-and-Historical-Introduction-Oxford-University-Press-2013\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/345152580\/Georges-Dicker-Descartes-an-Analytical-and-Historical-Introduction-Oxford-University-Press-2013\">Descartes: An Analytical and Historical Introduction<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/345152580\/Georges-Dicker-Descartes-an-Analytical-and-Historical-Introduction-Oxford-University-Press-2013\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"302\" class=\"wp-image-5149\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/IMG_8618.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced brown book cover for &quot;Descartes: An historical and Analytical  Introduction&quot; 2nd ed. by Georges Dicker used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/IMG_8618.jpeg 212w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/IMG_8618-199x300.jpeg 199w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.co.uk\/scholar?as_q=&amp;num=10&amp;btnG=Search+Scholar&amp;as_epq=&amp;as_oq=&amp;as_eq=&amp;as_occt=any&amp;as_sauthors=%22James+C.+Doig%22&amp;as_publication=&amp;as_ylo=&amp;as_yhi=&amp;as_allsubj=all&amp;hl=en\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.co.uk\/scholar?as_q=&amp;num=10&amp;btnG=Search+Scholar&amp;as_epq=&amp;as_oq=&amp;as_eq=&amp;as_occt=any&amp;as_sauthors=%22James+C.+Doig%22&amp;as_publication=&amp;as_ylo=&amp;as_yhi=&amp;as_allsubj=all&amp;hl=en\">Doig<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Doig%2C%20James%20C\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Doig%2C%20James%20C\">James C<\/a><\/strong>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.asturner.com\/obituaries\/Dr-James-Conroy-Doig?obId=2643266\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"165\" class=\"wp-image-6602\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/SIX_E604EF5B-5BC7-4197-A849-DDC436A93A34.png\" alt=\"A reversed colorized photographic headshot cutout of a glasses adorned full yellow beard and mustache looking up and to his left with camera angle shooting up from his chest of Dr. James C. Doig wearing a dark blue suit and open collared light blue shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/SIX_E604EF5B-5BC7-4197-A849-DDC436A93A34.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/SIX_E604EF5B-5BC7-4197-A849-DDC436A93A34-300x282.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/newscholas\/content\/newscholas_1977_0051_0003_0350_0371\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/newscholas\/content\/newscholas_1977_0051_0003_0350_0371\">Suarez, Descartes, and the Objective Reality of Ideas<\/a>.&#8221; <em>The New Scholasticism<\/em> 51, no. 3 (1977): 350\u201371.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/paw.princeton.edu\/memorial\/willis-frederick-doney-jr-\u201946-49\">Doney<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu\/agents\/people\/2320\">Willis<\/a><\/strong> (no known photo). <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/willis-doney-descartes-a-collection-of-critical-essays\/page\/227\/mode\/2up\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/willis-doney-descartes-a-collection-of-critical-essays\/page\/227\/mode\/2up\">Descartes: A Collection of Critical Essays<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/willis-doney-descartes-a-collection-of-critical-essays\/page\/227\/mode\/2up\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"306\" class=\"wp-image-13406\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_6105.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced white with bright orange bottom square of the book cover of \u201cDescartes: A Collection of Critical Essays\u201d edited by Willis Doney is used for visual identification. \" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_6105.jpeg 366w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_6105-172x300.jpeg 172w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_6105-86x150.jpeg 86w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. New York: Random House, 1967.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.osu.edu\/people\/downing.110\">Downing<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/lisa-downing\">Lisa<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.osu.edu\/people\/downing.110\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.osu.edu\/people\/downing.110\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"200\" class=\"wp-image-2675\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1845.png\" alt=\"n enhanced color photographic headshot of Lisa Downing used to identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1845.png 240w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1845-225x300.png 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/archive\/DOWSQA.pdf\">Sensible Qualities and Material Bodies in Descartes and Boyle<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/5040\">Primary and Secondary Qualities:&nbsp;The Historical and Ongoing Debate<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Primary_and_Secondary_Qualities\/_cIkTLLkxOgC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;pg=PR3&amp;printsec=frontcover\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Primary_and_Secondary_Qualities\/_cIkTLLkxOgC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;pg=PR3&amp;printsec=frontcover\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"279\" class=\"wp-image-7599\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4612.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color book cover in swirling cloud-like blues and greens with title inside of a black rectangle with white font of &quot;Primary and Secondary Qualities: The Historical and Ongoing Debate&quot; edited by Lawrence Nolan used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4612.png 201w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4612-188x300.png 188w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/larry-nolan\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/larry-nolan\">Lawrence Nolan<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"147\" class=\"wp-image-11645\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_4010.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Lawrence Nolan wearing a blue shirt is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_4010.png 273w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_4010-256x300.png 256w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_4010-128x150.png 128w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/>, 109\u201335. Oxford:&nbsp;Oxford University Press, 2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.harvard.edu\/files\/alisonsimmons\/files\/phil_223_short_syllabus.pdf\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">Alison Simmons&#8217;s overview<\/mark><\/strong><\/a><strong> (2015):<\/strong>  Lisa Downing&#8217;s fine contribution, &#8220;Sensible Qualities and Material Bodies in Descartes and Boyle,&#8221; gets at some of the deepest issues in Descartes&#8217;s metaphysics and epistemology. She reconstructs three arguments that he might offer in defense of his thesis that our ideas of sensible qualities don&#8217;t represent anything in bodies: first, because on inspection it turns out that they don&#8217;t represent anything at all; second, because we can&#8217;t manage to conceive of how these qualities inhere in bodies; and, third, because we can&#8217;t conceive of these qualities as determinations of the essence of bodies. Downing argues that these arguments aren&#8217;t sound. Her evaluations are fair, reasonable, and, I think, right, but they aren&#8217;t obviously right. I can imagine someone reading her paper and deciding to take up the mantle of Cartesian metaphysics.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/John%20P.%20Doyle\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/John%20P.%20Doyle\">Doyle<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ontology.co\/biblio\/john-doyle.htm\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.ontology.co\/biblio\/john-doyle.htm\">John<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"http:\/\/An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of John Doylee wearing glasses, a white shirt, and a tie under a black suit coat is used for visual identification.\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-13074\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5881.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of John Doylee wearing glasses, a white shirt, and a tie under a black suit coat is used for visual identification. \" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5881.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5881-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5881-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5881-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/42580233\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/42580233\">Prolegomena to a Study of Extrinsic Denomination in the Work of Francis Suarez<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Vivarium<\/em> XXII, no. 2, 121\u201360.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\" id=\"E-neon-ivy-drop-cap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"271\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0946.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2157\" style=\"width:119px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0946.jpeg 271w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0946-254x300.jpeg 254w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 271px) 100vw, 271px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cgu.edu\/people\/patricia-easton\/\">Patricia<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Patricia-Easton?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIn19\">Easton<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cgu.edu\/people\/patricia-easton\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-19611\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7002.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced photographic cutout of Patricia Easton wearing a wide, rounded neck, deep dark blue shirt under a cool leather mottled jacket, and small round blue earring studs is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7002.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7002-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7002-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7002-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Patricia-Easton\/publication\/269989248_Decoding_Descartes%27_%27_myth_%27_of_mind\/links\/549c24430cf2d6581ab48125\/Decoding-Descartes-myth-of-mind.pdf?origin=publication_detail&amp;_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uRG93bmxvYWQiLCJwcmV2aW91c1BhZ2UiOiJwdWJsaWNhdGlvbiJ9fQ\">Decoding Descartes\u2019 \u2018myth\u2019 of mind<\/a>.\u201d In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Philosophy_of_Mind_The_Key_Thinkers\/SFGpAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;pg=PA2&amp;printsec=frontcover\">Philosophy of Mind: The Key Thinkers<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Philosophy_of_Mind_The_Key_Thinkers\/SFGpAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;pg=PA2&amp;printsec=frontcover\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"235\" class=\"wp-image-19618\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7114.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color book cover of \u201cPhilosophy of Mind: The Key Thinkers\u201d (2014), edited by Andrew Bailey, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7114.jpeg 409w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7114-192x300.jpeg 192w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7114-96x150.jpeg 96w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. Edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uoguelph.ca\/arts\/sites\/default\/files\/cv\/Bailey%20CV.pdf\">Andrew<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uoguelph.ca\/arts\/philosophy\/people\/andrew-bailey\">Bailey<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uoguelph.ca\/arts\/philosophy\/people\/andrew-bailey\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-19615\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7112.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced photographic cutout of Andrew Bailey wearing glasses and a cross-hatched white shirt with tan hatching stripes is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7112.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7112-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7112-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7112-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2013, 17\u201336.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/phil.uic.edu\/profiles\/edelberg-walter\/\">Edberg<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/walter-edelberg\/publications?app=null&amp;order=viewings\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/walter-edelberg\/publications?app=null&amp;order=viewings\">Walter<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/phil.uic.edu\/profiles\/edelberg-walter\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"201\" class=\"wp-image-12515\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5222.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced color photograph of Walter Edberg, showing him with a gray goatee and wearing a blue jeans shirt with white buttons, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5222.png 558w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5222-262x300.png 262w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5222-131x150.png 131w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2185615\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2185615\">The Fifth Meditation<\/a>.&#8221; <em>The Philosophical Review<\/em> 99 (1990): 493\u2013533.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:29px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Matthew-Eshleman\">Eshleman<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/matthew-eshleman\">Matthew<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/scholars.uncw.edu\/display\/eshlemanm\">C<\/a><\/strong>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Matthew-Eshleman\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"115\" height=\"151\" class=\"wp-image-13076\" style=\"width: 115px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5891.png\" alt=\"For visual identification, a reversed, enhanced, colorized photographic headshot cutout of Matthew C. Edelman looking at the viewer with teeth exposed is used.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5891.png 486w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5891-228x300.png 228w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5891-114x150.png 114w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 115px) 100vw, 115px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/matthew-eshleman-88966a168\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"163\" class=\"wp-image-13078\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5892.png\" alt=\"For visual identification, a reversed, enhanced, colorized photographic headshot cutout of Matthew C. Edelman looking at the viewer wearing a blue watch cap, glasses, and a round-necked blue shirt under a dark blue outerwear coat is used.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5892.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5892-300x280.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5892-150x140.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/27745087?read-now=1&amp;seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents\">The Cartesian Unconscious<\/a>.&#8221; <em>History of Philosophy Quarterly<\/em> 24, no. 2 (April 2007): 169\u201387 or <a href=\"https:\/\/scholars.uncw.edu\/display\/eshlemanm\">297\u2013315<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:31px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\" id=\"F-neon-ivy-drop-cap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"280\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0964.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2159\" style=\"width:123px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0964.jpeg 280w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0964-263x300.jpeg 263w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 280px) 100vw, 280px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nwmissouri.edu\/socialsciences\/directory\/field.htm\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.nwmissouri.edu\/socialsciences\/directory\/field.htm\">Field<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/nwmissouri.academia.edu\/RichardField\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/nwmissouri.academia.edu\/RichardField\">Richard W<\/a><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/nwmissouri.academia.edu\/RichardField\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/nwmissouri.academia.edu\/RichardField\">.<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/richard-field\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"211\" class=\"wp-image-4055\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/822b3193-6f86-4713-9b00-4800ae9e4c98.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced photographic headshot cutout of a glasses adorned Richard W. Fields with a full gray beard and mustache wearing a beige shirt and a dark tan sports coat used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/822b3193-6f86-4713-9b00-4800ae9e4c98.png 265w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/822b3193-6f86-4713-9b00-4800ae9e4c98-248x300.png 248w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2185900\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2185900\">Descartes on the Material Falsity of Ideas<\/a>.&#8221; <em>The Philosophical Review<\/em> 102, no. 3 (July 1993): 309\u201333.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.escavador.com\/sobre\/9141513\/raul-ferreira-landim-filho\">Filho<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Raul-Landim-Filho\">Raul<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.es\/citations?user=5uv1luIAAAAJ&amp;hl=pt-BR\">Landim<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/ZqYZLXyDJEjaRaez7\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"171\" class=\"wp-image-10372\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_1043E249-6242-40F0-B65B-5D598F1A9F77.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Raul Landim Filho wearing a dark blue checkered shirt with his arms folded on an unseen table and his body turned to his left used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_1043E249-6242-40F0-B65B-5D598F1A9F77.png 563w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_1043E249-6242-40F0-B65B-5D598F1A9F77-264x300.png 264w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_1043E249-6242-40F0-B65B-5D598F1A9F77-132x150.png 132w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/nucleodememoria.vrac.puc-rio.br\/acervo\/rl0004\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"176\" class=\"wp-image-10376\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_2100.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of a full brown bearded and mustached Raul Landim Filho wearing a light gray polo shirt with his arms on a table holding a piece of paper used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_2100.png 546w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_2100-256x300.png 256w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_2100-128x150.png 128w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.es\/citations?user=5uv1luIAAAAJ&amp;hl=pt-BR\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"153\" class=\"wp-image-10378\" style=\"width: 225px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_2099.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of a glasses wearing and full white  bearded and mustached Raul Landim Filho wearing a white rounded neck t-shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_2099.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_2099-300x203.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_2099-150x102.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/revistas.ufrj.br\/index.php\/analytica\/article\/download\/11075\/8502\/0\">Descartes: Ideia e Representa\u00e7\u00e3o: Um caso enigm\u00e1tico: As Ideias Materialmente Falsas Ideia e Representa\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a>&#8221; [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/107740679\/Descartes_Ideia_e_Representac\u00cc_a\u00cc\u0192o_Um_caso_enigma\u00cctico_As_Ideias_Materialmente_Falsas\"><strong>Academia English translation<\/strong><\/a>: &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/api.academia.edu\/v0\/translation\/download?work_id=107740679&amp;source_language=pt&amp;target_language=en\">Descartes: Idea and Representation: An Enigmatic Case: The Materially False Ideas and Representation<\/a>&#8220;]. <em>Analytica<\/em> 20, no. 1 (2016): 11\u201340. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/370832343_Descartes_Ideia_e_RepresentacIaIfo_Um_caso_enigmaItico_As_Ideias_Materialmente_Falsas\/fulltext\/64650a3f9533894cac772181\/Descartes-Ideia-e-RepresentacIaIfo-Um-caso-enigmaItico-As-Ideias-Materialmente-Falsas.pdf?origin=publication_detail&amp;_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InByb2ZpbGUiLCJwYWdlIjoicHVibGljYXRpb25Eb3dubG9hZCIsInByZXZpb3VzUGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIn19\">Downloadable and copyable version<\/a>.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/107740679\/Descartes_Ideia_e_Representac%C3%8C_a%C3%8C%C6%92o_Um_caso_enigma%C3%8Ctico_As_Ideias_Materialmente_Falsas&amp;nav_from=47c9ecf9-e204-4568-bdf8-71106ed5d764&amp;rw_pos=0\">Original Portugese Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> Os aspectos centrais da no\u00e7\u00e3o de ideia cartesiana (opera\u00e7\u00e3o mental representativa, ser objetivo, realidade objetiva e objeto) parecem ser postos em quest\u00e3o pela no\u00e7\u00e3o de ideia materialmente falsa: ideia sens\u00edvel, obscura e confusa que representa \u201cuma n\u00e3o-coisa como se fosse uma coisa.\u201d Estas ideias seriam falsas representa\u00e7\u00f5es, pois nada representariam, ou seriam representa\u00e7\u00f5es equivocadas? Para responder a esta pergunta, o artigo analisa os textos can\u00f4nicos das Medita\u00e7\u00f5es Metaf\u00edsicas sobre esse tema e as obje\u00e7\u00f5es de Arnauld; extrai e interpreta as articula\u00e7\u00f5es desse debate e conclui que as ideias sens\u00edveis obscuras e confusas, isto \u00e9, as ideias materialmente falsas, t\u00eam como conte\u00fado sensa\u00e7\u00f5es ou, elas pr\u00f3prias, s\u00e3o sensa\u00e7\u00f5es. Em raz\u00e3o de serem intencionais, as sensa\u00e7\u00f5es s\u00e3o consideradas ideias de objetos, mas, em raz\u00e3o da sua natureza, elas n\u00e3o s\u00e3o conformes aos objetos de que s\u00e3o ideias. Portanto, elas t\u00eam uma fun\u00e7\u00e3o referencial, mas n\u00e3o seriam representativas de seus objetos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/370832343_Descartes_Ideia_e_RepresentacIaIfo_Um_caso_enigmaItico_As_Ideias_Materialmente_Falsas\">Published English Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> The central aspects of the cartesian notion of idea (representative mental operation, objective being, objective reality, and object) seem to be called into question by the notion of materially false idea: a sensible, obscure and confused idea that represents \u201ca non-thing as a thing.\u201d <strong>Would these ideas be false representations, because they would not represent anything, or would they be misrepresentations?<\/strong> In order to answer this question, I analyze the canonical texts of metaphysical meditations on this theme and also the objections of Arnauld. I draw the articulations of this debate and interpret them. I then <strong>conclude that obscure and confused sensitive ideas, that is to say, materially false ideas, either have as their content sensations or are themselves sensations. <\/strong>Because they are intentional, sensations are considered as ideas of objects, <strong>but, due to their nature, they are not in accordance with the objects of which they are ideas. Therefore, they have a referential function, but they are not representative of their objects.<\/strong> [bold not in original]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/translate.google.com\/?sl=pt&amp;tl=en&amp;text=ResumoOs%2520aspectos%2520centrais%2520da%2520noc%C3%8C%C2%A7a%C3%8C%C6%92o%2520de%2520ideia%2520cartesiana%2520(operac%C3%8C%C2%A7a%C3%8C%C6%92o%2520mental%2520representativa%252C%2520ser%2520objetivo%2520(objective%2520being)%252C%2520realidade%2520objetiva%2520(objective%2520reality)%2520e%2520objeto%2520parecem%2520ser%2520postos%2520em%2520questa%C3%8C%C6%92o%2520pela%2520noc%C3%8C%C2%A7a%C3%8C%C6%92o%2520de%2520ideia%2520materialmente%2520falsa%2520(materially%2520false)%253A%2520ideia%2520sensi%C3%8C%25C2%2581vel%252C%2520obscura%2520e%2520confusa%2520que%2520representa%2520%E2%80%9Cuma%2520na%C3%8C%C6%92o-coisa%2520como%2520se%2520fosse%2520uma%2520coisa%E2%80%9D%2520(represent%2520non-things%2520as%2520things).%2520estas%2520ideias%2520seriam%2520falsas%2520representac%C3%8C%C2%A7o%C3%8C%C6%92es%252C%2520pois%2520nada%2520representariam%252C%2520ou%2520seriam%2520representac%C3%8C%C2%A7o%C3%8C%C6%92es%2520equivocadas%2520(misrepresentations)%253F%2520para%2520responder%2520a%2520esta%2520pergunta%252C%2520o%2520artigo%2520analisa%2520os%2520textos%2520cano%C3%8C%E2%80%9Anicos%2520das%2520meditac%C3%8C%C2%A7o%C3%8C%C6%92es%2520metafi%C3%8C%25C2%2581sicas%2520sobre%2520esse%2520tema%2520e%2520as%2520objec%C3%8C%C2%A7o%C3%8C%C6%92es%2520de%2520arnauld%253B%2520extrai%2520e%2520interpreta%2520as%2520articulac%C3%8C%C2%A7o%C3%8C%C6%92es%2520desse%2520debate%2520e%2520conclui%2520que%2520as%2520ideias%2520sensi%C3%8C%25C2%2581veis%2520obscuras%2520e%2520confusas%252C%2520isto%2520e%C3%8C%25C2%2581%252C%2520as%2520ideias%2520materialmente%2520falsas%252C%2520te%C3%8C%E2%80%9Am%2520como%2520conteu%C3%8C%25C2%2581do%2520sensac%C3%8C%C2%A7o%C3%8C%C6%92es%2520ou%252C%2520elas%2520pro%C3%8C%25C2%2581prias%252C%2520sa%C3%8C%C6%92o%2520sensac%C3%8C%C2%A7o%C3%8C%C6%92es.%2520em%2520raza%C3%8C%C6%92o%2520de%2520serem%2520intencionais%252C%2520as%2520sensac%C3%8C%C2%A7o%C3%8C%C6%92es%2520sa%C3%8C%C6%92o%2520consideradas%2520ideias%2520de%2520objetos%252C%2520mas%252C%2520em%2520raza%C3%8C%C6%92o%2520da%2520sua%2520natureza%252C%2520elas%2520na%C3%8C%C6%92o%2520sa%C3%8C%C6%92o%2520conformes%2520aos%2520objetos%2520de%2520que%2520sa%C3%8C%C6%92o%2520ideias.%2520portanto%252C%2520elas%2520te%C3%8C%E2%80%9Am%2520uma%2520func%C3%8C%C2%A7a%C3%8C%C6%92o%2520referencial%252C%2520mas%2520na%C3%8C%C6%92o%2520seriam%2520representativas%2520de%2520seus%2520objetos.&amp;op=translate\">Google Translation Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> The central aspects of the notion of a Cartesian idea (representative mental operation, objective being, objective reality, and object) seem to be questioned by the notion of materially false idea[s]: a sensible, obscure, and confused idea that represents &#8220;a non-thing as if it were a thing.&#8221; <strong>Are these ideas false representations because they represent nothing, or are they misrepresentations? <\/strong>To answer this question, the article analyzes the canonical texts of the metaphysical meditations on this subject and Arnauld&#8217;s objections; it extracts and interprets the articulations of this debate and <strong>concludes that the obscure and confused sensible ideas, that is, the materially false ideas, have sensations as their content or are sensations themselves.<\/strong> Because they are intentional, sensations are considered ideas of objects, <strong>but due to their nature, they do not conform to the objects of which they are ideas.<\/strong> Therefore, <strong>they have a referential function, but would not be representative of their objects.<\/strong> [bold not in original]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.getmerlin.in\/ai-translate\/portuguese-to-english\">Merlin\/ChatGPT 4.0 Translation Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> The central aspects of the Cartesian idea (representative mental operation, objective being, objective reality, and object) seem to be questioned by the notion of materially false idea: a sensible, obscure, and confused idea that represents &#8220;a non-thing as if it were a thing&#8221; (represent non-things as things). <strong>Would these ideas be false representations, as they would represent nothing, or would they be misrepresentations?<\/strong> To answer this question, the article analyzes the canonical texts of the metaphysical meditations on this subject and Arnauld&#8217;s objections; it extracts and interprets the articulations of this debate and <strong>concludes that the sensible, obscure, and confused ideas, i.e., the materially false ideas, have sensations as their content or are sensations themselves.<\/strong> Because they are intentional, sensations are considered ideas of objects, <strong>but due to their nature, they do not conform to the objects they are ideas of. Therefore, they have a referential function but would not be representative of their objects.<\/strong> [bold not in original]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.escavador.com\/sobre\/9141513\/raul-ferreira-landim-filho\">Filho<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Raul-Landim-Filho\">Raul<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.es\/citations?user=5uv1luIAAAAJ&amp;hl=pt-BR\">Landim<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/ZqYZLXyDJEjaRaez7\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"171\" class=\"wp-image-10372\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_1043E249-6242-40F0-B65B-5D598F1A9F77.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Raul Landim Filho wearing a dark blue checkered shirt with his arms folded on an unseen table and his body turned to his left used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_1043E249-6242-40F0-B65B-5D598F1A9F77.png 563w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_1043E249-6242-40F0-B65B-5D598F1A9F77-264x300.png 264w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_1043E249-6242-40F0-B65B-5D598F1A9F77-132x150.png 132w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/nucleodememoria.vrac.puc-rio.br\/acervo\/rl0004\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"176\" class=\"wp-image-10376\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_2100.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of a full brown bearded and mustached Raul Landim Filho wearing a light gray polo shirt with his arms on a table holding a piece of paper used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_2100.png 546w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_2100-256x300.png 256w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_2100-128x150.png 128w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.es\/citations?user=5uv1luIAAAAJ&amp;hl=pt-BR\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"153\" class=\"wp-image-10378\" style=\"width: 225px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_2099.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of a glasses wearing and full white  bearded and mustached Raul Landim Filho wearing a white rounded neck t-shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_2099.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_2099-300x203.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_2099-150x102.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/10363128\/Ideia_Ser_Objetivo_e_Realidade_Objetiva_nas_Medita\u00e7\u00f5es_de_Descartes?rhid=29496570158&amp;swp=rr-rw-wc-107740679\">Ideia, Ser Objetivo e Realidade Objetiva nas &#8220;Medita\u00e7\u00f5es&#8221; de Descartes<\/a>\u201d [<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/10363128\/Ideia_Ser_Objetivo_e_Realidade_Objetiva_nas_Medita%C3%A7%C3%B5es_de_Descartes?rhid=29496570158&amp;swp=rr-rw-wc-107740679\">Academia English translation<\/a>:<\/strong> &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/api.academia.edu\/v0\/translation\/download?work_id=10363128&amp;source_language=pt&amp;target_language=en\">Idea, Objective Being and Objective Reality in Descartes&#8217; &#8216;Meditations&#8217;<\/a>.&#8221;] <em>Kriterion: Philosophy Magazine<\/em> 55 (2014): 669-90.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.escavador.com\/sobre\/9141513\/raul-ferreira-landim-filho\">Filho<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Raul-Landim-Filho\">Raul<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.es\/citations?user=5uv1luIAAAAJ&amp;hl=pt-BR\">Landim<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/ZqYZLXyDJEjaRaez7\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"171\" class=\"wp-image-10372\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_1043E249-6242-40F0-B65B-5D598F1A9F77.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Raul Landim Filho wearing a dark blue checkered shirt with his arms folded on an unseen table and his body turned to his left used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_1043E249-6242-40F0-B65B-5D598F1A9F77.png 563w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_1043E249-6242-40F0-B65B-5D598F1A9F77-264x300.png 264w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_1043E249-6242-40F0-B65B-5D598F1A9F77-132x150.png 132w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/nucleodememoria.vrac.puc-rio.br\/acervo\/rl0004\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"176\" class=\"wp-image-10376\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_2100.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of a full brown bearded and mustached Raul Landim Filho wearing a light gray polo shirt with his arms on a table holding a piece of paper used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_2100.png 546w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_2100-256x300.png 256w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_2100-128x150.png 128w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.es\/citations?user=5uv1luIAAAAJ&amp;hl=pt-BR\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"153\" class=\"wp-image-10378\" style=\"width: 225px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_2099.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of a glasses wearing and full white  bearded and mustached Raul Landim Filho wearing a white rounded neck t-shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_2099.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_2099-300x203.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_2099-150x102.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/4697397\/Id\u00e9e_et_Repr\u00e9sentation\">Id\u00e9e et R\u00e9presentation<\/a>&#8221; [\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/api.academia.edu\/v0\/translation\/download?work_id=4697397&amp;source_language=fr&amp;target_language=en\">Idea and Representation<\/a>\u201d]. In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/gallica.bnf.fr\/ark:\/12148\/bpt6k4814458t?rk=42918;4\">Descartes: Objecter et r\u00e9pondre<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/Lmsx5rbr9NAenaLw7\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"261\" class=\"wp-image-12505\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5214.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced light tan\/yellow paper book cover of \u201cDescartes: Objecter et Responder,\u201d edited by Jean-Marie Beyssade and Jean-Luc Marion, with a centered brown square containing the book\u2019s title, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5214.jpeg 429w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5214-201x300.jpeg 201w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5214-101x150.jpeg 101w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>  <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/P942XJ7FLQfXLAMJ6\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"255\" class=\"wp-image-12507\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5215.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced light gray  paper book cover of \u201cDescartes: Objecter et Responder,\u201d edited by Jean-Marie Beyssade and Jean-Luc Marion, with a thin red border containing the book\u2019s title, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5215.jpeg 440w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5215-206x300.jpeg 206w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5215-103x150.jpeg 103w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/xDRVSmD76BXhmWpG9\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"160\" height=\"251\" class=\"wp-image-12509\" style=\"width: 160px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5217.png\" alt=\"An enhanced orange with a ourplecut cornerat top right book cover of \u201cDescartes: Objecter et Responder,\u201d edited by Jean-Marie Beyssade and Jean-Luc Marion, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5217.png 408w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5217-191x300.png 191w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5217-96x150.png 96w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\" \/><\/a> (1994): 187\u2013203. <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/?p=11874&amp;preview=true\">Another English translation by Google Translate<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/daniel-flage\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/daniel-flage\">Flage<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jmu.edu\/philrel\/_files\/vitae-def.pdf#Flage%20CV\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.jmu.edu\/philrel\/_files\/vitae-def.pdf#Flage%20CV\">Daniel E<\/a><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jmu.edu\/philrel\/_files\/vitae-def.pdf#Flage%20CV\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.jmu.edu\/philrel\/_files\/vitae-def.pdf#Flage%20CV\">.<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"184\" class=\"wp-image-4380\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_619A6EAA-0366-423B-95CC-374CC05F2393.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot and torso cutout of a glasses adorned Daniel E. Flage wearing a white collared shirt facing camera used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_619A6EAA-0366-423B-95CC-374CC05F2393.png 304w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_619A6EAA-0366-423B-95CC-374CC05F2393-285x300.png 285w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" class=\"wp-image-4383\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/28664e54-5cb4-443e-98be-2bd90877e9e3.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a glasses adorned old smiling Daniel E. Flage wearing a gray suit and tie facing camera used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/28664e54-5cb4-443e-98be-2bd90877e9e3.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/28664e54-5cb4-443e-98be-2bd90877e9e3-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/28664e54-5cb4-443e-98be-2bd90877e9e3-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/>, and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Clarence%20A.%20Bonnen\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Clarence%20A.%20Bonnen\">Clarence A. Bonnen<\/a><\/strong> (no known photo). Ch. 2 &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/chapters\/mono\/10.4324\/9780203023761-12\/analysis-clarification-ideas-clarence-bonnen-daniel-flage?context=ubx&amp;refId=54c4a3b9-4a6f-4cdb-8405-fe78518b5f61\">Analysis: the Clarification of Ideas<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=M96EAgAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=en&amp;source=gb_mobile_entity\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=M96EAgAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=en&amp;source=gb_mobile_entity\">Descartes and Method: A Search for a Method in the Meditations<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=M96EAgAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=en&amp;source=gb_mobile_entity#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"318\" class=\"wp-image-12455\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5192.jpeg\" alt=\"For visual identification, an enhanced teal and gray book cover of \u201cDescartes and Method: A Search for a Method in Meditations\u201d by Daniel E. Flage and Clarence A. Bonnen, with a black-and-white portrait of Descartes, is used.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5192.jpeg 403w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5192-189x300.jpeg 189w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5192-94x150.jpeg 94w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>, 45\u201371. London and New York: Routledge, 1999.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/chapters\/mono\/10.4324\/9780203023761-12\/analysis-clarification-ideas-clarence-bonnen-daniel-flage?context=ubx&amp;refId=54c4a3b9-4a6f-4cdb-8405-fe78518b5f61\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/chapters\/mono\/10.4324\/9780203023761-12\/analysis-clarification-ideas-clarence-bonnen-daniel-flage?context=ubx&amp;refId=54c4a3b9-4a6f-4cdb-8405-fe78518b5f61\">Abstract of Ch. 2<\/a>:<\/strong> If Descartes chooses analysis as his method, then analysis applies equally to all types of inquiry. In the last chapter we discussed how analysis proceeded in the search for natural laws. Since clear and distinct ideas represent the essences of things (AT 7: 78, CSM 2: 54), and since \u201caccording to the laws of true logic, we must never ask about the existence of anything until we first understand its essence\u201d (AT 7: 107-8, CSM 2: 78), a clear and distinct idea is prior in the epistemic order to any judgments one might make regarding the existence of a thing of a specific kind. Thus the method of analysis is germane to finding clear and distinct ideas, or, as we shall show, how ideas are clarified.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"flush-headingThree\">Table of Contents of book<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Part I Descartes&#8217;s Method<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Analysis: The Search for Rules<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2. Analysis: The Clarification of Ideas<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 3. Causation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Part II Descartes&#8217;s Meditations on First Philosophy<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 4. Meditation I: Doubts and Suppositions<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 5. Meditation II: The Beginning of the Ascent<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 6. Meditation III: Reaching the Peak, or Variations on the Existence and Idea of God<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 7. Meditation IV: Truth and Falsity: Reflections from the Summit<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 8. Meditation V: The Beginning of the Descent<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 9. Meditation VI: The World Restored<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 10. Circles<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harry_Frankfurt\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harry_Frankfurt\">Frankfurt<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.princeton.edu\/news\/2023\/08\/01\/harry-frankfurt-renowned-moral-philosopher-gentle-spirit-and-surprise-new-york\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.princeton.edu\/news\/2023\/08\/01\/harry-frankfurt-renowned-moral-philosopher-gentle-spirit-and-surprise-new-york\">Harry<\/a><\/strong>  <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.princeton.edu\/people\/harry-frankfurt\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"185\" class=\"wp-image-4096\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/34b4324b-fb84-4231-b1fb-d44bb72d6c10.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of a broadly smiling thin full white beard and mustache wearing an open collared white shirt and dark suit jacket slightly turned to his left used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/34b4324b-fb84-4231-b1fb-d44bb72d6c10.png 260w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/34b4324b-fb84-4231-b1fb-d44bb72d6c10-244x300.png 244w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.americanacademy.de\/person\/harry-frankfurt\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"160\" height=\"197\" class=\"wp-image-4099\" style=\"width: 160px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/19fe2d3e-3b96-4005-8240-ac4085f8ff1c.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of a slightly  smiling thin full white beard and mustache wearing an open collared blue shirt and grayish suit jacket facing viewer straight on used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/19fe2d3e-3b96-4005-8240-ac4085f8ff1c.png 260w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/19fe2d3e-3b96-4005-8240-ac4085f8ff1c-244x300.png 244w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\" \/><\/a>  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2023\/07\/17\/books\/harry-g-frankfurt-dead.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"170\" class=\"wp-image-4104\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_E3B46D64-FC51-43CB-9DC2-605336520E44.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of a slightly smiling fairly full white beard and mustache  and wearing glasses and a blue collared shirt underneath a black and dark blues patterned sweater looking up to his right used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_E3B46D64-FC51-43CB-9DC2-605336520E44.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_E3B46D64-FC51-43CB-9DC2-605336520E44-300x255.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Demons_Dreamers_and_Madmen.html?id=r3cW0ekBm5oC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Demons_Dreamers_and_Madmen.html?id=r3cW0ekBm5oC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Demons, Dreamers and Madmen: the Defense of Reason in Descartes\u2019 Meditations<\/a><\/em>. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1970.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Read <a href=\"https:\/\/nationalhumanitiescenter.org\/fellows-book\/if-p-then-q-conditionals-and-the-foundations-of-reasoning\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">David<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wickedlocal.com\/obituaries\/pneo0308997\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">H(awley)<\/span><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_H._Sanford\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Sanford&#8217;s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.duke.edu\/news\/memoriam-david-sanford-1937-2022\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"151\" class=\"wp-image-13085\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5902.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of a sitting David H. Sanford, with his head turned to his right, wearing glasses and a blue-grided shirt, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5902.png 636w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5902-298x300.png 298w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5902-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5902-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> (<a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.duke.edu\/news\/memoriam-david-sanford-1937-2022\">1937\u20132022<\/a>) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wickedlocal.com\/obituaries\/pneo0308997\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"160\" class=\"wp-image-13086\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5903.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced, colorized photographic headshot cutout of a white goateed and mustached David H. Sanford, with his head turned sharply to his right, wearing glasses and a black shirt, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5903.png 499w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5903-234x300.png 234w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5903-117x150.png 117w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2184245\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2184245\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/span><\/a>. <em>The Philosophical Review<\/em> <a class=\"  \" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/i338266\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">82, no. 1 (January, 1973)<\/span><\/a>: 120\u201324.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"282\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0948.jpeg\" alt=\"An orange, red, and dull green scrolly capital letter &quot;G&quot; surrounded by green vine-like scroll work used as an alphabetical organizer for  bibliographical entries.\" class=\"wp-image-2163\" style=\"width:121px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0948.jpeg 282w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0948-264x300.jpeg 264w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 282px) 100vw, 282px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Garber_(philosopher)\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Garber_(philosopher)\">Garber<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/daniel-garber\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/daniel-garber\">Daniel<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nightofphilosophy.com\/daniel-garber\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" class=\"wp-image-4125\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/5f6567c1-65a4-4eb9-aef5-9c59514238ea.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized  head and upper torso photographic cutout of a glasses adorned Dan Garber with full beard and mustache wearing a shirt and maroon tie under a red sleeveless v-neck vest sweater used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/5f6567c1-65a4-4eb9-aef5-9c59514238ea.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/5f6567c1-65a4-4eb9-aef5-9c59514238ea-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/5f6567c1-65a4-4eb9-aef5-9c59514238ea-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_Embodied.html?id=L5EVmvlfgmgC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_Embodied.html?id=L5EVmvlfgmgC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Descartes Embodied: Reading Cartesian Philosophy through Cartesian Science<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Descartes_Embodied\/L5EVmvlfgmgC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;printsec=frontcover\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"278\" class=\"wp-image-8747\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_4025.jpeg\" alt=\"The green with a white title book cover of &quot;Descartes Embodied: Reading Cartesian Philosophy Through Cartesian Science&quot; edited by Daniel Garber used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_4025.jpeg 403w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_4025-189x300.jpeg 189w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_4025-94x150.jpeg 94w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Garber_(philosopher)\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Garber_(philosopher)\">Garber<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/daniel-garber\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/daniel-garber\">Daniel<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.princeton.edu\/people\/daniel-garber\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"200\" class=\"wp-image-4127\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/6e869ebd-25ad-462d-9aa4-9dbb3eec0fb7.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized head and upper torso photographic cutout of a glasses adorned Dan Garber with full beard and mustache wearing a white shirt with no tie  under a red v-neck  sweater under a dark blue suit coat jacket used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/6e869ebd-25ad-462d-9aa4-9dbb3eec0fb7.png 240w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/6e869ebd-25ad-462d-9aa4-9dbb3eec0fb7-225x300.png 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_Metaphysical_Physics.html?id=BLUCPEFJ9TUC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_Metaphysical_Physics.html?id=BLUCPEFJ9TUC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Descartes\u2019 Metaphysical Physics<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Descartes_Metaphysical_Physics\/BLUCPEFJ9TUC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;printse\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"262\" class=\"wp-image-10456\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_4026.jpeg\" alt=\"The light yellow book cover of &quot;Descartes' Metaphysical Physics&quot; by Daniel Garber with a schematic maroon drawing of a church used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_4026.jpeg 427w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_4026-200x300.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_4026-100x150.jpeg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Garber_(philosopher)\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Garber_(philosopher)\">Garber<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/daniel-garber\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/daniel-garber\">Daniel<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"http:\/\/gavagaiphilosophy.weebly.com\/danielgarber.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"172\" class=\"wp-image-4128\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6737.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized headshot  photographic cutout of a glasses adorned Dan Garber with full beard and mustache wearing a gray green shirt under a tan sports coat with his right hand up by the dude of his face used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6737.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6737-300x294.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/homepages.uc.edu\/~martinj\/Rationalism\/Descartes\/Garber%20-%20Descartes%20and%20Occasionalism.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/homepages.uc.edu\/~martinj\/Rationalism\/Descartes\/Garber%20-%20Descartes%20and%20Occasionalism.pdf\">Descartes and Occasionalism<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Causation_in_Early_Modern_Philosophy.html?id=XQvu9vIDhKMC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Causation_in_Early_Modern_Philosophy.html?id=XQvu9vIDhKMC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Causation in Early Modern Philosophy: Cartesianism, Occasionalism, and Preestablished Harmony<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psupress.org\/books\/titles\/0-271-00863-6.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"226\" class=\"wp-image-3087\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2021.jpeg\" alt=\"The color book cover for ''Causation in Early Modern Philosophy.&quot;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2021.jpeg 212w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2021-199x300.jpeg 199w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.wisc.edu\/staff\/nadler-steven\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.wisc.edu\/staff\/nadler-steven\/\">Steven<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steven_Nadler\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steven_Nadler\">Nadler<\/a>, 9\u201326. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Garber_(philosopher)\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Garber_(philosopher)\">Garber<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/daniel-garber\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/daniel-garber\">Daniel<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/gazette.jhu.edu\/2012\/04\/09\/society-of-scholars-inducts-new-members-2\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"222\" class=\"wp-image-8745\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9551.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of a full bearded and mustached Daniel Garber with glasses wearing a blue shirt and dark colored tie under a maroon v-neck sweater and dark gray suit jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9551.jpeg 432w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9551-203x300.jpeg 203w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9551-101x150.jpeg 101w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/descartes--9782130462231-page-449.htm\">Formes et qualit\u00e9s dans les &#8216;Sixi\u00e8mes R\u00e9ponses<\/a>&#8216;.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/descartes--9782130462231.htm\">Descartes: Objecter et r\u00e9pondre<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/descartes--9782130462231.htm\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"255\" class=\"wp-image-8343\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8521.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color book cover of &quot;Descartes: Objecter et R\u00e9pondre&quot; edited by Jean-Marie Beyssade and Jean-Luc Marion with a thin red border on gray paper used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8521.jpeg 440w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8521-206x300.jpeg 206w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8521-103x150.jpeg 103w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"http:\/\/fr.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Marie_Beyssade\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/fr.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Marie_Beyssade\">Jean-Marie<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-philosophique-2018-2-page-305.htm\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-philosophique-2018-2-page-305.htm\">Beyssade<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/fr.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Marie_Beyssade\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"169\" class=\"wp-image-3335\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4599.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced, and colorized photographic headshot cutout of Jean-Marie Beyssade used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4599.png 236w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4599-221x300.png 221w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221221221510\/https:\/\/www.commonwealmagazine.org\/marion-francis-love-god-philosophy-woodward\">Jean-Luc<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Luc_Marion\">Marion<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.philomag.com\/articles\/jean-luc-marion-je-suis-un-sceptique-instruit\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"8086\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"181\" class=\"wp-image-8750\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_5E2FDBF5-DFCA-4DC8-82C9-79F766E99BE6.png\" alt=\"An enhanced reversed photographic cutout of glasses wearing Jean-Luc Marion with a collared shirt and bow tie and a dark brown suit coat used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_5E2FDBF5-DFCA-4DC8-82C9-79F766E99BE6.png 529w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_5E2FDBF5-DFCA-4DC8-82C9-79F766E99BE6-248x300.png 248w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_5E2FDBF5-DFCA-4DC8-82C9-79F766E99BE6-124x150.png 124w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/br.linkedin.com\/in\/lia-levy-b656961a\">Lia<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Lia-Levy\">Levy<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-8773\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9615.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of a glasses wearing Lia Levy with her right hand's folded fingers touching her chin wearing a black v-neck shirt under a blue plush sweater used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9615.png 448w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9615-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9615-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/>, 449-69.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Actes du colloque &#8216;Objecter et r\u00e9pondre&#8217; organis\u00e9 par le Centre d&#8217;\u00e9tudes cart\u00e9siennes \u00e0 la Sorbonne et \u00e0 l&#8217;Ecole normale sup\u00e9rieure du 3 au 6 octobre 1992, \u00e0 l&#8217;occasion du 350 anniversaire de la seconde \u00e9dition des <em>Meditationes<\/em>. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1994. [Proceedings of the symposium &#8216;Objections and Answers&#8217; organized by the Center for Cartesian Studies at the Sorbonne and the Ecole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure from October 3 to 6, 1992, on the occasion of the 350th anniversary of the second edition of the <em>Meditations<\/em>. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1994.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Reprinted in English as &#8220;Forms and Qualities in the Sixth Replies&#8221; in <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_Embodied.html?id=L5EVmvlfgmgC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_entity&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=US#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_Embodied.html?id=L5EVmvlfgmgC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_entity&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=US#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Descartes Embodied: Reading Cartesian Philosophy through Cartesian Science<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/2728859\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"278\" class=\"wp-image-8747\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_4025.jpeg\" alt=\"The green with a white title book cover of &quot;Descartes Embodied: Reading Cartesian Philosophy Through Cartesian Science&quot; by Daniel Garber used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_4025.jpeg 403w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_4025-189x300.jpeg 189w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_4025-94x150.jpeg 94w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/daniel-garber\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/daniel-garber\">Daniel<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Garber_(philosopher)\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Garber_(philosopher)\">Garber<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.paris-iea.fr\/en\/fellows\/daniel-garber-2\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"147\" class=\"wp-image-10213\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1663.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a glasses wearing Dan Garber with full beard and gray mustache wearing a blue shirt under a tan sports coat looking straight ahead used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1663.png 544w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1663-255x300.png 255w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1663-128x150.png 128w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>, 257\u201373. London: Cambridge University Press, 2001.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Garber_(philosopher)\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Garber_(philosopher)\">Garber<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/daniel-garber\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/daniel-garber\">Daniel<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nightofphilosophy.com\/daniel-garber\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-4125\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/5f6567c1-65a4-4eb9-aef5-9c59514238ea.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized head and upper torso photographic cutout of a glasses adorned Dan Garber with full beard and mustache wearing a shirt and maroon tie under a red sleeveless v-neck vest sweater used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/5f6567c1-65a4-4eb9-aef5-9c59514238ea.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/5f6567c1-65a4-4eb9-aef5-9c59514238ea-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/5f6567c1-65a4-4eb9-aef5-9c59514238ea-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/michael-richard-ayers\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/michael-richard-ayers\">Michael Richard<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_R._Ayers\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_R._Ayers\">Ayers<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nightofphilosophy.com\/daniel-garber\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-10209\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1634.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of a glasses wearing Michael Ayers wearing a light purple turtleneck under a black zippered jacket unzipped to center chest used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1634.jpeg 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1634-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1634-150x150.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1634-600x600.jpeg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, eds. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Cambridge_History_of_Seventeenth_cen.html?id=BPlkkgIhUXIC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Cambridge_History_of_Seventeenth_cen.html?id=BPlkkgIhUXIC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"257\" class=\"wp-image-3587\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5575.jpeg\" alt=\"The blue-gray book cover for &quot;The Cambridge History of Seventeenth Century Philosophy.&quot;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5575.jpeg 218w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5575-204x300.jpeg 204w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Garber_(philosopher)\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Garber_(philosopher)\">Garber<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/daniel-garber\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/daniel-garber\">Daniel<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"http:\/\/gavagaiphilosophy.weebly.com\/danielgarber.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"172\" class=\"wp-image-4128\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6737.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized headshot photographic cutout of a glasses adorned Dan Garber with full beard and mustache wearing a gray green shirt under a tan sports coat with his right hand up by the dude of his face used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6737.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6737-300x294.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/St%C3%A9phane%20Bornhausen\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/St%C3%A9phane%20Bornhausen\">St\u00e9phane Bornhausen<\/a><\/strong> (no known photo). <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/GARLPM-2\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/GARLPM-2\">La Physique M\u00e9taphysique de Descartes<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.abebooks.fr\/physique-m%C3%A9taphysique-Descartes-PUF-%C3%A9pim%C3%A9th%C3%A9e-1999\/16893164196\/bd#&amp;gid=1&amp;pid=1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"233\" class=\"wp-image-10490\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2370.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of the yellow book cover of &quot;La physique m\u00e9taphysique de Descartes&quot; (1999) by Daniel Garber used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2370.png 1620w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2370-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2370-768x1024.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2370-113x150.png 113w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2370-1152x1536.png 1152w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2370-1536x2048.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1999.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www..unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\"><strong>Garc\u00eda<\/strong><\/a><strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/claudia-lorena-garcia\/publications?app=530\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/claudia-lorena-garcia\/publications?app=530\">Claudia<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/sitio\/claudia-garcia\">Lorena<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/sitio\/claudia-garcia\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"211\" class=\"wp-image-4017\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6560.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic cutout of a glasses adorned young adult mother Claudia-Lorena Garcia wearing a spaghetti straps black top and necklace used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6560.png 228w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6560-214x300.png 214w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/docs\/ATOMOFN1.doc\">Atomism and Substances in Descartes<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Criticism<\/em> 29, 1997.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www..unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\">Garc\u00eda<\/a><\/strong><strong style=\"font-size: revert;\">, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/claudia-lorena-garcia\/publications?app=530\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/claudia-lorena-garcia\/publications?app=530\">Claudia<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/sitio\/claudia-garcia\">Lorena<\/a><\/strong> <a style=\"font-size: revert;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/sitio\/claudia-garcia\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"187\" class=\"wp-image-2677\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1844.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photograph of a young adult glasses adorned Claudia Lorena-Garcia wearing a black spaghetti straps top with a necklace and large round turquoise pendant used for identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1844.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1844-300x280.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-size: revert;\">. &#8220;<\/span><a style=\"font-size: revert;\" href=\"https:\/\/dianoia.filosoficas.unam.mx\/index.php\/dianoia\/article\/download\/548\/D40\/565\">Descartes: las ideas y su falsedad<\/a><span style=\"font-size: revert;\">&#8221; [&#8220;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/acrobat.adobe.com\/id\/urn:aaid:sc:US:5154ec0b-ad65-480e-94b5-e7813255825c\">Descartes: Ideas and their Falsity<\/a><span style=\"font-size: revert;\">&#8221; &#8211; translated]. <\/span><a style=\"font-size: revert;\" href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/pub\/287\/1994\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/pub\/287\/1994\"><em>Di\u00e1noia<\/em> 40, no. 40 (1994)<\/a><span style=\"font-size: revert;\">: 123\u201342.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\">Garc\u00eda<\/a><\/strong><strong style=\"font-size: revert;\">, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/claudia-lorena-garcia\/publications?app=530\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/claudia-lorena-garcia\/publications?app=530\">Claudia<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/sitio\/claudia-garcia\">Lorena<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: revert;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/sitio\/claudia-garcia\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"188\" class=\"wp-image-12869\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5570.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced, color photographic cutout of Claudia-Lorena Garcia wearing a white top with a red beaded necklace is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5570.png 512w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5570-240x300.png 240w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5570-120x150.png 120w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-size: revert;\">. &#8220;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/docs\/MENRLAHP.pdf\">Descartes: Ideas and the Mark of the Mental<\/a><span style=\"font-size: revert;\">.&#8221; <\/span><em style=\"font-size: revert;\">Philosophiegeschichte und logische Analyze<\/em> [<em>History of Philosophy &amp; Logical Analysis<\/em>]&nbsp;3, no. 1&nbsp;(2000):&nbsp;21\u201353. Also available at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/104957079\/Descartes_Ideas_and_the_Mark_of_the_Mental\">Academia.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\">Garc\u00ed<\/a><\/strong><strong style=\"font-size: revert;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\">a<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/claudia-lorena-garcia\/publications?app=530\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/claudia-lorena-garcia\/publications?app=530\">Claudia<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/sitio\/claudia-garcia\">Lorena<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: revert;\"> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/_YkzXKuH-H4\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"188\" class=\"wp-image-12879\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5635.png\" alt=\"An enhanced, colorized, photographic headshot cutout of a closed-mouthed Claudia-Lorena Garcia with her head turned slightly to her left, wearing glasses, a blue denim shirt, and necklaces, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5635.png 2068w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5635-300x283.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5635-1024x965.png 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5635-150x141.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5635-768x723.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5635-1536x1447.png 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5635-2048x1929.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-size: revert;\">. &#8220;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/104934460\/DESCARTES_INNATE_IDEAS_FACULTIES_AND_SCHOLASTIC_CAUSES\">Descartes: Innate Ideas, Faculties, and Scholastic Causes<\/a>.\u201d <em>History of Philosophy and Logical Analysis<\/em> 3, no. 1 (2000): 21\u201353. doi:10.30965\/26664275-00301004.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:42px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\">Garc\u00eda<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/claudia-lorena-garcia\/publications?app=530\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/claudia-lorena-garcia\/publications?app=530\">Claudia<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/sitio\/claudia-garcia\">Lorena<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanindex.unam.mx\/humanindex\/pagina\/pagina_inicio.php?rfc=R0FBQzU3MDUxMw==\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-4018\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6558.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic cutout of a glasses adorned blonde haired middle aged lipstick wearing Claudia-Lorena Garcia wearing a v-neck white sweater and head turned hard to her right dark used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6558.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6558-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6558-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/dianoia.filosoficas.unam.mx\/index.php\/dianoia\/article\/view\/532\/D41\">Descartes: La Imaginaci\u00f3n El Mundo F\u00edsico<\/a>\u201d [&#8220;Descartes: the Imagination and the Physical World\u201d &#8211; untranslated]. <a href=\"https:\/\/dianoia.filosoficas.unam.mx\/index.php\/dianoia\/issue\/view\/39\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/dianoia.filosoficas.unam.mx\/index.php\/dianoia\/issue\/view\/39\"><em>Di\u00e1noia<\/em>, 41 (1995)<\/a>: 65\u201382.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\">Garc\u00ed<\/a><\/strong><strong style=\"font-size: revert;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\">a<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/claudia-lorena-garcia\/publications?app=530\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/claudia-lorena-garcia\/publications?app=530\">Claudia<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/sitio\/claudia-garcia\">Lorena<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: revert;\"> <\/span><a style=\"font-size: revert;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=Claudia-Lorena+Garc%C3%ADa&amp;rlz=1C9BKJA_enUS1081US1081&amp;hl=en-US&amp;sourceid=chrome-mobile&amp;ie=UTF-8#vhid=wcgHdxRnlwhE0M&amp;vssid=l\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"184\" class=\"wp-image-4016\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/2c1a5d9c-6263-4920-9da8-89058a084ef5.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic cutout of a glasses adorned long draping haired late middle aged Claudia-Lorena Garcia wearing a dark blue jean jacket used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/2c1a5d9c-6263-4920-9da8-89058a084ef5.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/2c1a5d9c-6263-4920-9da8-89058a084ef5-300x276.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-size: revert;\">. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/docs\/IDCAMBIO.doc\">Descartes: La teor\u00eda de las ideas y el cambio cient\u00edfico<\/a>.&#8221; <em>en Cuadernos de Filosof\u00eda<\/em> (Universidad de Buenos Aires) 45 (1999): 24\u201355. [&#8220;<\/span>Descartes: The Theory of Ideas and Scientific Change<span style=\"font-size: revert;\">&#8221; &#8211; untranslated]. <\/span><em style=\"font-size: revert;\">Cuadernos de Filosof\u00eda<\/em><span style=\"font-size: revert;\"> (University of Buenos Aires) 45 (1999): 24\u201355.<\/span>]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\">Garc<\/a><\/strong><strong style=\"font-size: revert;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\">ia<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/claudia-lorena-garcia\/publications?app=530\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/claudia-lorena-garcia\/publications?app=530\">Claudia<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/sitio\/claudia-garcia\">Lorena<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: revert;\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cienciascognitivas.org\/en\/Ponentes5coloquio\/dra.-claudia-lorena-garc%C3%ADa-aguilar\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"199\" class=\"wp-image-12863\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5569.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced, color photographic cutout of a young adult Claudia Lorena-Garcia wearing glasses, a black spaghetti strap top with a necklace and large round turquoise pendant used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5569.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5569-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5569-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5569-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-size: revert;\">. &#8220;<\/span><a style=\"font-size: revert;\" href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/GARDYS\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/GARDYS\">Descartes y Su\u00e1rez: sobre la falsedad no judicativa<\/a><span style=\"font-size: revert;\">.&#8221; <\/span><em style=\"font-size: revert;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/asearch.pl?pub=5618\">Analog\u00eda Filos\u00f3fica<\/a><\/em><span style=\"font-size: revert;\">&nbsp;12, no. 2 (1998): 125\u201350. In <\/span><em style=\"font-size: revert;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/10785429\/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez_1548_1617_Tradi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_e_Modernidade\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/CARFSY\">Francisco Suarez (1548\u20131617): Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o e Modernidade<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/10785429\/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez_1548_1617_Tradi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_e_Modernidade\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"230\" class=\"wp-image-12865\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5576.jpeg\" alt=\"A colorized front book cover of \u201cFrancisco Su\u00e1rez (1548-1617). Tradi\u00e7\u00e3o e Modernidade,\u201d edited by Antonio Martins, is used for visual identification. \" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5576.jpeg 488w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5576-229x300.jpeg 229w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5576-114x150.jpeg 114w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-size: revert;\">, edited by Antonio Martins, 187\u2013206. Lisbon: Philosophy Center of the University of Lisbon, 1999.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\">Garc\u00ed<\/a><\/strong><strong style=\"font-size: revert;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\">a<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/claudia-lorena-garcia\/publications?app=530\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/claudia-lorena-garcia\/publications?app=530\">Claudia<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/sitio\/claudia-garcia\">Lorena<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: revert;\"> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/_YkzXKuH-H4\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"182\" class=\"wp-image-12875\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5632.png\" alt=\"An enhanced, colorized, photographic headshot cutout of Claudia-Lorena Garcia turned to her left wearing glasses, a blue denim shirt, and necklaces are used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5632.png 617w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5632-289x300.png 289w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5632-145x150.png 145w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-size: revert;\">. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/105260185\">The Falsity of Non-Judgmental Cognitions in Descartes and Suarez<\/a><span style=\"font-size: revert;\">.&#8221; <\/span><em style=\"font-size: revert;\">The Modern Schoolman<\/em><span style=\"font-size: revert;\">, 77 (2000): 199\u2013216.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\">Garc\u00ed<\/a><\/strong><strong style=\"font-size: revert;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\">a<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/claudia-lorena-garcia\/publications?app=530\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/claudia-lorena-garcia\/publications?app=530\">Claudia<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/sitio\/claudia-garcia\">Lorena<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: revert;\"> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/_YkzXKuH-H4\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"164\" class=\"wp-image-12877\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5633.png\" alt=\"An enhanced, colorized, photographic headshot cutout of a talking  Claudia-Lorena Garcia with her head turned slightly to her left wearing glasses, a blue denim shirt, and necklaces are used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5633.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5633-300x282.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5633-150x141.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-size: revert;\">. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/docs\/INNATA97.RLF2.doc\">Ideas innatas, esencias y verdades eternas en Descartes<\/a>\u201d<span style=\"font-size: revert;\"> [&#8220;<\/span>Innate Ideas, Essences and Eternal Truths in Descartes<span style=\"font-size: revert;\">&#8221; &#8211; untranslated]. <\/span><em style=\"font-size: revert;\">Latin American Journal of Philosophy<\/em><span style=\"font-size: revert;\"> (Argentina) 23, no. 2 (1997): 273\u201393.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\">Garc\u00ed<\/a><\/strong><strong style=\"font-size: revert;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\">a<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/claudia-lorena-garcia\/publications?app=530\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/claudia-lorena-garcia\/publications?app=530\">Claudia<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/sitio\/claudia-garcia\">Lorena<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: revert;\"> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/sitio\/claudia-garcia\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"188\" class=\"wp-image-12869\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5570.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced, color photographic cutout of Claudia-Lorena Garcia wearing a white top with a red beaded necklace is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5570.png 512w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5570-240x300.png 240w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5570-120x150.png 120w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-size: revert;\">. &#8220;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net\/108113692\/657-libre.pdf?1701393160=&amp;response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEl_innatismo_de_Descartes_esencias_y_con.pdf&amp;Expires=1724180158&amp;Signature=fCm-O-s4WXUObYOKNbgp-rVsDqjzsswadUd4OhoA8xGz0UdwQppf2Ac2M8XIBjre4yemjQwL5C~89bgFrFQIgNNjg8Qc0SB~kbp943wofZ5K2MKF5dQ-CyamhZgWehxvN-0ev3pAgau3G4AxgAKyxkiMjM3OlB9vQ3EjZRl-bIi3Ngem9Qx3bgIxCnI5SufNa0JKdpd3g71jk~LPZ4G8rNYS2GL-64Y~uokmlMSPFwgTYYcoafsLajXsdIFy6Iwj0YHQsn--Qi~l63BVS6ZrnmL80KGhD~pTavNOJrFXS2AAgVQCjaoenq8vbuqjME2CSeXRiFJ-tnal4XDDhvDXfA__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA\">El innatismo de Descartes: esencias y contenidos<\/a>\u201d [\u201dDescartes&#8217; innatism: essences and contents\u201d]. <a style=\"font-size: revert;\" href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/pub\/287\/1994\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/pub\/287\/1994\"><em>Di\u00e1noia<\/em><\/a> Revista de filosof\u00eda (1998): 63\u201383.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\">Garc\u00ed<\/a><\/strong><strong style=\"font-size: revert;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\">a<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/claudia-lorena-garcia\/publications?app=530\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/claudia-lorena-garcia\/publications?app=530\">Claudia<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/sitio\/claudia-garcia\">Lorena<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: revert;\"> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/_YkzXKuH-H4\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"188\" class=\"wp-image-12879\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5635.png\" alt=\"An enhanced, colorized, photographic headshot cutout of a closed-mouthed Claudia-Lorena Garcia with her head turned slightly to her left, wearing glasses, a blue denim shirt, and necklaces, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5635.png 2068w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5635-300x283.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5635-1024x965.png 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5635-150x141.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5635-768x723.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5635-1536x1447.png 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5635-2048x1929.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-size: revert;\">. &#8220;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/096725599341802\">Transparency and Falsity in Descartes&#8217; Theory of Ideas<\/a><span style=\"font-size: revert;\">.&#8221; <\/span><em style=\"font-size: revert;\">International Journal of Philosophical Studies<\/em><span style=\"font-size: revert;\"> 7, no. 3 (1999): 349\u201372.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/096725599341802\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> Here I develop an interpretation of Descartes&#8217; theory of ideas which differs from the standard reading in that it incorporates a distinction between what an idea appears to represent and what it represents. I argue that this interpretation not only finds support in the texts but also is required to explain a large number of assertions in Descartes which would otherwise appear irremediably obscure or problematic. For example, in my interpretation it is not puzzling that Descartes responds to Arnauld&#8217;s difficulty concerning the notion of material falsity by drawing a distinction between that to which an idea conforms (that of which the idea truly is) and that to which it refers. Furthermore, my interpretation also explains how Descartes can intelligibly reject the view that saying that something is clear and distinct is equivalent to saying that it is obvious. Finally, I argue that my interpretation allows Descartes&#8217; view that we have some sort of internal access to the objects actually represented by an idea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\">Gaukroger<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20Gaukroger\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20Gaukroger\">Stephen<\/a><\/strong> ed. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.royalsoc.org.au\/blog\/vale-professor-emeritus-stephen-gaukroger-frsn-faha\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"130\" height=\"183\" class=\"wp-image-4087\" style=\"width: 130px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/9919ec92-be5c-4a5f-a444-7f7482dcb503.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Stephen Gaukroger in right profile wearing a white shirt with tie and black suit jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/9919ec92-be5c-4a5f-a444-7f7482dcb503.png 227w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/9919ec92-be5c-4a5f-a444-7f7482dcb503-213x300.png 213w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 130px) 100vw, 130px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Blackwell_Guide_to_Descartes_Meditat.html?id=nCnhVM7SPuwC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Blackwell_Guide_to_Descartes_Meditat.html?id=nCnhVM7SPuwC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">The Blackwell Guide to Descartes&#8217; Meditations<\/a><\/em> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"257\" class=\"wp-image-9492\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0728.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced purple book cover of &quot;The Blackwell Guide to Descartes's Meditations&quot; edited by Stephen Gaukroger used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0728.jpeg 435w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0728-204x300.jpeg 204w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0728-102x150.jpeg 102w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/>. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\">Gaukroger<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20Gaukroger\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20Gaukroger\">Stephen<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"163\" class=\"wp-image-4088\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized  photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of a glasses adorned Stephen Gaukroger wearing a white shirt with dark blue and white striped tie under a dark blue sweater with a dark gray wool suit jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721-300x279.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/GAUDAI\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/GAUDAI\">Descartes: An Intellectual Biography<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/xo9ESPmLJnoQ5NxZ6\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"261\" class=\"wp-image-13040\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5876.jpeg\" alt=\"For visual identification, an enhanced color book cover of \u201cDescartes: An Intellectual Biography\u201d by Stephen Gaukroger is used.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5876.jpeg 429w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5876-201x300.jpeg 201w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5876-101x150.jpeg 101w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\">Gaukroger<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20Gaukroger\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20Gaukroger\">Stephen<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"163\" class=\"wp-image-4088\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of a glasses adorned Stephen Gaukroger wearing a white shirt with dark blue and white striped tie under a dark blue sweater with a dark gray wool suit jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721-300x279.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, ed. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/descartesphiloso0000unse_t3i6\/page\/n3\/mode\/2up\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/descartesphiloso0000unse_t3i6\/page\/n3\/mode\/2up\">Descartes: Philosophy, Mathematics and Physics<\/a><\/em>  <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"350\" height=\"285\" class=\"wp-image-9469\" style=\"width: 350px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_0412736D-1FDB-4B88-B5C4-484A85DC8F65.png\" alt=\"The title page of &quot;Descartes: Philosophy, Mathematics, and Physics&quot; edited by Stephen Gaukroger used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_0412736D-1FDB-4B88-B5C4-484A85DC8F65.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_0412736D-1FDB-4B88-B5C4-484A85DC8F65-300x244.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_0412736D-1FDB-4B88-B5C4-484A85DC8F65-150x122.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/>. Sussex: Harvester, 1980.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\">Gaukroger<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20Gaukroger\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20Gaukroger\">Stephen<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"163\" class=\"wp-image-4088\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized  photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of a glasses adorned Stephen Gaukroger wearing a white shirt with dark blue and white striped tie under a dark blue sweater with a dark gray wool suit jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721-300x279.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Descartes_System_of_Natural_Philosophy\/V14lWzINUv4C?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;printsec=frontcover\">Descartes&#8217; System of Natural Philosophy<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"294\" class=\"wp-image-5367\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/IMG_9294.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced various dark blue book cover for &quot;Descartes's System of Natural Philosophy&quot; (2002) by Stephen Gaukroger with an ugly bearded Descartes sitting at his desk on. the cover used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/IMG_9294.jpeg 218w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/IMG_9294-204x300.jpeg 204w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univversity Press, 2002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Read <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centerphilsci.pitt.edu\/fellows\/slowik-edward\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Ed<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/edward-slowik\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Slowik\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/ndpr.nd.edu\/reviews\/descartes-system-of-natural-philosophy\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/ndpr.nd.edu\/about\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\"><em>Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews<\/em><\/span><\/a>, September 1, 2002.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Read <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/search?action=search&amp;query=author:Margaret%20J.%20Osler:and&amp;min=1&amp;max=10&amp;t=query_term\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Margaret J. Osler\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/47238\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/pub\/1\/journal\/76\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\"><em>Journal of the History of Philosophy<\/em><\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/issue\/2893\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">41, no. 4, October 2003<\/span><\/a>, 558\u201359.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\">Gaukroger<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20Gaukroger\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20Gaukroger\">Stephen<\/a><\/strong>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/On_True_and_False_Ideas.html?id=ux-8AAAAIAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Introduction: the Background to the Problem of Perceptual Cognition<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/On_True_and_False_Ideas.html?id=ux-8AAAAIAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Antoine Arnauld: On True and False Ideas<\/a><\/em>, translated by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20Gaukroger\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20Gaukroger\">Stephen<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\">Gaukroger<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"163\" class=\"wp-image-4088\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of a glasses adorned Stephen Gaukroger wearing a white shirt with dark blue and white striped tie under a dark blue sweater with a dark gray wool suit jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721-300x279.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, 1\u201341. Manchester, UK: Manchester Press, 1990.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:28px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\">Gaukroger<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20Gaukroger\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20Gaukroger\">Stephen<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"163\" class=\"wp-image-4088\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of a glasses adorned Stephen Gaukroger wearing a white shirt with dark blue and white striped tie under a dark blue sweater with a dark gray wool suit jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721-300x279.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globallisteningcentre.org\/member\/john-a-schuster\/#:~:text=He%20has%20well%20defined%20international,political%20functions%20of%20scientific%20method.\">John<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/sydney.academia.edu\/JohnSchuster\">A<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/descartes-agonistes.com\">Schuster<\/a><\/strong>, and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/johnsutton.net\">John<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/johnsuttondotnet.files.wordpress.com\/2023\/10\/sutton_publications-list-oct-2023.pdf\">Sutton<\/a><\/strong> (eds.). <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philarchive.org\/rec\/GAUDNP-2\">Descartes&#8217; Natural Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Descartes-Natural-Philosophy\/Gaukroger-Schuster-Sutton\/p\/book\/9780415510707\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"240\" class=\"wp-image-5335\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/IMG_9292.jpeg\" alt=\"The light blue book cover of &quot;Descartes' Natural Philosophy&quot; edited by Stephen Gaukroger, John Shuster, and John Sutton used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/IMG_9292.jpeg 233w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/IMG_9292-218x300.jpeg 218w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. New York: Routledge, 2000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\">Gaukroger<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20Gaukroger\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20Gaukroger\">Stephen<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.royalsoc.org.au\/blog\/vale-professor-emeritus-stephen-gaukroger-frsn-faha\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"130\" height=\"183\" class=\"wp-image-4087\" style=\"width: 130px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/9919ec92-be5c-4a5f-a444-7f7482dcb503.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Stephen Gaukroger in right profile wearing a white shirt with tie and black suit jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/9919ec92-be5c-4a5f-a444-7f7482dcb503.png 227w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/9919ec92-be5c-4a5f-a444-7f7482dcb503-213x300.png 213w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 130px) 100vw, 130px\" \/><\/a>, and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/cwilson.academia.edu\/cv\">Catherine<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catherine_Wilson_(philosopher)\">Wilson<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wiko-berlin.de\/fellows\/akademisches-jahr\/2017\/wilson-catherine\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"193\" class=\"wp-image-3402\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5086.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of a smiling Catherine Wilson used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5086.png 249w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5086-233x300.png 233w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> (eds.). <em><a href=\"https:\/\/ebrary.net\/66845\/economics\/mind_perception#727\">Descartes and Cartesianism: Essays in Honour of Desmond Clarke<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/ebrary.net\/66845\/economics\/mind_perception#727\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/ebrary.net\/66845\/economics\/mind_perception#727\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"269\" class=\"wp-image-5938\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/IMG_0691.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced burnt yellow book cover of &quot;Descartes and Cartesianism: Essays in Honor of Desmond Clarke&quot; with his color headshot as an insert in upper right corner used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/IMG_0691.jpeg 208w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/IMG_0691-195x300.jpeg 195w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>See a <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_and_Cartesianism.html?id=3MLXDQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">preview<\/span><\/a> at Google books.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/32196717\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Download<\/span><\/a> at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Academia.edu<\/span><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Read a <a href=\"https:\/\/ndpr.nd.edu\/reviews\/descartes-and-cartesianism-essays-in-honour-of-desmond-clarke\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.strivingessences.com\/ewExternalFiles\/LascanoCVWEBJune2023.doc\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Marcy<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.strivingessences.com\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">P.<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.strivingessences.com\/papers.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.strivingessences.com\/papers.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Lascano<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ku.edu\/people\/marcy-lascano\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"174\" class=\"wp-image-6107\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/SIX_367A985D-9E33-4C69-BEEA-56E1CB1CFD95.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout headshot of a non-smiling Marcy P. Loscano in middle age looking directly at viewer with long dark brown hair and pink lipstick used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/SIX_367A985D-9E33-4C69-BEEA-56E1CB1CFD95.png 276w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/SIX_367A985D-9E33-4C69-BEEA-56E1CB1CFD95-259x300.png 259w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/marcy-p-lascano\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"179\" class=\"wp-image-8276\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_D189E395-B906-4178-9A22-5610B1C3D1A7.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a dark lenses  sunglasses wearing Marcy P. Lascano smiling with brown hair used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_D189E395-B906-4178-9A22-5610B1C3D1A7.png 626w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_D189E395-B906-4178-9A22-5610B1C3D1A7-293x300.png 293w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_D189E395-B906-4178-9A22-5610B1C3D1A7-147x150.png 147w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/ndpr.nd.edu\"><em><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews<\/span><\/em><\/a>, September 22, 2017.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alan_Gewirth\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alan_Gewirth\">Gewirth<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/humanities\/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps\/gewirth-alan-1912-2004\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/humanities\/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps\/gewirth-alan-1912-2004\">Alan<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/Sk3tS5K8ptx4og2B8\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"140\" height=\"184\" class=\"wp-image-4219\" style=\"width: 140px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/0d12de83-f122-4183-8b52-b00c92756fb9.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of a glasses adorned Alan Gewirth with his body turned back to his left with head mostly facing the viewer wearing a gray suit jacket with a black tie with repeated images of a manned Viking ship used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/0d12de83-f122-4183-8b52-b00c92756fb9.png 243w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/0d12de83-f122-4183-8b52-b00c92756fb9-228x300.png 228w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 140px) 100vw, 140px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/9jr7GrdqzyRpmq3r8\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"186\" class=\"wp-image-4221\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7033.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of a glasses adorned smiling late in life Alan Gewirth with his head mostly facing the viewer wearing a brown suit jacket with a dark cross hatched patterned tie used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7033.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7033-300x278.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/3748353\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/3748353\">Clearness and Distinctness in Descartes<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Philosophy<\/em> 18, no. 69 (April 1943): 17\u201336. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/philosophy\/article\/abs\/clearness-and-distinctness-in-descartes1\/B6DC67515CAF7E060C647F122AB29EB8#\">Published online<\/a> by Cambridge University Texts, 2009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89tienne_Gilson\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89tienne_Gilson\">Gilson<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Gilson%2C%20Etienne\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Gilson%2C%20Etienne\">Etienne<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/cLnJ5fRYcrhsQtfY7\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"120\" height=\"186\" class=\"wp-image-4207\" style=\"width: 120px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/b78a5811-3e04-427e-b214-d70bdc644f5c.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of a brown framed glasses adorned Etienne Gilson with his head turned to his left wearing a brown suit jacket over a white shirt and grided patterned tie used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/b78a5811-3e04-427e-b214-d70bdc644f5c.png 207w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/b78a5811-3e04-427e-b214-d70bdc644f5c-194x300.png 194w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 120px) 100vw, 120px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/7YQcn9mpLhHr48UA8\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"177\" class=\"wp-image-4210\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/f6e776cf-c805-43c6-9488-64a70813774b.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of a glasses free Etienne Gilson with his head turned facing viewer wearing a blue suit jacket over a white shirt and a  blue tiny white dotted tie used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/f6e776cf-c805-43c6-9488-64a70813774b.png 316w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/f6e776cf-c805-43c6-9488-64a70813774b-296x300.png 296w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/mcB3j8Yz5UUYCrhR9\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"180\" class=\"wp-image-4212\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_4D3BA57D-6C9F-4EA0-95FD-D445C39B2898.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_4D3BA57D-6C9F-4EA0-95FD-D445C39B2898.png 266w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_4D3BA57D-6C9F-4EA0-95FD-D445C39B2898-249x300.png 249w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/%C3%89tudes_sur_le_r%C3%B4le_de_la_pens%C3%A9e_m%C3%A9di.html?id=GCbXAAAAMAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_entity&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=US#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/%C3%89tudes_sur_le_r%C3%B4le_de_la_pens%C3%A9e_m%C3%A9di.html?id=GCbXAAAAMAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_entity&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=US#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Etudes Sur le Role de la Pensees Medievale dans la Formation du Systeme Cartesien<\/a><\/em>. Paris: J. Vrin, 1930.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>See especially p. 32ff below on some of the Scholastic origins relating to Descartes\u2019s philosophy.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote modern-footnotes-footnote--hover-on-desktop \" data-mfn=\"1\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"000000000000345f0000000000000000_15627\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-000000000000345f0000000000000000_15627-1\">1<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-000000000000345f0000000000000000_15627-1\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"1\"> The footnotes have been renumbered from the original articles in the running numerical order. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.getmerlin.in\/ai-translate\/french-to-english\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Merlin with ChatGPT translation<\/span><\/a> begins at the top of page thirty-two.<br><br><strong>32 MEDIEVAL SOURCES OF SOME CARTESIAN DOCTRINES:<\/strong><br><br>to recognize that it does not hold its existence from itself and that it is not sufficient for its own perfection, and that no creature, for that matter, is self-sufficient. Far from being self-sufficient, since man, who is superior to them, nevertheless finds himself imperfect in his degree, recognizing himself as weak and frail in the knowledge of truth as in the love of good. Hence, man easily persuades himself that he needs some higher nature from which he draws his origin and by which he is ruled and governed. Considered from this aspect, the knowledge of God presents itself even to the common people with a certain practical and moral evidence, sufficient to oblige him not only to give his assent to this truth: that God is, but also to render worship to Him. And this at the same time allows us to understand what we read among the doctors of an innate knowledge that we would have of God&#8217;s existence.<sup>1<\/sup><br><br>Undoubtedly, it would reasonably be contested that we are dealing here with a declared innatism; nonetheless, in Suarez&#8217;s doctrine, we have a more flexible and conciliatory conception of the sources of our belief in God than that of St. Thomas. The way is open to accommodations, and the breach is made; all innatism will pass through.<br><br>Indeed, multiple causes seem to have contributed to determining in the early years of the 17th century a revival of Platonic innatism. It is quite true that even within Aristotelian scholasticism and, as we have just seen, in the philosophy and theology of the Jesuits in particular, a movement had long been taking shape in this direction. To seek with some historians<sup>2<\/sup> the immediate origin of Platonism and Augustinism, which will receive their full development after 1650, would be to exaggerate its importance; however, it has rightly been noted that it is one of the precursors of signs. Thereby,<br><br><strong>FOOTNOTE 1.<\/strong> &#8220;There are many things that immediately incline to assenting to that truth; many, I say, not only metaphysical or physical but also moral; and not only external but also internal. For if man reflects upon himself, he recognizes that he is not from himself, nor sufficient for his own perfection\u2026 Whence, with the easiest business, man persuades himself that he needs a higher nature from which he draws his origin and by which he is ruled and governed\u2026 Hence, this knowledge seems mainly to have been through human faith, especially among the common people, rather than through evidentness of the thing; nevertheless, it seems to have been with a certain practical and moral evidence, which could suffice to oblige assent to this truth, that God exists, as well as to worship Him. And according to this, everything that is said by the Doctors about the naturally incited knowledge of God is easily understood.&#8221; (Suarez, <em>Metaphysical Disputations<\/em>, 29, 3, 36)<br><br><strong>FOOTNOTE 2.<\/strong> Lechner, p. 533.<br><br><strong>[Page 33]:<\/strong> The Augustinianism of the Oratory, as it will manifest in Thomas, in du Harnel, and Malebranche, is announced; but before reaching this point, Platonism and innate ideas will have traversed the <em>Meditations<\/em>.<br><br>Thus, Descartes may have been influenced, from his stay at La Fl\u00e8che, by a current of ideas favorable to innatism. However, it is difficult to think that the philosopher did not encounter this doctrine a few years later, and perhaps even as soon as he left college, in an explicit form, self-aware, and claiming either to complete the Thomistic doctrine of knowledge or even to replace it. This second attitude seems to have been that of moralists who, since the beginning of the 17th century, were working to revitalize Stoicism by Christianizing it. It is known that Descartes was acquainted with their doctrine and was strongly influenced by it; this is decisively attested to by his correspondence with Princess Elizabeth.<sup>3<\/sup> But how not to believe that he encountered in someone like Justus Lipsius, for example, the doctrine of innate ideas that Stoicism brought with it? Could this morality not have contributed to introducing into Descartes&#8217; mind a doctrine that presented itself as being in close connection with it? Certain details of terminology would invite such a thought; but this innatism, which he encountered among Stoics, albeit Christianized, he could also encounter in Catholicism, among orthodox theologians who were not without authority. Let us go further: Descartes could not fail to encounter the doctrine of innate ideas at every turn, so abundantly did it germinate around him, in the philosophical and theological environment where we find him around the year 1628.<br><br>Among the first theologians won over to this doctrine whom Descartes frequented, we must count Cardinal de B\u00e9rulle, founder of the Oratory, and his disciple Father Gibieuf. It is well known what close relations Descartes maintained with them for some time<sup>4<\/sup>; it is hard to believe that the spiritual director of the young philosopher did not make some efforts to incline his penitent&#8217;s thoughts towards a doctrine dear to his heart. De B\u00e9rulle was a Platonist<sup>5<\/sup>; not merely in an indirect manner and by a few accidental reflections, but all the more; so<br><br><strong>FOOTNOTE 3.<\/strong> Cf. F. Strowski, <em>Pascal and His Times<\/em>, I, p. 113\u201320 (3rd ed. 1909).<br><br><strong>FOOTNOTE 4.<\/strong> We allow ourselves to refer to our work: <em>The Freedom in Descartes and Theology<\/em>, Part I, ch. iv.<br><br><strong>FOOTNOTE 5.<\/strong> <em>Ibid<\/em>. <em>Studies on Medieval Thought<\/em>.<br><br><strong>[Page 34]:<\/strong> More resolutely, perhaps, than he was spontaneously and instinctively. Yet, one could not be a Platonist without holding the doctrine of innate ideas to be true. Descartes may have been reminded by his spiritual director that the grace of God has willed us to be happier than Plato and his disciples, since we are &#8220;raised in a better school, taught a higher philosophy, enlightened by a far more luminous Sun and endowed by it with an infused light that is supernatural and divine.\u201d<sup>6<\/sup> The profession of Christianity, as B\u00e9rulle conceived it, &#8220;is an art of painting, which teaches us to paint, but within ourselves and not on an external canvas; and to paint a single object there.&#8221; This object is none other than the sun of the intelligible world, Jesus Christ, and there is no need for us to go outside of ourselves to form its image: &#8220;we must spend our lives in this beautiful and noble exercise, in which we express and form within ourselves him whom the eternal Father expressed within himself and expressed to the world and in the womb of the Virgin by the new mystery of the Incarnation. And in this noble and divine exercise, our soul is the worker, our heart the canvas, our mind the brush, and our affections the colors that should be used in this divine art, and in this excellent painting.&#8221;<sup>7<\/sup> Better yet, it is Jesus himself who will come to paint himself in us; who, having descended into us, will rise in our soul to the remembrance of himself: &#8220;for entering the world to save the world and dying for our offenses, he wished to unite himself to human nature. . . And he now rises and addresses his Father God in this memorable prayer, asking to be established in the usage, exercise, and possession of the splendor and clarity due to him, and of which he has the principle in himself, divinely and personally united to his humanity. Just as the reasonable soul, if it existed before the body, according to the opinion of the Platonists, being infused into the body of the little child, which has the life of the soul, and not the light of the soul; and being obscured in its intellectual light, and as if buried within infancy, and stripped for a time of this light and knowledge of its state, it would undoubtedly rise to its author who infused it into this body, and would ask to be fully established in the usage, exercise, and actuality of its knowledge and of its own light due to its essence.&#8221;<sup>8<\/sup><br><br><strong>FOOTNOTE 6.<\/strong> De B\u00e9rulle, <em>Complete Works<\/em> (Migne, Paris, 1856), col. 284.<br><br><strong>FOOTNOTE 7.<\/strong> Ibid., col. 287.<br><br><strong>FOOTNOTE 8.<\/strong> Ibid., col. 105.<\/span> (Click on the footnote number to see the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.getmerlin.in\/ai-translate\/french-to-english\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Merlin with ChatGPT 4.0<\/span><\/a> translation from the original French into English.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/a\/macalester.edu\/geoffrey-gorham\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/a\/macalester.edu\/geoffrey-gorham\/\">Gorham<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.macalester.edu\/philosophy\/facultystaff\/geoffgorham\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.macalester.edu\/philosophy\/facultystaff\/geoffgorham\/\">Geoffrey<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.macalester.edu\/philosophy\/facultystaff\/geoffgorham\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"140\" height=\"164\" class=\"wp-image-4227\" style=\"width: 140px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_DBCC0FD6-9F71-4210-885A-5C717FDE39AF.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of a young adult smiling and glasses adorned Geoffrey Gorham wearing a dark shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_DBCC0FD6-9F71-4210-885A-5C717FDE39AF.png 274w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_DBCC0FD6-9F71-4210-885A-5C717FDE39AF-257x300.png 257w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 140px) 100vw, 140px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/slideplayer.com\/amp\/4063663\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"120\" height=\"177\" class=\"wp-image-4230\" style=\"width: 120px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/3e860c36-e194-4179-98c6-103611e0c6ce.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of a young adult glasses adorned Geoffrey Gorham wearing a vertical stripes off yellow shirt and tan sports coat  used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/3e860c36-e194-4179-98c6-103611e0c6ce.png 217w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/3e860c36-e194-4179-98c6-103611e0c6ce-203x300.png 203w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 120px) 100vw, 120px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?sca_esv=597544494&amp;rlz=1C9BKJA_enUS1081US1081&amp;hl=en-US&amp;q=geoffrey+gorham&amp;tbm=isch&amp;source=lnms&amp;prmd=ivnsmbhtz&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjxp7_f19WDAxWVJ0QIHWukCOYQ0pQJegQIERAB&amp;biw=1366&amp;bih=905&amp;dpr=2#imgrc=S3_cyjiZIIaOqM&amp;imgdii=Nug2cXlhaPAQCM\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"153\" class=\"wp-image-4231\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_F3B51688-8B7F-423B-B322-AEF6FAD259D9.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of an older adult glasses adorned Geoffrey Gorham wearing a black shirt with white buttons under a tan sports coat used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_F3B51688-8B7F-423B-B322-AEF6FAD259D9.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_F3B51688-8B7F-423B-B322-AEF6FAD259D9-300x262.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/ncPstiV1gwvg33518\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"160\" class=\"wp-image-4232\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_B56A0CE0-A825-47BA-B673-7925CC70387B.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized constructed photographic headshot cutout of an older adult glasses adorned Geoffrey Gorham looking grumpy wearing a brown  jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_B56A0CE0-A825-47BA-B673-7925CC70387B.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_B56A0CE0-A825-47BA-B673-7925CC70387B-300x275.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/229006774_Descartes_on_the_Innateness_of_All_Ideas\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/229006774_Descartes_on_the_Innateness_of_All_Ideas\">Descartes on the Innateness of All Ideas<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Canadian Journal of Philosophy<\/em> 32, no. 3 (2002): 355\u201388.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/etheses.dur.ac.uk\/6920\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/etheses.dur.ac.uk\/6920\/\">Graham, Claire<\/a><\/strong> (no known photo). &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/etheses.dur.ac.uk\/6920\/1\/Final.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/etheses.dur.ac.uk\/6920\/1\/Final.pdf\">Descartes\u2019 Imagination:&nbsp;Unifying Mind and Body in Sensory Representation<\/a>.&#8221; PhD diss., Durham: Durham University, 2013. Available at <a href=\"http:\/\/core.ac.uk\/reader\/9642023\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/core.ac.uk\/reader\/9642023\">CORE \u2013 Aggregating the World\u2019s Open Access Research Papers<\/a>. Also <a href=\"http:\/\/etheses.dur.ac.uk\/6920\/1\/Final.pdf?DDD24+\">downloadable<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/m.facebook.com\/sean.greenberg.58\/\">Greenberg<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/sean-greenberg-1?iframe=true\">Sean<\/a><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/emotionresearcher.com\/on-the-emotional-turn-in-the-history-of-early-modern-philosophy\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"161\" class=\"wp-image-4236\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7144.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic headshot cutout of Sean Greenberg wearing a collared light purple shirt with two buttons undone at neck used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7144.png 249w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7144-233x300.png 233w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/p4MB4KRaesM3L39G6\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"154\" class=\"wp-image-4239\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/eaedaf9c-004b-413d-a215-628b4a4375cf.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of Sean Greenberg wearing a silver watch on his gesticulating raised outstretched right hand seated leaning forward on his elbows wearing a collared light purple shirt with two buttons undone at the neck (obscured)  used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/eaedaf9c-004b-413d-a215-628b4a4375cf.png 260w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/eaedaf9c-004b-413d-a215-628b4a4375cf-244x300.png 244w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-4241\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/8c8921de-ef4e-43de-af32-93cf79f46cea.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of Sean Greenberg wearing a silver watch on his  right wrist bent at elbow hugging himself with his eyes closed and head back laughing wearing a collared blue shirt with two buttons undone at the neck used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/8c8921de-ef4e-43de-af32-93cf79f46cea.jpeg 267w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/8c8921de-ef4e-43de-af32-93cf79f46cea-250x300.jpeg 250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/7qJfw966sg2FyWBj9\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"145\" class=\"wp-image-4242\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1fb48790-1b40-4861-871f-ed5495d6dea5.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of Sean Greenberg leaning forward on his elbows turned to his right with shoulders slightly hunched wearing a collared blue shirt with two buttons undone at the neck used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1fb48790-1b40-4861-871f-ed5495d6dea5.jpeg 276w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1fb48790-1b40-4861-871f-ed5495d6dea5-259x300.jpeg 259w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4494556\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4494556\">Descartes on the Passions: Function, Representation and Motivation<\/a>.&#8221; <em>No\u00fbs<\/em> 41 no. 4 (2007): 714\u201334.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.harvard.edu\/files\/alisonsimmons\/files\/phil_223_short_syllabus.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.philosophy.rutgers.edu\/joomlatools-files\/docman-files\/syllabi\/630_Seminar_Descartes_FA2015.pdf\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">Alison Simmon&#8217;s overview<\/mark><\/strong><\/a> (<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.harvard.edu\/files\/alisonsimmons\/files\/phil_223_short_syllabus.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.philosophy.rutgers.edu\/joomlatools-files\/docman-files\/syllabi\/630_Seminar_Descartes_FA2015.pdf\">2011)<\/a><strong>:<\/strong> Challenges the (relatively new) assumption that Cartesian passions are representational states, arguing that Descartes conceives of them as motivational states, arguing that while the passions do respond to representations, they function to focus the attention of the mind on thing represented by the senses and to motivate choice and action.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marjorie_Grene\">Grene<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/senate.universityofcalifornia.edu\/_files\/inmemoriam\/html\/marjorieglicksmangrene.html\">Marjorie<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Philosophy-Marjorie-Library-Living-Philosophers\/dp\/0812695267\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"164\" class=\"wp-image-4142\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/b5f8e58d-4e21-421f-a13a-1c1c000290fc.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of a late middle aged glasses adorned Marjorie Greene wearing a black speckled shirt and facing forward used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/b5f8e58d-4e21-421f-a13a-1c1c000290fc.png 244w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/b5f8e58d-4e21-421f-a13a-1c1c000290fc-229x300.png 229w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/descartes0000gren_m8m9\">Descartes<\/a><\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/descartes0000gren_m8m9\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/descartes0000gren_m8m9\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"281\" class=\"wp-image-1308\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_9232.jpeg\" alt=\"The yellow top half with Descartes's head facing right on bottom half book cover of Marjorie Grene's &quot;Descartes&quot; (1985).\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_9232.jpeg 199w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_9232-187x300.jpeg 187w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> Brighton, Sussex, UK: The Harvester Press, 1985.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Read <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mind\/article-abstract\/XCVII\/385\/133\/951106 style=\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Jonathan Westphal&#8217;s scathing Review<\/span><\/a> in <em>Mind<\/em> 97, no. 385 (January 1988): 133\u201334.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marjorie_Grene\">Grene<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/senate.universityofcalifornia.edu\/_files\/inmemoriam\/html\/marjorieglicksmangrene.html\">Marjorie<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/news.vt.edu\/articles\/2009\/03\/2009-204.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-4145\" style=\"width: 225px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6769.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of an old glasses adorned Marjorie Greene seated at a desk wearing a metal necklace over a black, tan, and gray patterned sweater used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6769.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6769-300x201.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2009\/03\/29\/science\/29grene.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"200\" class=\"wp-image-4148\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6771.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot and torso cutout of an old glasses adorned Marjorie Greene seated at a desk facing forward wearing a metal necklace over a black, tan, and gray patterned sweater used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6771.png 240w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6771-225x300.png 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_Among_the_Scholastics.html?id=OFD0lVQ4RIQC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Descartes Among the Scholastics<\/a><\/em> (Aquinas Lecture) <a href=\"https:\/\/epdf.pub\/descartes-among-the-scholastics-aquinas-lecture.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"273\" class=\"wp-image-8677\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9353.jpeg\" alt=\"The brown book cover of &quot;Descartes Among the Scholastics (Aquinas Lecture)&quot; by Marjorie Grene used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9353.jpeg 321w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9353-193x300.jpeg 193w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9353-96x150.jpeg 96w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1991.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Martial_Gueroult\">Gueroult<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alchetron.com\/Martial-Gueroult\">Martial<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/kofFY2CzB7AhPFcDA\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"144\" class=\"wp-image-4177\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/0ad88657-b3cb-4a91-b34c-97f074b87d11.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Martial Gueroult wearing a red shirt used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/0ad88657-b3cb-4a91-b34c-97f074b87d11.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/0ad88657-b3cb-4a91-b34c-97f074b87d11-300x248.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/9JYNYGK3kXpp6sMr5\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"154\" class=\"wp-image-4179\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/15ceba16-1e8e-4d7e-87be-3498dddca32d.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Martial Gueroult wearing a black shirt used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/15ceba16-1e8e-4d7e-87be-3498dddca32d.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/15ceba16-1e8e-4d7e-87be-3498dddca32d-300x264.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/descartesselonlo0002guer\/page\/n6\/mode\/1up\">Descartes jjnhselon L&#8217;Ordre des Raisons<\/a><\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/GURDSL\">Vol 1: The Soul and God<\/a> (first five Meditations) (1952) and <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/descartesphiloso00mart\">Vol. 2: The Soul and Body<\/a> (Sixth Meditation) (1968). Paris: Aubier, 1952 &amp; 1968. Translated by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usf.edu\/arts-sciences\/departments\/philosophy\/about-us\/faculty\/roger-ariew.aspx\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.usf.edu\/arts-sciences\/departments\/philosophy\/about-us\/faculty\/roger-ariew.aspx\">Roger<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roger_Ariew\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roger_Ariew\">Ariew<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usf.edu\/arts-sciences\/departments\/philosophy\/about-us\/faculty\/roger-ariew.aspx\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-3850\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863.png\" alt=\"A reversed color photographic headshot of Roger Ariew, with a full gray beard and a red collared shirt, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> as <em><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?q=10.1111\/j.1468-0149.1985.tb01444.x\">Descartes&#8217; Philosophy Interpreted According to the Order of Reasons, Vol. 1:  The Soul and God<\/a><\/em> and <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/descartesphiloso00mart\"><em>Descartes&#8217; Philosophy Interpreted According to the Order of Reasons, Vol. 2:  The Soul and the Body<\/em><\/a>. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1984. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/descartesphiloso00mart\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/descartesphiloso00mart\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"325\" height=\"211\" class=\"wp-image-1321\" style=\"width: 325px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_9244.jpg\" alt=\"The brown and orange book covers for Martial Gueroult's &quot;Descartes' Philosophy Interpreted According to the Order of Reasons, Vol. 1:  The Soul and God&quot; and &quot;Descartes' Philosophy Interpreted According to the Order of Reasons, Vol. 2:  The Soul and the Body&quot; translated by Roger Ariew (1985). \" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_9244.jpg 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_9244-300x195.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 325px) 100vw, 325px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Read <a href=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">John<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Cottingham\u2019s<\/span><\/a><strong> <\/strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"170\" class=\"wp-image-6751\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic color headshot cutout of John Cottingham facing forward wearing a white colored shirt with stripes and a blue suit jacket and sweater used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116.png 282w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116-264x300.png 264w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-0149.1985.tb01444.x\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review of Vol I.<\/span><\/a>,\u201d <em>Analytic Philosophy<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/toc\/14680149\/1985\/26\/3\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">26,&nbsp;no. 3<\/span><\/a> (July 1985): 140\u201343.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Read <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.missouri.edu\/people\/sievert\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Donald<\/span><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/donald-sievert\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Sievert\u2019s<\/span><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.missouri.edu\/people\/sievert\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"196\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5614.png 286w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5614-268x300.png 268w\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5614.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and blended colorize color photographic cutout of Donald Sievert used for identifying him.\"><\/a> \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/8525737F00588478\/file\/C125737F0061DCC6C125756D00\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review of Vol. I.<\/span><\/a>,\u201d <em>Teaching Philosophy<\/em> 9, no. 1 (March 1986): 81\u201384.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/daytonastateinmotion.com\/opinion\/a-i-just-killed-modern-education\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"537\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/SIX_6FE12001-D81E-4825-B126-BF27DE122E3Db1-1024x537.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1605\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/SIX_6FE12001-D81E-4825-B126-BF27DE122E3Db1-1024x537.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/SIX_6FE12001-D81E-4825-B126-BF27DE122E3Db1-300x157.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/SIX_6FE12001-D81E-4825-B126-BF27DE122E3Db1-768x402.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/SIX_6FE12001-D81E-4825-B126-BF27DE122E3Db1.jpeg 1292w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\" id=\"H-neon-ivy-drop-cap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"235\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0944.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2165\" style=\"width:109px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0944.jpeg 235w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0944-220x300.jpeg 220w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 235px) 100vw, 235px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni-potsdam.de\/de\/phi\/professuren-und-forschung\/professur-fuer-theoretische-philosophie\/prof-dr-johannes-haag\">Haag<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Johannes-Haag-2\">Johannes<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni-potsdam.de\/de\/phi\/professuren-und-forschung\/professur-fuer-theoretische-philosophie\/prof-dr-johannes-haag\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"136\" class=\"wp-image-3160\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2626.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Johannes Haag used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2626.png 294w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2626-276x300.png 276w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/uni-potsdam.academia.edu\/JohannesHaag\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"120\" class=\"wp-image-3163\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2622.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and mirror reveresed closeup color headshot of Dr. Johannes Haag used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2622.png 267w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2622-250x300.png 250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/9027929\/Sinnliche_Ideen_Descartes_%C3%BCber_sinnliche_und_begriffliche_Aspekte_der_Wahrnehmung\">Sinnliche Ideen. Descartes \u00fcber sinnliche und begriffliche Aspekte der Wahrnehmung<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Sehen_und_Begreifen.html?id=Jf0CkCqxacMC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_entity&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=US#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Sehen und Begreifen: Wahrnehmungstheorien in der fr\u00fchen Neuzeit<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/s3bPKR5Sh4F6qPHs5\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"247\" class=\"wp-image-12709\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5401.jpeg\" alt=\"For visual identification, an enhanced color book cover in dark blue, orange, and brown with a white font title of \u201cSehen und Begreifen,\u201d edited by Dominik Perler and Markus Wild, is used. \" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5401.jpeg 453w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5401-212x300.jpeg 212w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5401-106x150.jpeg 106w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.philosophie.hu-berlin.de\/en\/sections\/theorie\/mitarbeiter\/perler\/index.html\">Dominik<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dominik_Perler\">Perler<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.historyofphilosophy.net\/skepticism-perler\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"130\" class=\"wp-image-10347\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1944.png\" alt=\"A enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Dominik Perlerr with glasses and wearing a blue polo shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1944.png 212w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1944-115x150.png 115w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophie.philhist.unibas.ch\/de\/personen\/markus-wild\/\">Markus<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophie.philhist.unibas.ch\/de\/personen\/markus-wild\/\">Wild<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophie.philhist.unibas.ch\/de\/personen\/markus-wild\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"167\" class=\"wp-image-12707\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5400.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic headshot cutout of Marcus Wild with a full gray and brown beard and mustache, wearing glasses and a heavy jacket with an orange liner zipped up, with his head turned to his right, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5400.png 480w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5400-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5400-113x150.png 113w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>, 95\u2013121. Berlin: de Gruyter, 2007.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Octave_Hamelin\">Hamelin<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/humanities\/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps\/hamelin-octave-1856-1907\">Octave<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/khZN3pf15jQ8dnUH7\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"237\" class=\"wp-image-14531\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_7005.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Octave Hamelin (1856\u20131907) in right profile with his head turned to his right, wearing a white shirt and tie under a gray suitcoat, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_7005.png 246w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_7005-190x300.png 190w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_7005-95x150.png 95w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> (1856\u20131907). <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/lesystmededesc00hame\/page\/186\/mode\/2up\">Le Syst\u00e8me de Descartes<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"324\" class=\"wp-image-7098\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3618.png\" alt=\"A enhanced 3D image showing the spine and front cover for sn old and moldy tan book cover of the Spanish translation for Octave Hamelin's &quot;El Sistema de Descartes&quot; (1911) used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3618.png 173w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3618-162x300.png 162w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/> 2nd edition. Paris: F. Alcan, 1921.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-blockspare-blockspare-container aligncenter blockspare-a3a3e811-3c1c-4\" blockspare-animation=\"\"><style>.blockspare-a3a3e811-3c1c-4 > .blockspare-block-container-wrapper{background-color:#f9f9f9;padding-top:20px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:20px;padding-left:20px;margin-top:30px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:30px;margin-left:0px;border-radius:0}.blockspare-a3a3e811-3c1c-4 .blockspare-image-wrap{background-image:none}<\/style><div class=\"blockspare-block-container-wrapper blockspare-hover-item\"><div class=\"blockspare-container-background blockspare-image-wrap has-background-opacity-100 has-background-opacity\"><\/div><div class=\"blockspare-container\"><div class=\"blockspare-inner-blocks blockspare-inner-wrapper-blocks\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/lesystmededesc00hame\/page\/186\/mode\/2up\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"645\" height=\"1000\" data-id=\"6715\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2437.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6715\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2437.jpeg 645w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2437-194x300.jpeg 194w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 645px) 100vw, 645px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"268\" height=\"500\" data-id=\"6710\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2438.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6710\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2438.jpeg 268w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2438-161x300.jpeg 161w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 268px) 100vw, 268px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"612\" height=\"1024\" data-id=\"6712\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2433-612x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6712\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2433-612x1024.jpeg 612w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2433-179x300.jpeg 179w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2433.jpeg 715w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 612px) 100vw, 612px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"254\" height=\"360\" data-id=\"6711\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2434.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6711\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2434.webp 254w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2434-212x300.webp 212w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 254px) 100vw, 254px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" data-id=\"6714\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2435-683x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6714\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2435-683x1024.jpeg 683w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2435-200x300.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2435-768x1152.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2435.jpeg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"645\" height=\"1024\" data-id=\"6713\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2440-645x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6713\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2440-645x1024.jpeg 645w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2440-189x300.jpeg 189w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2440-768x1220.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2440.jpeg 856w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 645px) 100vw, 645px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"1000\" data-id=\"6716\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2439.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6716\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2439.jpeg 750w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2439-225x300.jpeg 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"645\" height=\"1024\" data-id=\"6717\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2436-645x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6717\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2436-645x1024.jpeg 645w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2436-189x300.jpeg 189w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2436-768x1220.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2436.jpeg 856w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 645px) 100vw, 645px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\" id=\"hamelin-systeme\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Le_syst%C3%A8me_de_Descartes\/gPsyweg02jkC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Le Syst\u00e8me de Descartes<\/span><\/a><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Readable and downloadable Spanish edition of <a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.tips\/documents\/hamelin-octave-el-sistema-de-descartespdf.html\"><em><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">El Sistema de Descartes<\/span><\/em><\/a> from <a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.tips\/documents\/hamelin-octave-el-sistema-de-descartespdf.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Dokumen<\/span><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For remarks on the Scholastic origins of the objective reality of ideas, see especially pp. 186ff below.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"870\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2452-1024x870.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and filtered background to white of pages 186\u201387 from &quot;Le Syst\u00e8me de Descartes&quot; by Octavio Hamelin.\" class=\"wp-image-6644\" style=\"width:840px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2452-1024x870.png 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2452-300x255.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2452-768x652.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2452-1536x1305.png 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2452-2048x1740.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.getmerlin.in\/ai-translate\/spanish-to-english\">Translated by Merlin with ChatGPT 4.0:<\/a><\/strong> . . . it seems that adventitious ideas are powerless, which leads Descartes to turn to innate ideas. Secondly, when he turns to innate ideas, he once again combats sensible realism, recognizing that such realism cannot be justified by [the] natural light. We must keep this second point in mind.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Descartes thus embarks on a new path. He explicitly indicates this with a characteristic transition whose importance cannot be overstated: &#8220;But another way presents itself to investigate whether among the things of which I have ideas in me, there are any that exist outside of me&#8221; (C. 272 [40<sup>5<\/sup>] [G \u00a710]). This new path is no longer that of adventitious ideas, nor, undoubtedly, of realism. There are two types of reality to distinguish in the idea as an idea. First, the idea is a mode of thinking, a fact of thought, an exercise of our faculty of thinking. As such, as a fact, it has a formal or actual reality, for act or fact, it&#8217;s the same thing. Secondly, the idea represents or is supposed to represent an object, and this act of conceiving which is the idea is at the same time the conception of something; in other words, the idea has content. This content is, in its way, something real. Insofar as the idea contains it, it has an objective reality. Descartes borrows these terms precisely from the School and they are very clear. The objective reality of the idea is certainly in the representative if one admits that the representative is the container of the representation; but it is in the representative what it contains, and thus it is opposite to the subject and on the side of the object: which makes it very aptly named objective. The objective reality of ideas, Descartes continues, is not the same in all ideas, but each idea has its proper degree of objective reality. The richer the content of the idea is in terms of the number or importance of characteristics, the more the idea has objective reality, and notably, among ideas, those that represent substances to me are undoubtedly something more, and contain in themselves, so to speak, more objective reality, that is, they participate by representation in more degrees of being or perfection than those that represent only modes or accidents. (C. 272 [40<sup>12<\/sup>] [G. \u00a710]). We must not let this comparison and this union under the same genus with a simple difference of degree, of substantial reality and the reality of attributes or qualities pass unnoticed\u2014it is the prelude to the ontological proof.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Each idea has a formal reality and a certain degree of objective reality. The formal reality of the idea wants to be explained, and we explain it by saying that we ourselves are the cause of it as we exercise our faculty of thinking. But the objective reality also requires an explanation; for, &#8220;imperfect as this manner of being by which a thing is objectively or by representation in the intellect through its idea may be, it cannot be said nevertheless that this manner and way of being is nothing, nor consequently that this idea takes its origin from nothing.&#8221; (C. 274 seq. [41<sup>16<\/sup>] [G. S 14]).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now, what must a cause or reason be to be explanatory? This is what [the] natural light teaches us: or, in other words, it is what we can discern from the consideration of one of these pure and simple ideas, one of those simple natures that doubt does not touch, from the consideration of the idea of the cause: \u201c . . . and it is manifest through natural light that there must be at least as much reality in the efficient and total cause as in its effect: for where can the effect draw its reality from if not from its cause; and how could this cause communicate it to him if it did not have it in itself? And from there it follows not only . . .<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/nd.academia.edu\/JohnHanson\"><strong>Hanson, John Arndt<\/strong><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/nd.academia.edu\/JohnHanson\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"166\" class=\"wp-image-3157\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_FCE98577-FB22-47A1-9103-AC88B1FED779.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and reveresed color photographic headshot cutout of John Arndt Hanson used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_FCE98577-FB22-47A1-9103-AC88B1FED779.png 241w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_FCE98577-FB22-47A1-9103-AC88B1FED779-226x300.png 226w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>  <a href=\"https:\/\/nd.academia.edu\/JohnHanson?swp=tc-au-77668075\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-11343\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3479.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of John Arndt Hanson wearing a blue collared shirt with his left hand crossing his torso near his right shoulder is used for visual identification purposes.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3479.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3479-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3479-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3479-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220117042034id_\/https:\/\/curate.nd.edu\/downloads\/wh246q21q6d\">Descartes on Representation, Presentation, and the Real Natures<\/a>.&#8221; PhD diss in Philosophy, Program in History and Philosophy of Science, University of Notre Dame, December 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/curate.nd.edu\/show\/4m90dv1705f\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">Author&#8217;s Abstract<\/mark><\/strong><\/a>: This dissertation concerns <strong>two controversial aspects of Descartes\u2019 philosophy<\/strong>. The <strong>first<\/strong> is the <strong>meaning of the distinction between the material and objective senses of the word \u201cidea.\u201d<\/strong> The <strong>second<\/strong> is an <strong>alleged tension<\/strong> between <strong>the&nbsp;<em>Fifth Meditation\u2019s<\/em>&nbsp;claim that the real natures are mind-independent<\/strong> and the claim of <strong>the&nbsp;<em>Principles<\/em>&nbsp;that universals are mind-dependent<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the <strong>first chapter<\/strong>, I take up the <strong>material sense<\/strong>, and <strong>argue against those interpretations which see it as a category for the contentless ontology of ideas<\/strong>. I argue that the textual evidence points to the <strong>material sense<\/strong> being <strong>Descartes\u2019 category for phenomenological description of how things seem to be to a given mind when it has a given idea<\/strong>. In particular, I argue that he deploys the material sense in his discussions of abstractions and that this points to the <strong>material sense being a category for content that lacks existential implication for the extramental world<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the <strong>second chapter<\/strong>, I take up the <strong>ontology of the real natures<\/strong>, and suggest that <strong>there is no tension<\/strong> between the&nbsp;<em>Fifth Meditation<\/em>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<em>Principles<\/em>&nbsp;because Descartes accepts two things under the term \u201cnature,\u201d namely, universals and individual essences. I suggest <strong>Descartes is committed to Platonism about individual essences in the&nbsp;<em>Fifth Meditation<\/em><\/strong>, and that <strong>in the&nbsp;<em>Principles<\/em>&nbsp;he is concerned only with universals, about which he is a conceptualist<\/strong>. I further suggest that <strong>individual essences play key roles in both singular and universal thought<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the <strong>third chapter<\/strong>, I take up the <strong>objective sense<\/strong>, and the <strong>widespread interpretation<\/strong> of this sense of ideas as <strong><em>concerning current presentational or phenomenological content<\/em><\/strong>. I suggest that <strong>this account struggles<\/strong> with cases where there is <strong>stability in the object of thought paired with changes in the associated phenomenology<\/strong>. I propose that <strong>we ought to reject a straightforward equation of the objective sense with current presentational content<\/strong>, and instead adopt a scheme according to which <strong><em>what has objective being in an idea is the sum total of thinkable, essential features of the object<\/em><\/strong>, and that <strong>when an idea is clear and distinct, what we perceive has objective being in the idea<\/strong>. [bold and bold italic not in original]<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/iash.uq.edu.au\/profile\/9\/peter-harrison\">Harrison<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Peter%20Harrison\">Peter<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/iscast.org\/opinion\/religious-origins-of-modern-science-the-iscast-allan-day-lecture-august-2017-peter-harrison\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"196\" class=\"wp-image-3165\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2631.png\" alt=\"A color photographic mirror reversed cutout of Peter Harrison Professorial Research Fellow and the Director of the Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities at the University of Queensland, Australia used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2631.png 285w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2631-267x300.png 267w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/static1.squarespace.com\/static\/54694fa6e4b0eaec4530f99d\/t\/577a841dbe65944fd9c6d0d2\/1467647007000\/Descartes+on+Animals+1992.pdf\">Descartes on Animals<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Philosophical Quarterly<\/em>&nbsp;42 (1992): 291\u2013327.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\">Hatfield<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philarchive.org\/s\/Gary%20Hatfield\">Gary<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/vitae.html\">Carl<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"189\" class=\"wp-image-2681\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1853.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1853.png 212w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1853-199x300.png 199w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/philarchive.org\/rec\/HATTCF#:~:text=During%20the%20seventeenth%20century%20the,an%20extent%20not%20seen%20before\">The Cognitive Faculties<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-history-of-seventeenthcentury-philosophy\/cognitive-faculties\/E96631FB71B032501D9C95E73B0C977D\">The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Cambridge_History_of_Seventeenth_cen.html?id=BPlkkgIhUXIC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"257\" class=\"wp-image-3587\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5575.jpeg\" alt=\"The blue-gray book cover for &quot;The Cambridge History of Seventeenth Century Philosophy.&quot;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5575.jpeg 218w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5575-204x300.jpeg 204w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/daniel-garber\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/daniel-garber\">Daniel<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Garber_(philosopher)\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Garber_(philosopher)\">Garber<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophydepartment.smugmug.com\/Margaret-Dauler-Wilson-Lectures\/CUserskf8DesktopMargaret-Dauler-Wilson-2020\/i-NcpGVKL\/A\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-10568\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2622.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized head and upper torso photographic cutout of a glasses wearing Dan Garber sitting sideways with full beard and mustache wearing a blue shirt with no tie under a red sweater under a tan sports coat  used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2622.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2622-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2622-150x112.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/michael-richard-ayers\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/michael-richard-ayers\">Michael<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_R._Ayers\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_R._Ayers\">Ayers<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/oxford.academia.edu\/MichaelAyers\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-10209\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1634.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of a glasses wearing Michael Ayers wearing a light purple turtleneck under a black zippered jacket unzipped to center chest used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1634.jpeg 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1634-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1634-150x150.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1634-600x600.jpeg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, 953\u20131002. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:29px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\">Hatfield<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philarchive.org\/s\/Gary%20Hatfield\">Gary<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/vitae.html\">Carl<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"189\" class=\"wp-image-2681\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1853.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1853.png 212w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1853-199x300.png 199w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>. Ch. 14: &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-history-of-french-thought\/descartes\/39A4D60CF5B47782F1828DD5308CFBF6\">Descartes<\/a>.\u201d In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/cambridge-history-of-french-thought\/D41470EECCC370BD8A70E03BABBDB279\">The Cambridge History of French Thought<\/a><\/em>. Edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Michael%20Moriarty\">Michael<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mmll.cam.ac.uk\/mm10005\">Moriarty<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Trinity.SLLCS\/photos\/guest-lecture-by-prof-michael-moriarty-peterhouse-univ-of-cambridge-on-jansenism\/835174533182272\/?paipv=0&amp;eav=AfajIIwVxx1d3TP7io-zaBawmO1Ks4xpEBU9-vgcWn5CRaT0T-w7pkXzYSDxGUs4wqU&amp;_rdr\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"144\" class=\"wp-image-7036\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/SIX_66121127-3E71-4CCB-AACA-F9355B663FB5.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of a middle-aged Michael Moriarty, with glasses facing forward and a light tan collared shirt open at his neck, is used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/SIX_66121127-3E71-4CCB-AACA-F9355B663FB5.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/SIX_66121127-3E71-4CCB-AACA-F9355B663FB5-300x288.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kcl.ac.uk\/people\/professor-jeremy-jennings\">Jeremy<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeremy_Jennings\">Jennings<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/VkxLfRjEYHQBHfrJ9\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"161\" class=\"wp-image-14369\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6936.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Jeremy Jennings wearing glasses, a starched collared white shirt, a black tie with white patterns, and a black suit jacket is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6936.png 280w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6936-233x300.png 233w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6936-117x150.png 117w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2019): 124\u201334.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\">Hatfield<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philarchive.org\/s\/Gary%20Hatfield\">Gary<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/web.sas.upenn.edu\/endowed-professors\/hatfield\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"176\" class=\"wp-image-11324\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3475.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Gary Hatfield looking straight ahead with rimless glasses and a full brown and gray beard and mustache and wearing a blue shirt and tie under a dark blue suit coat used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3475.png 637w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3475-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3475-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3475-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201229215214id_\/https:\/\/s3-euw1-ap-pe-ws4-capi2-distribution-p.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\/books\/9780203427989\/HUBPMP\/9780203427989_googleScholarPDF.pdf?response-content-disposition=attachment%3B%20filename%3D%229780203427989_googlepreview.pdf%22&amp;response-content-type=application%2Fpdf&amp;x-amz-security-token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEK3%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCWV1LXdlc3QtMSJHMEUCIFGKef6ixemE3tAkCC7YrziT6Vw8JcGCNL7A6at1pKFtAiEAmRk4SNCdNwr20X4%2Bu3diERILehGKo7psBBR9CYPjFE4qtAMIZRACGgwwMTIxNzcyNjQ1MTEiDGgnQyPVYbMGrMjUuCqRA2JKfuTIoweRcpgvQ%2FBtjr3neJgoMbthMpo1krjI2V3C7dHghpcUQvu7ZGELVkYu%2BCIMcKoSuodCPYEd800CJSNiHlgmwZBPZc7lguixiYKIw6D196tzs9i%2BwYdRz7yFX5qzVT8apb1aNF4Du%2Fw%2F28%2FbGVoUL5hE13Dc5%2FpebQDrvpLZO0jbntCKMp3f16O%2Bib9Qw5SS5dQ1B9stxHw3rHu0%2FI3jyIn7gJqQXBaUqqxQ8vYqYlNEKRKkCJ1ZV%2BJtJceSnpEJOfiSynNmpeMGREG8F5fiFtO4QuOxW6L6h3fC6Y5oTwAHmg1sz1sNSNZrC2Kpzdxn5EU315tbXTMk2DNiJkManb%2BpTpv5r0%2Bd1NclXSAlSz7XzWIrkQRx9NHm%2F7mAfgzoEyJxdEzZh0EI78cunzTFlo9FckRC9zekoByy2ppROWDmVMHmDl0phlZwJgr0aoM1GzJ1DWO9WIWABAMhOVDhyki2d%2BnujRC83pnurmU%2FonBavwvkHZxtwq80fxvtV2RVxQ3a%2FE8E7gtYwwIgMPWdrv8FOusBIsFdMkAUiqFOIUjfw%2BuO7fN3%2BOHnW3bY3%2Bt9U34zx3gcKGTjUT4KFGHkQZ0uPa5WEwlzJxclT5bvUoOk%2BwHtv3d1s9ZrFlYJ5l2X92V62JXzLXm%2BLFQR4kMi9vQdzoYqne3Ps8ORnYJtVl%2FwrMN5RR5bXG8qkhxMvH0Hqy6ZjEXI2%2ByLT2zY7mlgeqDoqyu5JbQN4O57IATXDvCHdU0CfyVHsQUsyM5JVlxaA8zd54xWCVs2SHcq4TrFinrK407uimjNlg5m9Td9KeidcOcjaKBC0Lpik6CPU2NUbSENz6cxmLl1rCeVyrA2ow%3D%3D&amp;AWSAccessKeyId=ASIAQFVOSJ575VLVF5YD&amp;Expires=1609883533&amp;Signature=r3XLAqa5j0Fx8c0Qn4FBiIFVUjI%3D\">Descartes and the Meditations<\/a> <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/routledgephiloso0000hatf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"275\" class=\"wp-image-10571\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2627-1.jpeg\" alt=\"The uneven orange  book cover for &quot;Routledge Philosophy Guidelines to Descartes and the Meditations&quot; (2003) by Gary C. Hatfield with a white font title used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2627-1.jpeg 407w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2627-1-191x300.jpeg 191w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2627-1-95x150.jpeg 95w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. New York: Routledge, 2003.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Read his <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.sas.upenn.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/vita18nr.pdf\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">CV<\/span><\/a> through 2016.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>See his <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/vitae.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">publications, talks, and lectures (since 2004)<\/span><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>See <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Hatfield\u2019s Home Page<\/span><\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\">Hatfield<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philarchive.org\/s\/Gary%20Hatfield\">Gary<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" class=\"wp-image-11326\" style=\"width: 250px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3471.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of Gary Hatfield looking to his right with his left end extended and palm facing up as if he just tossed something in the air. He is wearing a dark blue suit jacket over a black vest and a dark blue shirt used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3471.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3471-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3471-150x113.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philarchive.org\/rec\/HATDNA\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philarchive.org\/rec\/HATDNA\">Descartes&#8217; Naturalism About the Mental<\/a>.&#8221;&nbsp;In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philarchive.org\/rec\/GAUDNP-2\">Descartes&#8217; Natural Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"275\" class=\"wp-image-7724\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_5157.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced light blues book cover of &quot;Descartes' Natural Philosophy&quot; edited by Stephen Gaukroger, John Schuster, and John Sutton used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_5157.jpeg 233w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_5157-218x300.jpeg 218w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20Gaukroger\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20Gaukroger\">Stephen<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\">Gaukroger<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"163\" class=\"wp-image-4088\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of a glasses adorned Stephen Gaukroger wearing a white shirt with dark blue and white striped tie under a dark blue sweater with a dark gray wool suit jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721-300x279.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globallisteningcentre.org\/member\/john-a-schuster\/#:~:text=He%20has%20well%20defined%20international,political%20functions%20of%20scientific%20method.\">John<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/sydney.academia.edu\/JohnSchuster\">A<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/descartes-agonistes.com\">Schuster<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globallisteningcentre.org\/member\/john-a-schuster\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"126\" class=\"wp-image-10987\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_58776198-4BBB-40BD-8019-C10CFC0029E7.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a sparsely mustached John A. Schuster with round glasses and a stern expression on his face, wearing a dark mauve shirt under a dark brown sports coat, was used to identify him visually.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_58776198-4BBB-40BD-8019-C10CFC0029E7.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_58776198-4BBB-40BD-8019-C10CFC0029E7-300x252.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_58776198-4BBB-40BD-8019-C10CFC0029E7-150x126.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/johnsutton.net\">John<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/johnsuttondotnet.files.wordpress.com\/2023\/10\/sutton_publications-list-oct-2023.pdf\">Sutton<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/johnsutton.net\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"148\" class=\"wp-image-12748\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/SIX_D95D6A06-8A08-413B-B731-796AEC9493E0.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of John Sutton with his chin up wearing a blue round neck t-shirt under a dark forrest green collared shirt is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/SIX_D95D6A06-8A08-413B-B731-796AEC9493E0.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/SIX_D95D6A06-8A08-413B-B731-796AEC9493E0-300x296.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/SIX_D95D6A06-8A08-413B-B731-796AEC9493E0-150x148.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, 630\u201358. New York: Routledge, 2000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\">Hatfield<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philarchive.org\/s\/Gary%20Hatfield\">Gary<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"151\" class=\"wp-image-11324\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3475.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Gary Hatfield looking straight ahead with rimless glasses and a full brown and gray beard and mustache and wearing a blue shirt and tie under a dark blue suit coat used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3475.png 637w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3475-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3475-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3475-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/data.isiscb.org\/isis\/citation\/CBB088587028\/\">Descartes: New Thoughts on the Senses<\/a>.&#8221;&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/journals\/rbjh20\">British Journal for the History of Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <em>25<\/em>, no. 3 (2016): 443\u201364.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09608788.2016.1214908\">ABSTRACT<\/a>:<\/strong> Descartes analysed the mind into various faculties or powers, including pure intellect, imagination, senses, and will. This article focuses on his account of the sensory power, in relation to its Aristotelian background. Descartes accepted from the Aristotelians that the senses serve to preserve the body by detecting benefits and harms. He rejected the scholastic Aristotelian sensory ontology of resembling species, or \u2018forms without matter\u2019. For the visual sense, Descartes offered a mechanistic ontology and a partially mechanized account of sensory processes, including some previously ascribed to judgement. He did this in the context of his theory of brain signs that prompt sensations. The article contends that Descartes\u2019s use of the sign-relation was modelled on standard discussions of non-resembling signs in commentaries on Aristotle\u2019s&nbsp;<em>De interpretatione<\/em>. It follows three uses of the sign-relation: brain states that cause colour sensations; brain states that cause experiences of spatialized contents, such as shapes; and brain states that realize a \u2018natural geometry\u2019. It argues that Descartes\u2019s natural geometry does not involve mental operations but physiological mechanisms that co-vary with the distance to seen objects. While retaining the language of sensory powers, Descartes offered a partial mechanization of those powers.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\">Hatfield<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philarchive.org\/s\/Gary%20Hatfield\">Gary<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/newtheory.wordpress.com\/biographies\/gary-hatfield\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-11331\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3473.png\" alt=\"This is a reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Gary Hatfield looking straight ahead with rimless glasses, a full brown and gray beard and mustache, and an all-black outfit used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3473.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3473-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3473-150x112.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/HATDPA\">Descartes\u2019 Physiology and its Relation to his Psychology<\/a>.&#8221; In&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/COTTCC\">The Cambridge Companion to Descartes<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Cambridge_Companion_to_Descartes.html?id=Prhr9FBdQ_MC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"301\" class=\"wp-image-1025\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_8980.png\" alt=\"The purple book cover of &quot;The Cambridge Companion to Descartes.&quot;\"><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\">John<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\">Cottingham<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"170\" class=\"wp-image-6751\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic color headshot cutout of John Cottingham facing forward wearing a white colored shirt with stripes and a blue suit jacket and sweater used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116.png 282w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116-264x300.png 264w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1992): 335\u201370.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\">Hatfield<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philarchive.org\/s\/Gary%20Hatfield\">Gary<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"164\" class=\"wp-image-11333\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3472.png\" alt=\"A reversed close colorized headshot of a rimless glasses wearing Gary Carl Hatfield with a full white beard and mustache and a dark shirt used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3472.png 488w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3472-229x300.png 229w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3472-114x150.png 114w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/descartes-meditations\/descartes-on-sensory-representation-objective-reality-and-material-falsity\/9CA709B7EC875BAF242E5A3303932D40\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/descartes-meditations\/descartes-on-sensory-representation-objective-reality-and-material-falsity\/9CA709B7EC875BAF242E5A3303932D40\">Descartes on Sensory Representation, Objective Reality, and Material Falsity<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/descartes-meditations\/FA7C5BC5F571915C45B716C3F115124A\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/descartes-meditations\/FA7C5BC5F571915C45B716C3F115124A\">Descartes\u2019 Meditations: A Critical Guide<\/a><\/em> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"225\" class=\"wp-image-8151\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_5314.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced image of the black and purple book cover of &quot;Descartes' Meditations: A Critical Guide&quot; edited by Karen Detlefsen used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_5314.jpeg 427w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_5314-200x300.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_5314-100x150.jpeg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.sas.upenn.edu\/people\/karen-detlefsen\">Karen<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/karen-detlefsen\">Detlefsen<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/penntoday.upenn.edu\/news\/pint-size-philosophers\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"123\" class=\"wp-image-11078\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2923.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of a lecturing Karen L. Detlefsen wearing a blue print blouse under a red sweater, her arms raised, and her glasses propped on top of her head is used to identify her visually. \" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2923.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2923-300x246.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2923-150x123.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>.Cambridge University Press:&nbsp;&nbsp;February 5, 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/descartes-meditations\/descartes-on-sensory-representation-objective-reality-and-material-falsity\/9CA709B7EC875BAF242E5A3303932D40\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> This chapter considers Descartes&#8217; systematic doctrines on the nature of the mind and its ideas. It combines Descartes&#8217; statements on sensation and perception for hints about how to apply such principles. Outside the Meditations and Principles, Descartes discusses the anatomy, physiology, and mental operation of the senses in the Dioptrics and Passions. Descartes further develops the notion of ideas as images by explaining that differences in the objective reality of ideas amount to differences in what those ideas represent. The author favors an interpretation in which, for Descartes, all sensory ideas represent by resemblance, different kinds of sensory ideas vary in cognitive value, externalization arises through spatial localization, and, with sensory ideas of color and the like, as materially false they do not intrinsically misrepresent but afford occasion for false judgments, which arise as merely apparent, and so not actually legitimate, teachings of nature.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\">Hatfield<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philarchive.org\/s\/Gary%20Hatfield\">Gary<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\" class=\"wp-image-11326\" style=\"width: 225px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3471.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of Gary Hatfield looking to his right with his left end extended and palm facing up as if he just tossed something in the air. He is wearing a dark blue suit jacket over a black vest and a dark blue shirt used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3471.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3471-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3471-150x113.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/09515080701422041\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/09515080701422041\">Did Descartes Have a Jamesian Theory of the Emotions?<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Philosophical Psychology<\/em> 20 (2007): 413\u201340.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\">Hatfield<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philarchive.org\/s\/Gary%20Hatfield\">Gary<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/newtheory.wordpress.com\/biographies\/gary-hatfield\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-11331\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3473.png\" alt=\"This is a reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Gary Hatfield looking straight ahead with rimless glasses, a full brown and gray beard and mustache, and an all-black outfit used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3473.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3473-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3473-150x112.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/HATLIP\">L\u2019Homme in Psychology and Neuroscience<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/GAUDTO-3\">Descartes\u2019 Treatise on Man and Its Reception<\/a><\/em> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"350\" height=\"255\" class=\"wp-image-12753\" style=\"width: 350px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5422.jpeg\" alt=\"For visual identification, an enhanced color image of the front and back dark blue covers of \u201cDescartes\u2019 Treatise on Man and its Reception,\u201d edited by Delphine Antoine-Mahut and Stephen Gaukroger, is used.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5422.jpeg 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5422-300x219.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5422-150x109.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20Gaukroger\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20Gaukroger\">Stephen<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\">Gaukroger<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"163\" class=\"wp-image-4088\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of a glasses adorned Stephen Gaukroger wearing a white shirt with dark blue and white striped tie under a dark blue sweater with a dark gray wool suit jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721-300x279.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>and <a href=\"https:\/\/delphineantoinemahut.academia.edu\/\">Delphine<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/delphine-antoine-mahut\">Antoine-Mahut<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/ihrim.ens-lyon.fr\/auteur\/antoine-mahut-delphine\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"156\" class=\"wp-image-12755\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5429.png\" alt=\"For visual identification, a reversed, enhanced color photographic cutout of Delphine Antoine-Mahut wearing dangling earrings, a metal necklace, and a black V-neck shirt is used.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5429.png 384w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5429-288x300.png 288w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5429-144x150.png 144w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. New York: Springer (2016): 269\u201385.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\">Hatfield<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philarchive.org\/s\/Gary%20Hatfield\">Gary<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/vitae.html\">Carl<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"189\" class=\"wp-image-2681\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1853.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1853.png 212w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1853-199x300.png 199w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/HatFirstNatD.pdf\">First Philosophy and Natural Philosophy in Descartes*<\/a>.\u201d In <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Philosophy_Its_History_and_Historiograph.html?id=u47HBAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Philosophy, Its History and Historiography<\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/aut.mykoha.co.nz\/cgi-bin\/koha\/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=251831\">A(lan).<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/A.%20J.%20Holland\">J(ohn).<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lancaster.ac.uk\/ppr\/people\/alan-holland\">Holland<\/a> (no known photo), 149\u201364. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing, 1985.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/HatFirstNatD.pdf\">Opening two paragraphs<\/a>:<\/strong> Descartes was both metaphysician and natural philosopher. He used his metaphysics (among other things) to ground portions of his physics (or natural philosophy, or science of nature). However, as should be a commonplace but is not, he did not think he could spin all of his physics out of his metaphysics <em>a priori<\/em>, and in fact he both emphasized the need for appeals to experience in his methodological remarks on philosophizing about nature and constantly appealed to experience in describing his own philosophy of nature. It remains unclear exactly what he took to be amenable to empirical support, and how his appeal to experience was squared with his notorious demand for absolute certainty in matters philosophical.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is illuminating to consider Descartes&#8217; exploits in physics and metaphysics against the background of scholastic Aristotelianism. By focusing on what was novel in Descartes from this perspective, there emerges a different than usual picture of his work and its significance. For, while it may be that to the present-day philosophical mind the most troublesome and perplexing side of Descartes&#8217; dualistic ontology is the purported existence of a special mind-stuff, when Descartes first proposed his division of creation into mind and matter, the most troublesome claim for his scholastic audience would have been the conception of matter as a substance whose sole essence is extension. Descartes not only promoted the existence of such a substance, but he contended that all of nature is nothing but passive, inert, extended substance, thus denying in one fell swoop the scholastic Aristotelian conception of nature as populated with active principles and substantial forms. This radical rejection of the scholastic ontology not only embodied a substantively new conception of nature; it carried with it a new conception of the relationship among the three traditional branches of theoretical philosophy\u2014physics, mathematics, and metaphysics\u2014as well as a new ideal of &#8216;scientific&#8217; reasoning about natural things.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\">Hatfield<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philarchive.org\/s\/Gary%20Hatfield\">Gary<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/web.sas.upenn.edu\/endowed-professors\/hatfield\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"176\" class=\"wp-image-11324\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3475.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Gary Hatfield looking straight ahead with rimless glasses and a full brown and gray beard and mustache and wearing a blue shirt and tie under a dark blue suit coat used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3475.png 637w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3475-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3475-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3475-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/archive\/HATMAA-2.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/archive\/HATMAA-2.pdf\">Mental Acts and Mechanistic Psychology in Descartes\u2019 Passions<\/a>.&#8221; In&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/ROBDAT-7\">Descartes and the Modern<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridgescholars.com\/product\/9781847181527\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"245\" class=\"wp-image-12758\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5433.jpeg\" alt=\"The book cover of &quot;Descartes and the Modern&quot; features an enhanced robin egg blue color with a black vertical stripe on the left side. The title is in black font at the top, and the book is edited by Neil Robertson, Gordon McQuat, and Tom Vinci and used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5433.jpeg 457w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5433-214x300.jpeg 214w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5433-107x150.jpeg 107w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/ukings.ca\/people\/neil-robertson\/\">Neil<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/neil-robertson\">Robertson<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/ukings.ca\/people\/neil-robertson\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"8504\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"138\" class=\"wp-image-12761\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/SIX_DCC7DA56-B05B-41C0-9C5F-23E6A4BDF3A8.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of Neil Robertson wearing glasses, a white shirt with subtle vertical stripes, and a yellow tie under a dark gray suit coat is used for visual identification. \" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/SIX_DCC7DA56-B05B-41C0-9C5F-23E6A4BDF3A8.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/SIX_DCC7DA56-B05B-41C0-9C5F-23E6A4BDF3A8-300x276.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/SIX_DCC7DA56-B05B-41C0-9C5F-23E6A4BDF3A8-150x138.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/ukings.ca\/people\/gordon-mcouat\/\">Gordon<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=MTDooP4AAAAJ&amp;hl=en\">McOuat<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/ukings.ca\/people\/gordon-mcouat\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"131\" class=\"wp-image-12763\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5446.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Gordon McQuat wearing a yellow open-collared shirt under a gray suit coat is used for visual identification. \" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5446.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5446-300x224.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5446-150x112.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.dal.ca\/content\/dam\/dalhousie\/pdf\/faculty\/arts\/philosophy\/Alumni-and-Friends-Documents\/CV_2019_04_17_long.pdf\">Tom<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/asearch.pl?filterByAreas=&amp;filterMode=notauthors&amp;proOnly=on&amp;categorizerOn=&amp;sort=relevance&amp;newWindow=&amp;publishedOnly=&amp;year=&amp;sqc=&amp;onlineOnly=&amp;freeOnly=&amp;showCategories=on&amp;langFilter=&amp;author=Vinci%2C%20Thomas%20C%2E&amp;searchStr=Thomas%20C%2E%20Vinci&amp;hideAbstracts=&amp;\">C<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Thomas%20C.%20Vinci\">Vinci<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/dal.academia.edu\/TomVinci\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"146\" class=\"wp-image-4683\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7787.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced,  colorized photographic headshot cutout of Tom C. Vinci's head tilted to his right with a full white beard and darker gray mustache wearing a networked patterned  shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7787.png 274w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7787-257x300.png 257w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing (2007): 49\u201371.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/HATMAA-2\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">Abstract<\/mark><\/a>:<\/strong> This chapter examines the mechanistic psychology of Descartes in the <em>Passions<\/em>, while also drawing on the <em>Treatise on Man<\/em>. It develops the idea of a Cartesian \u201cpsychology\u201d that relies on purely bodily mechanisms by showing that he explained some behaviorally appropriate responses through bodily mechanisms alone and that he envisioned the tailoring of such responses to environmental circumstances through a purely corporeal \u201cmemory.\u201d An animal\u2019s adjustment of behavior as caused by recurring patterns of sensory stimulation falls under the notion of \u201clearning,\u201d behavioristically conceived. Indeed, Descartes\u2019s animal-machine hypothesis may well be a distant ancestor to Watsonian behaviorism, via T. H. Huxley (1884). The final two sections of the chapter take stock of what psychological capacities Descartes ascribed to mind, body, or both, and consider those capacities that we might now plausibly construe as being explicable by nonmentalistic mechanisms as opposed to those that at present remain unreducedly mentalistic. This chapter derives from a lecture delivered at the University of King&#8217;s College (Halifax, Nova Scotia) as part of a year-long series on Descartes and the Modern. The lecture series was co-sponsored by the programs in History of Science and Early Modern and Contemporary Studies.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\">Hatfield<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philarchive.org\/s\/Gary%20Hatfield\">Gary<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\" class=\"wp-image-11326\" style=\"width: 225px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3471.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of Gary Hatfield looking to his right with his left end extended and palm facing up as if he just tossed something in the air. He is wearing a dark blue suit jacket over a black vest and a dark blue shirt used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3471.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3471-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3471-150x113.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/HATTPO-2\">The Passions of the Soul and Descartes\u2019s Machine Psychology<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A<\/em>&nbsp;38, no. 1 (2007): 1\u201335.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\">Hatfield<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philarchive.org\/s\/Gary%20Hatfield\">Gary<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/vitae.html\">Carl<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"189\" class=\"wp-image-2681\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1853.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1853.png 212w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1853-199x300.png 199w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/9780470996904.ch3\">Rationalist theories of sense perception and mind-body relation<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/HATRTO\">A Companion to Rationalism (Blackwell Companions to Philosophy)<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=Awc5wgbeeW0C&amp;pg=PT12&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"253\" class=\"wp-image-12772\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5449.jpeg\" alt=\"For visual identification, the enhanced orangey-beige cream book cover of \u201cA Companion to Rationalism,\u201d edited by Alan Nelson, with a dark purple Paul Klee-styled inset painting, is used. \" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5449.jpeg 443w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5449-208x300.jpeg 208w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5449-104x150.jpeg 104w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/alan-nelson\">Alan<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.unc.edu\/people\/alan-nelson\/\">Nelson<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.unc.edu\/people\/alan-nelson\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"171\" class=\"wp-image-2696\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1880.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color headshot of Alan Nelson from his University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill website identifying his face.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1880.png 281w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1880-263x300.png 263w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. Blackwell Publishing (2005): 31\u201360.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/HATRTO\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> This chapter compares rationalist theories of sense perception to previously held theories of perception (especially of vision) and examines rationalist accounts of sensory qualities and sensory representation, of the role of the sense-based passions in guiding behavior, of the epistemological benefits and dangers of sense perception, and of mind\u2013body relations. Each section begins with Descartes, the first major rationalist of the seventeenth century. The other major rationalists, Malebranche, Spinoza, and Leibniz, and also lesser known figures such as Pierre Regis, Jacques Rohault, and Antoine Le Grand, were well acquainted with Descartes&#8217; work. Indeed, the first three were each deeply influenced by Descartes in their early years before developing their own philosophical systems, and the latter three were all advocates of Descartes&#8217; philosophy (perhaps with slight revision). Each of the major rationalists, while sharing some positions in common, developed a distinctive metaphysics of perception and of the mind\u2013body relation. Earlier sections chart these differences and a final section sums up common features and touches on the continuing significance of their views.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\">Hatfield<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philarchive.org\/s\/Gary%20Hatfield\">Gary<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/vitae.html\">Carl<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/vlst.sas.upenn.edu\/people\/gary-hatfield\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"219\" class=\"wp-image-14537\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_7011.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Gary Hatfield shot from behind on his right side with him wearing a cap, glasses, and a sleeveless brown striped sweater vest is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_7011.jpeg 407w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_7011-206x300.jpeg 206w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_7011-103x150.jpeg 103w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1002\/9781405164856.ch1\">Ren\u00e9 Descartes<\/a>.\u201d In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/book\/10.1002\/9781405164856\">The Blackwell Guide to the Modern Philosophers\u2014From Descartes to Nietzsche<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/book\/10.1002\/9781405164856\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"252\" class=\"wp-image-14543\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_7017.jpeg\" alt=\"The white background with a blue picture of uplifted severe rocks book cover of \u201cThe Blackwell Guide to Modern Philosophers: From Descartes to Nietzsche\u201d (1991), edited by Stephen M Emmanuel, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_7017.jpeg 363w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_7017-209x300.jpeg 209w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_7017-104x150.jpeg 104w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/steven-michael-emmanuel\">Steven<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/steven-emmanuel-00ab2110\/\">M<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/semmanuel1.wixsite.com\/website-4\">Emmanuel<\/a>. Malden, Mass.: Wiley-Blackwell (1991): 1-27.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1002\/9781405164856.ch1\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"13769\">Summary<\/a>:<\/strong> Descartes is the most notorious of modern philosophers. His philosophical teachings have been so influential that they cannot be avoided, whether one agrees with them or not. The extreme skeptical doubt brought on by the \u201cevil deceiver\u201d can seem easy to dismiss, or hard to shake. Descartes&#8217;s way out of this skepticism, through the famous phrase \u201cI think, therefore I am,\u201d finds many uses in one-line humor. It seems funny that anyone would need to prove that they exist \u2013 especially to themselves. His theory that mind and body are independent substances, which is known as \u201cmind-body dualism,\u201d has provoked the greatest philosophical response. Few now accept the philosophical theory that mind is a substance independent of body. But Descartes is still much invoked in the philosophy of mind, as hero or villain, by those who admire or disparage his realism about the mental. Some blame him for many modern ills, contending that his dualism caused thinkers to devalue the body and emotions. Others find cause to celebrate his high achievements in mathematics, natural philosophy (or natural science), and metaphysics.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\">Hatfield<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philarchive.org\/s\/Gary%20Hatfield\">Gary<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\" class=\"wp-image-11326\" style=\"width: 225px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3471.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of Gary Hatfield looking to his right with his left end extended and palm facing up as if he just tossed something in the air. He is wearing a dark blue suit jacket over a black vest and a dark blue shirt used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3471.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3471-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3471-150x113.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/people.tamu.edu\/~sdaniel\/abstract14.html\">Rethinking Descartes on the Senses<\/a>.\u201d Presentation talk at the 2014 South Central Seminar in Early Modern Philosophy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/people.tamu.edu\/~sdaniel\/abstract14.html\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> Since the time of Berkeley, a predominant interpretation of Descartes&#8217; theory of vision is that it begins with a bare sensation in two-dimensions, with the third dimension being inferred by unnoticed or habitual processes of reasoning. There have been various challenges to this view, including my own recent argument that, in the&nbsp;<em>Treatise on Man<\/em>, Descartes developed a sophisticated account of a physiological mechanism to &#8220;compute&#8221; the results of what he terms &#8220;natural geometry.&#8221; Accordingly, the triangle of convergence (involving the two eyes focused on a distant point) does not involve mental computation but physiomechanical computation. Without attributing representations to the bodily states, he treats them as informational in a Gibsonian sense: certain bodily states are correlated with distal states of affairs, and they produce in the mind a representation of that state of affairs-in this case, of a location in space at a distance. Thus, in at least some cases, depth and distance are phenomenally immediate sensory representations and not the product of mental inference. In this talk, I will extend this sort of account to other areas of Descartes&#8217; theory of visual perception, including the perception of colors in bodies and of the potential benefits and harms of external objects. Drawing on the&nbsp;<em>Treatise<\/em>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<em>Passions<\/em>, I will suggest that Descartes envisioned, in these cases, brain states that correlate with external states of affairs such as physical color in bodies and potentially beneficial or harmful properties of bodies, and that these brain states then cause mental representations of surface colors, things that are edible, dangerous animals, and the like.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\">Hatfield<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philarchive.org\/s\/Gary%20Hatfield\">Gary<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/web.sas.upenn.edu\/endowed-professors\/hatfield\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"151\" class=\"wp-image-11324\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3475.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Gary Hatfield looking straight ahead with rimless glasses and a full brown and gray beard and mustache and wearing a blue shirt and tie under a dark blue suit coat used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3475.png 637w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3475-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3475-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3475-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/HATTRG-2\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/HATTRG-2\">Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Descartes and the Meditations<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Routledge_Philosophy_Guidebook_to_Descar.html?id=69OohGdB6j0C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"281\" class=\"wp-image-12776\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5452.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced orangey-red with the title in white font of &quot;Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Descartes and the Meditations&quot; (2014) by Gary Hatfield is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5452.jpeg 399w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5452-187x300.jpeg 187w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5452-94x150.jpeg 94w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. New York: Routledge, 2014.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\">Hatfield<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philarchive.org\/s\/Gary%20Hatfield\">Gary<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"164\" class=\"wp-image-11333\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3472.png\" alt=\"A reversed close colorized headshot of a rimless glasses wearing Gary Carl Hatfield with a full white beard and mustache and a dark shirt used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3472.png 488w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3472-229x300.png 229w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3472-114x150.png 114w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/>. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/archive\/HATTOM.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/archive\/HATTOM.pdf\">Transparency of the Mind: The Contributions of Descartes, Leibniz, and Berkeley to the Genesis of the Modern Subject<\/a>.&#8221; In <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Departure_for_Modern_Europe.html?id=7QqKDwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_entity&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=US#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><em>Departure for Modern Europe: A Handbook of Early Modern Philosophy (1400<\/em>\u2013<em>1700)<\/em><\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"246\" class=\"wp-image-12780\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5458.png\" alt=\"Bbb\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5458.png 455w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5458-213x300.png 213w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5458-107x150.png 107w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/de.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hubertus_Busche\">Hubertus Busche<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/doppelwacholder.wordpress.com\/2020\/04\/10\/neue-professorin-an-der-fernuniversitaet-ein-bekanntes-gesicht\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"151\" class=\"wp-image-12781\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5464.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced, color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Hubertus Busche with glasses and a blue collared shirt under a dark blue suit coat is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5464.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5464-300x259.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5464-150x129.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, 361\u201375. Hamburg: Felix Meiner Verlag, 2001. Also readable at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/120720020\/Transparency_of_Mind_The_Contributions_of_Descartes_Leibniz_and_Berkeley_to_the_Genesis_of_the_Modern_Subject\">Academia.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/HATTOM\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> The chapter focuses on attributions of the transparency of thought to early modern figures, most notably Descartes. Many recent philosophers assume that Descartes believed the mind to be \u201ctransparent\u201d: since all mental states are conscious, we are therefore aware of them all, and indeed incorrigibly know them all. Descartes, and Berkeley too, do make statements that seem to endorse both aspects of the transparency theses (awareness of all mental states; incorrigibility). However, they also make systematic theoretical statements that directly countenance \u201cunnoticed\u201d thoughts or mental states, that is, thoughts or mental states of which the subject is unaware and has no knowledge. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Descartes, having identified the essence of mind with thought or representation, distinguishes bare states of mind from states of which we have reflective awareness, thereby providing a theoretical tool for understanding both his seeming endorsement of transparency and his actual denial of it: Descartes distinguished between a basic perceptual state, or a basic awareness, and reflectively conscious states that involve explicit noticing and cognizing on the part of the subject.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Leibniz (as is better known) directly endorsed a similar distinction between bare perception and reflective consciousness, using the term \u201cperception\u201d for the first and \u201capperception\u201d for the second. In these cases, bare perceptions are not transparently available to the subject, and so in fact the subject does not have knowledge, hence does not have incorrigible knowledge, of all its occurrent mental states. This chapter gives evidence to support these claims; elaborates the complex psychology of the subject found in Descartes and other early moderns; and notes some ways in which these early moderns contributed to the genesis of the modern subject.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Finally, it compares McDowell\u2019s conception of the Cartesian mind with the conceptions of mind found in the writings of Descartes, Berkeley, and Leibniz, finding that his characterization caricatures the positions of early modern philosophers. McDowell&#8217;s characterization has four elements: consciousness as essence of mind; intentionality as exclusively mental; the veil of perception; and the transparency of mind. Only the second point, about intentionality, fully fits Descartes. As a consequence of his own misdirection, McDowell misses the actual basis of his difficulty in connecting mind with world, which arises from a point of agreement between him and Descartes: the removal of intentionality from material sensory systems. But whereas Descartes could relocate (nonconceptual) sensory intentionality in mental states, McDowell is left to account for it with his overly cognitivized scheme of perceptual content as exclusively conceptual. (Paper first given at the European Society for Early Modern Philosophy, 2007.)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/David%20Hausman\">Hausman<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.smu.edu\/Dedman\/Academics\/Departments\/Philosophy\/Undergraduate\/Student-Awards\">David<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcollections.smu.edu\/digital\/api\/collection\/rtd\/id\/18765\/download\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"148\" class=\"wp-image-7687\" style=\"width: 225px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_5078.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photograph of a David Hausman with glasses and full dark beard and mustache wearing a light blue collared shirt under a dark blue sweater used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_5078.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_5078-300x197.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a> and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/alan-hausman\/publications?app=philjobs&amp;order=added\">Alan<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/alan-hausman\/publications\">Hausman<\/a><\/strong> (no known photo). <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_s_Legacy.html?id=VuqMBgAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Descartes&#8217;s Legacy: Mind and Meaning in Early Modern Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_s_Legacy.html?id=VuqMBgAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"269\" class=\"wp-image-4795\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_8064.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced dark blue book cover for &quot;Descartes's Legacy: Mind and Meaning in Early Modern Philosophy&quot; (1997) by David and Alan Hausman used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_8064.jpeg 208w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_8064-195x300.jpeg 195w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Toronto:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/search?query=*&amp;publisherFacet=University+of+Toronto+Press\">University of Toronto Press<\/a>, 1997. Also available at <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/descartesslegacy0000haus\">Internet Archive<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/descartesslegacy0000haus\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"306\" class=\"wp-image-4800\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_8066.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced black  book cover for &quot;Descartes's Legacy: Mind and Meaning in Early Modern Philosophy&quot; (1997) with a young Descartes face on the cover by David and Alan Hausman used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_8066.jpeg 209w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_8066-196x300.jpeg 196w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/David%20Hausman\">Hausman<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.smu.edu\/Dedman\/Academics\/Departments\/Philosophy\/Undergraduate\/Student-Awards\">David<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcollections.smu.edu\/digital\/api\/collection\/rtd\/id\/18765\/download\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"148\" class=\"wp-image-7687\" style=\"width: 225px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_5078.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photograph of a David Hausman with glasses and full dark beard and mustache wearing a light blue collared shirt under a dark blue sweater used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_5078.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_5078-300x197.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a> and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/alan-hausman\/publications?app=philjobs&amp;order=added\">Alan<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/alan-hausman\/publications\">Hausman<\/a><\/strong> (no known photo). &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40231771?googleloggedin=true\">Descartes&#8217;s Secular Semantics<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Canadian Journal of Philosophy<\/em> <a class=\"  \" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/i40008554\">22, no. 1, March, 1992<\/a>, 81\u2013104.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/artsandsciences.syracuse.edu\/people\/faculty\/heller-mark\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/artsandsciences.syracuse.edu\/people\/faculty\/heller-mark\/\"><strong>Heller, Mark<\/strong><\/a>  <a href=\"https:\/\/artsandsciences.syracuse.edu\/people\/faculty\/heller-mark\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"226\" class=\"wp-image-3169\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2634.png\" alt=\"A color photographic cutout of Mark Heller of Syracuse University used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2634.png 212w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2634-199x300.png 199w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/canadian-journal-of-philosophy\/article\/abs\/painted-mules-and-the-cartesian-circle\/EE8F8094040854B2DBA8B2E5E7F0E759\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/canadian-journal-of-philosophy\/article\/abs\/painted-mules-and-the-cartesian-circle\/EE8F8094040854B2DBA8B2E5E7F0E759\">Painted Mules and the Cartesian Circle<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Canadian Journal of Philosophy<\/em>, 26, no. 1 (1996): 29\u201355.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Boris-Hennig\">Hennig<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/boris-hennig\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/boris-hennig\">Boris<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"140\" class=\"wp-image-3816\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5802.png\" alt=\"A reversed and enhanced color photographic cutout headshot of a young beardless slightly smiling Boris Hennig used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5802.png 286w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5802-268x300.png 268w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/> . &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.borishennig.de\/texte\/publications\/dcart_bjhp.pdf\">Cartesian Conscientia<\/a>.&#8221; <em>British Journal for the History of Philosophy<\/em> 15, no. 3 (2007): 455\u201384. Also readable <a href=\"https:\/\/www.borishennig.de\/texte\/publications\/dcart_bjhp.pdf\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>See Boris Hennig\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.borishennig.de\/texte\/index.php\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">homepage<\/span><\/a> with many clickable .pdf\u2019s of his publications.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Read his <a href=\"https:\/\/www.borishennig.de\/me\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">CV<span style=\"color:#2271B1\"><\/span><\/span><\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Boris-Hennig\">Hennig<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/boris-hennig\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/boris-hennig\">Boris<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"198\" class=\"wp-image-3817\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5801.png\" alt=\"A reversed and enhanced color photographic cutout headshot of a middle aged red mustache and long  goatee slightly smiling Boris Hennig used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5801.png 242w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5801-227x300.png 227w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/20484600\">Conscientia bei Descartes<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Zeitschrift f\u00fcr philosophische Forschung<\/em> <a class=\"  \" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/i20484597\">60, no. 1 (Jan.\u2013Mar., 2006)<\/a>: 21\u201336.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Boris-Hennig\">Hennig<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/boris-hennig\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/boris-hennig\">Boris<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.torontomu.ca\/philosophy\/faculty-staff\/boris-hennig\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"210\" class=\"wp-image-14481\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6976.png\" alt=\"A color photographic headshot of Boris Hennig with a mustache and long haired goatee and wearing a black shirt is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6976.png 457w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6976-214x300.png 214w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6976-107x150.png 107w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.borishennig.de\/texte\/publications\/insofar.pdf\">&#8216;Insofar as&#8217; in Descartes&#8217; Definition of Thought<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Studia Leibnitiana<\/em> <a class=\"  \" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/i40149019\">43, no. 2 (2011)<\/a>: 145\u201359. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/HENCBD-2\">Abstract in English<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hsc.edu\/marc-hight\">Hight<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/greenerlifeclub.com\/dr-marc-a-hight-ph-d\/\">Marc<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=7SP5sagAAAAJ&amp;hl=en\">A<\/a>.<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/nhaWJXaHkRSsKLa29\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"146\" class=\"wp-image-11123\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3086.png\" alt=\"This is a reversed enhanced color photographic cutout of Marc A. Hight from the waist up, with glasses and a white collared shirt with a hard-to-see gray grid pattern used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3086.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3086-300x291.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3086-150x146.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Idea_and_Ontology\/Pu0vLmbQ0QwC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;printsec=frontcover\">Idea and Ontology. An Essay in Early Modern Metaphysics of Ideas<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/VUbU7o3iZJsRqSbx6\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"225\" class=\"wp-image-11120\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3080.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced light yellow\/tan book cover of \u201cIdea and Ontology: An Essay on Early Modern Metaphysics of Ideas\u201d by Marc A. Hight is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3080.jpeg 427w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3080-200x300.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3080-100x150.jpeg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. University Park, The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>See the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.5325\/j.ctt7v1qn?turn_away=true\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Table of Contents with opening paragraphs<\/span><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Especially see <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5325\/j.ctt7v1qn.7\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Ch. 2 \u201cDescartes\u201d<\/span><\/a> pp. 37\u201354 whose opening is shown below:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cConventional wisdom, like the early modern tale, holds Ren\u00e9 Descartes responsible for effecting a revolutionary break from the Scholastic tradition, particularly in the theory of ideas. Although he applied the term \u201cidea\u201d in a new way and built an innovative mechanistic theory of perception that capitalizes on this new use, it is not at all obvious that Descartes advanced a new and clear theory of the ontological status of ideas. We are, in the main, still in familiar conceptual territory. He tells Hobbes in the Third Replies that \u201cI used the word \u2018idea\u2019 because it was the standard philosophical term . . . \u201c<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\">Hoffman, Paul<\/a> David<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"198\" class=\"wp-image-2687\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1860.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and colorized headshot of Paul Hoffman used for identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1860.png 243w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1860-228x300.png 228w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1468-0114.1990.tb00406.x\">Cartesian Passions and Cartesian Dualism<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Pacific Philosophical Quarterly<\/em> 71, no. 4 (December 1990): 310\u201333.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\">Hoffman, Paul<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophynews.com\/descartes-scholar-paul-hoffman-dies\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"115\" height=\"164\" class=\"wp-image-11127\" style=\"width: 115px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1002.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic close-up headshot cutout of a smiling Paul Hoffman with rimless glasses was used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1002.png 450w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1002-211x300.png 211w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1002-105x150.png 105w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 115px) 100vw, 115px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1_95O6rp2a1m6Lk72Y-Kl-hAyXOQVQ874\/view\">Descartes<\/a>.\u201d In <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/book\/10.1002\/9781444323528\"><em>A Companion to the Philosophy of Action<\/em><\/a>, Chapter 59, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/authored-by\/O%27Connor\/Timothy\">Timothy O&#8217;Connor<\/a> and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/authored-by\/Sandis\/Constantine\">Constantine Sandis<\/a>. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing (2010): 481\u201389.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\">Hoffman, Paul<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-11125\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3111.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic cutout of a smiling Paul Hoffman in a black wetsuit with blue shoulders was used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3111.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3111-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3111-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3111-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1JnroDiZnceSyngOttJwt5h0C90S-cVCL\/view\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1JnroDiZnceSyngOttJwt5h0C90S-cVCL\/view\">Descartes on Misrepresentation<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Journal of the History of Philosophy<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/pub\/1\/article\/225825\/summary\">34, no. 3  (July 1996)<\/a>: 357\u201381. Also <a href=\"https:\/\/zlibrary.to\/filedownload\/essays-on-descartes\">downloadable from <\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/zlibrary.to\/filedownload\/essays-on-descartes\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/zlibrary.to\/filedownload\/essays-on-descartes\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"23\" class=\"wp-image-1700\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_0139.png\" alt=\"The red, blue, and lime green logo for ZLIBRARY.TO.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_0139.png 2048w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_0139-300x47.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_0139-1024x160.png 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_0139-768x120.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_0139-1536x240.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/HOFDOM\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> I examine Descartes&#8217;s theory of cognition, taking as a starting point his account of how misperception is possible. In the Third Meditation Descartes introduces the hypothesis that there are ideas (such as the idea of cold) which seem to be of something real but which in fact represent nothing (if, for example, cold is a privation or absence of heat, rather than the presence of a positive quality). I argue, against Margaret Wilson, that Descartes does not think there are any such ideas and that he introduces the hypothesis only in order to formulate an objection to his argument for the existence of God. I argue further that while he agrees with Arnauld in accepting the Aristotelian account of cognition according to which the very objects in the world that we perceive exist in the soul or its ideas objectively, he still has a satisfactory response to Arnauld&#8217;s objection that since an idea can represent only what it appears to be of, all error must reside solely in our judgment. I claim that Arnauld&#8217;s objection that an idea represents what it appears to be of is based on the assumption that an idea appears to be of what exists in it objectively. But Descartes makes room for the possibility of misrepresentation by distinguishing between what exists objectively in an idea and what that idea appears to be of. First, he thinks that it is at least coherent to suppose that an idea lacking objective reality could appear to be of something in virtue of its material reality. Since an idea lacking objective reality would not represent any thing that exists in the world, Descartes concedes that it would not misrepresent any actually existing thing, but it could still appear to be of some thing and in that way misrepresent the way the world is. Second, there is reason to claim that like some of his Aristotelian predecessors Descartes holds that what exists in the soul objectively can appear to be other than it is. This interpretation has the implication that Descartes&#8217;s theory of ideas, in contrast to sense datum theories, is not driven by the motive of finding some entity which is exactly as it appears to serve as the object of immediate awareness<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\">Hoffman, Paul<\/a><\/strong>  <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"198\" class=\"wp-image-2687\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1860.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and colorized headshot of Paul Hoffman used for identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1860.png 243w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1860-228x300.png 228w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1AhBxKy-g-R8GyJNzD3xL9lzQxJ75uW05\/view?pli=1\">Direct Realism, Intentionality and the Objective Being of Ideas<\/a><em>.\u201d Pacific Philosophical Quarterly<\/em>, 83 (2002): 163\u201379. Also <a href=\"https:\/\/zlibrary.to\/filedownload\/essays-on-descartes\">downloadable from <\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/zlibrary.to\/filedownload\/essays-on-descartes\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/zlibrary.to\/filedownload\/essays-on-descartes\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"23\" class=\"wp-image-1700\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_0139.png\" alt=\"The red, blue, and lime green logo for ZLIBRARY.TO.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_0139.png 2048w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_0139-300x47.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_0139-1024x160.png 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_0139-768x120.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_0139-1536x240.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\"><strong>Hoffman, Paul<\/strong><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophynews.com\/descartes-scholar-paul-hoffman-dies\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"115\" height=\"164\" class=\"wp-image-11127\" style=\"width: 115px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1002.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic close-up headshot cutout of a smiling Paul Hoffman with rimless glasses was used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1002.png 450w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1002-211x300.png 211w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1002-105x150.png 105w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 115px) 100vw, 115px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Essays_on_Descartes.html?id=qYNzsdXamzgC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Essays<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/HOFEOD\">on<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/zlibrary.to\/dl\/essays-on-descartes\">Descartes<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/zlibrary.to\/dl\/essays-on-descartes\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"268\" class=\"wp-image-6571\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2351.png\" alt=\"An enhanced butter color 3D image of the hard book cover dust jacket for &quot;Essays on Descartes&quot; by Paul Hoffman used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2351.png 209w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2351-196x300.png 196w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. Also <a href=\"https:\/\/zlibrary.to\/filedownload\/essays-on-descartes\">downloadable from <\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/zlibrary.to\/filedownload\/essays-on-descartes\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/zlibrary.to\/filedownload\/essays-on-descartes\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"23\" class=\"wp-image-1700\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_0139.png\" alt=\"The red, blue, and lime green logo for ZLIBRARY.TO.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_0139.png 2048w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_0139-300x47.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_0139-1024x160.png 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_0139-768x120.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_0139-1536x240.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Read <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/action\/doBasicSearch?Query=au%3A%22Amy%20Morgan%20Schmitter%22\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/action\/doBasicSearch?Query=au%3A%22Amy%20Morgan%20Schmitter%22\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Amy<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Amy%20Morgan%20Schmitter\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Morgan<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/apps.ualberta.ca\/directory\/person\/as24\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/apps.ualberta.ca\/directory\/person\/as24\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Schmitter\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/aesthetics-online.org\/page\/202111SalishSeaPhotos\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-3886\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6172.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic cutout of a middle aged Amy M. Schmitter in profile facing left turned to her right with long dangling straight metal earrings wearing a black hoody with the back of her left hand under her chin used for identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6172.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6172-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6172-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ndpr.nd.edu\/reviews\/essays-on-descartes\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a>. <em>Norte Dame Philosophical Reviews<\/em>, September 25, 2009.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>See <a href=\"https:\/\/marleenhrozemond.weebly.com\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Marleen<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/marleen-rozemond\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Rozemond\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/marleenhrozemond.weebly.com\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"193\" class=\"wp-image-3552\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5509.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of Marleen Rozemond used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5509.png 207w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5509-194x300.png 194w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/read.dukeupress.edu\/the-philosophical-review\/article-abstract\/122\/1\/122\/3012\/Essays-on-Descartes?redirectedFr\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<span style=\"color:#2271B1\"><\/span><\/span><\/a>. <em>The Philosophical Review<\/em> 122, no. 1 (January 2013): 122\u201325.<a href=\"mailto:?subject=Essays%20on%20Descartes&amp;body=https%3A%2F%2Fndpr.nd.edu%2Freviews%2Fessays-on-descartes%2F\"><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\">Hoffman, Paul<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-11125\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3111.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic cutout of a smiling Paul Hoffman in a black wetsuit with blue shoulders was used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3111.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3111-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3111-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3111-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/HOFTPA-2\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/HOFTPA-2\">The Passions and Freedom of the Will<\/a>.&#8221; In&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/global.oup.com\/academic\/search?q=Paul+Hoffman%2C+Essays+on+Descartes&amp;cc=us&amp;lang=en\"><em>Essays on Descartes<\/em><\/a>, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 210\u201336. Also published in <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Passion-Virtue-Descartes-Byron-Williston\/dp\/1591020050?asin=1591020050&amp;revisionId=&amp;format=4&amp;depth=1\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/WILPAV\">Passion and Virtue in Descartes<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/library.villanova.edu\/Find\/Record\/600647\/TOC\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7769\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_6916.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced faded gray over Descartes's headshot with his back to the right side over a brown stripe at bottom using black font for title in gray area and white font for editors in brown strip at bottom of &quot;Passion and Virtue in Descartes&quot; edited by Byron Williston and Andr\u00e9 Gombay used to visually identify it.\"><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wlu.ca\/academics\/faculties\/faculty-of-arts\/faculty-profiles\/byron-williston\/index.html\">Byron<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/byron-williston\">Williston<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"170\" class=\"wp-image-8664\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_2228.jpeg\" alt=\"A reversed color photographic shoulders and headshot of a glasses wearing Byron Williston with a salt and pepper colored beard and mustache and wearing a dark gray shirt open at the neck ever a round necked black undershirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_2228.jpeg 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_2228-300x291.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_2228-150x145.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/> and <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.utoronto.ca\/news\/memoriam-andre-gombay-1933-2014-utm-philosophy-1999-2013\/\">Andr\u00e9<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Andr%C3%A9%20Gombay\">Gombay<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.utoronto.ca\/news\/memoriam-andre-gombay-1933-2014-utm-philosophy-1999-2013\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"186\" class=\"wp-image-8652\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_2230.jpeg\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced photographic cutout of Andr\u00e9 Gombay from the waist up with his head tilted to his left wearing a black round collared shirt with a centered red emblem and a medium dar blue long sleeved shirt with a dark gray thick sweater tied to his waist used for visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_2230.jpeg 431w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_2230-202x300.jpeg 202w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_2230-101x150.jpeg 101w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>, 261\u201399. New York: Humanity Books, 2003.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\">Hoffman, Paul<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"198\" class=\"wp-image-2687\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1860.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and colorized headshot of Paul Hoffman used for identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1860.png 243w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1860-228x300.png 228w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/u\/0\/d\/1UbkzU1wNflHTO7JgELzfxguwncNLwsIZ\/view?usp=sharing&amp;pli=1\">St. Thomas Aquinas on the Halfway State of Sensible Being<\/a>.&#8221; <em>The Philosophical Review<\/em> XCIX, 1, 73\u201392, 1990.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\">Hoffman, Paul<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophynews.com\/descartes-scholar-paul-hoffman-dies\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"115\" height=\"164\" class=\"wp-image-11127\" style=\"width: 115px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1002.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic close-up headshot cutout of a smiling Paul Hoffman with rimless glasses was used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1002.png 450w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1002-211x300.png 211w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1002-105x150.png 105w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 115px) 100vw, 115px\" \/><\/a>.<em> <\/em>&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/43154093\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/43154093\">Three Dualist Theories of the Passions<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Philosophical Topics<\/em> 19, no. 1 (Spring 1991): 153\u2013201. An excerpt of just the Descartes part of this paper is in Hoffman&#8217;s collection, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/zlibrary.to\/dl\/essays-on-descartes\">Essays on Descartes<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Essays_on_Descartes\/qYNzsdXamzgC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;printsec=frontcover\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"230\" class=\"wp-image-6571\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2351.png\" alt=\"An enhanced butter color 3D image of the hard book cover dust jacket for &quot;Essays on Descartes&quot; by Paul Hoffman used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2351.png 209w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2351-196x300.png 196w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. New York: Oxford University Press (2009): 179\u201395.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Also <a href=\"https:\/\/zlibrary.to\/filedownload\/essays-on-descartes\"> <span style=\"color:#2271B1\">downloadable from <\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/zlibrary.to\/filedownload\/essays-on-descartes\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/zlibrary.to\/filedownload\/essays-on-descartes\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"23\" class=\"wp-image-1700\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_0139.png\" alt=\"The red, blue, and lime green logo for ZLIBRARY.TO.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_0139.png 2048w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_0139-300x47.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_0139-1024x160.png 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_0139-768x120.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_0139-1536x240.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Daniel%20Holbrook\">Holbrook<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Daniel%20Holbrook\">Daniel<\/a><\/strong> (no known photo). &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/HOLDOM\">Descartes on Mind-Body Interaction<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Southwest Philosophical Studies<\/em>&nbsp;14 (1992): 74\u201383.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/3131096\">Hooker, Michael<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_Hooker\">Kenneth<\/a><\/strong> (1945\u20131999) <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_Hooker#:~:text=Michael%20Kenneth%20Hooker%20(August%2024,Baltimore%20County%2C%20and%20Bennington%20College.\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"170\" class=\"wp-image-3178\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2982.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of Michael K. Hooker used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2982.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2982-300x292.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> ed. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/descartes-critical-and-interpretive-essays-9780801821110-0801821118.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/descartes-critical-and-interpretive-essays-9780801821110-0801821118.html\">Descartes: Critical and Interpretive Essays<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/descartes-critical-and-interpretive-essays-9780801821110-0801821118.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"302\" class=\"wp-image-3175\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2978.jpeg\" alt=\"The yellow book cover for &quot;Descartes: Critical  and Interpretive Essays.&quot;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2978.jpeg 212w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2978-199x300.jpeg 199w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_Huemer\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_Huemer\">Huemer<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.owl232.net\/cv.htm\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.owl232.net\/index_ios.html\">Michael<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/lbry.com\/team\/michael-huemer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"186\" class=\"wp-image-12800\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5473.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced,  color photographic cutout of Michael Huemer wearing glasses, a thin microphone headset, looking down, and wearing a red collared shirt and brown sports coat is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5473.png 517w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5473-242x300.png 242w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5473-121x150.png 121w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/spot.colorado.edu\/~huemer\/papers\/descartes2.htm\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/spot.colorado.edu\/~huemer\/papers\/descartes2.htm\">On Objective Being in the Intellect<\/a>.&#8221; Unpublished graduate seminar paper, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.colorado.edu\/philosophy\/people\/faculty\/michael-huemer\">Rutgers University<\/a>, 1996.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/chatgpt.com\/\">ChatGPT 4o<\/a> Summary:<\/strong> Michael Huemer, in his paper \u201cDescartes: Objective Being,\u201d explores Descartes&#8217;s concept of ideas as they exist in the intellect, particularly the notion of &#8220;objective being.&#8221; Huemer identifies a distinction Descartes makes between two senses of ideas: <strong>ideas in the material sense (ideasm)<\/strong>, which are operations of the intellect, and <strong>ideas in the objective sense (ideaso)<\/strong>, which are the things represented by these operations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Huemer critiques three interpretations of Descartes&#8217;s notion of objective being:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Literal Existence Interpretation (a):<\/strong> This interpretation suggests that the sun, as a physical object, literally exists in the mind when thought about. Huemer argues that this aligns with Descartes\u2019s idea of objective being as a lower-grade form of existence, distinct from formal, physical existence. This interpretation, while initially counterintuitive, fits Descartes\u2019s metaphysics, where objects can exist in various grades of being.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Representationalism (b):<\/strong> Huemer describes representationalism as the view that perception is always indirect; we are directly aware of mental phenomena (ideas) that represent external objects. He links this interpretation to Descartes\u2019s Meditations, arguing that Descartes adopts a form of representationalism where ideas resemble external objects. Huemer points out problems with this interpretation, such as the impossibility of ideas resembling physical objects due to their fundamentally different natures.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Metaphorical Existence Interpretation (c):<\/strong> This view suggests that objective being in the intellect is metaphorical and just means being thought of or understood. Huemer attributes this reading to Arnauld, who saw objective being as no more than an expression of the intellect\u2019s awareness of an object without invoking a third entity between the mind and the object. Huemer argues that this view fails to account for Descartes\u2019s project in the Meditations, which relies on the presence of a mediating object to differentiate between knowledge of mind and knowledge of bodies.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Huemer ultimately defends the <strong>Literal Existence Interpretation<\/strong>, claiming that Descartes\u2019s metaphysics allows for objects to exist in the mind in a diminished, objective mode of being. This interpretation resolves several puzzles in Descartes\u2019s philosophy:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It explains why Descartes would say the sun exists in the intellect but only objectively, aligning with his idea of varying grades of existence.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It provides a framework for understanding how ideas can represent external objects while avoiding the pitfalls of traditional representationalism.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It supports Descartes\u2019s Ontological Argument by suggesting that God\u2019s existence in the mind can still be considered a form of real existence, allowing for meaningful discourse on God&#8217;s perfection even under atheistic assumptions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It makes sense of Descartes\u2019s need for arguments proving the existence of external objects, as perception only confirms their attenuated existence in the mind, necessitating further proof of their external reality.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Huemer\u2019s analysis challenges common readings of Descartes, arguing that Descartes indeed believed in the literal but diminished existence of objects in the intellect, a position that offers a coherent, albeit complex, interpretation of Descartes\u2019s notion of objective being.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/action\/doBasicSearch?Query=au%3A%22James%20M.%20Humber%22\"><strong>Humber, James M<\/strong>.<\/a> (no known photo). &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2107253\">Recognizing Clear and Distinct Perceptions<\/a>.&#8221; <a class=\"  \" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/journal\/philphenrese\"><em>Philosophy and Phenomenological Research<\/em><\/a> 41, no. 4 (June 1981): 487\u2013507.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/grad.ucla.edu\/asis\/library\/gqwinter06.pdf\">Hwang<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Joseph%20Hwang\">Joseph<\/a> W.<\/strong>(ook) <a href=\"https:\/\/grad.ucla.edu\/asis\/library\/gqwinter06.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"207\" class=\"wp-image-9804\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1187.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of Joseph W. Hwang with shoulder length black hair and wearing a white long sleeved shirt under a black short sleeved t-shirt with his left arm bent at elbow used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1187.png 542w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1187-254x300.png 254w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1187-127x150.png 127w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/msp\/content\/msp_2011_0035_0111_0148\">Descartes and the Aristotelian Framework of Sensory Perception<\/a>\u201d.&nbsp;<em>Midwest Studies in Philosophy&nbsp;<\/em>35 (2011), 111\u201348.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/grad.ucla.edu\/asis\/library\/gqwinter06.pdf\">Hwang<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Joseph%20Hwang\">Joseph<\/a> W.<\/strong>(ook) <a href=\"https:\/\/grad.ucla.edu\/asis\/library\/gqwinter06.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"207\" class=\"wp-image-9804\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1187.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of Joseph W. Hwang with shoulder length black hair and wearing a white long sleeved shirt under a black short sleeved t-shirt with his left arm bent at elbow used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1187.png 542w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1187-254x300.png 254w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1187-127x150.png 127w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/media.proquest.com\/media\/hms\/ORIG\/1\/3UR0I?_a=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%3D%3D&amp;_s=cJj90u54Ortbag32VGmIm7m%2BTWk%3D#view=fitH&amp;statusbar=1\">Descartes and the Metaphysics of Sensory Perception<\/a>. Ph.D. diss. UCLA 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/docview\/304656688\/abstract\/C4C3948715BC4C21PQ\/1?accountid=10853&amp;sourcetype=Dissertations%20&amp;%20Theses\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> The primary aim of my dissertation is to give a comprehensive account of Descartes&#8217; view on sensory perception. In the dissertation, I examine his views in relation to scholastic views on sensation, his own mechanistic science, and other related issues such as the mind-body union. I argue that the view on sensory perception adopted by Descartes is a scholastic view that has been tailored to fit his physics, and that his view on sensation in general can be understood only by taking seriously his scholastic roots and by appreciating the importance of his physics.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/grad.ucla.edu\/asis\/library\/gqwinter06.pdf\">Hwang<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Joseph%20Hwang\">Joseph<\/a> W.<\/strong>(ook) <a href=\"https:\/\/grad.ucla.edu\/asis\/library\/gqwinter06.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"207\" class=\"wp-image-9804\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1187.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of Joseph W. Hwang with shoulder length black hair and wearing a white long sleeved shirt under a black short sleeved t-shirt with his left arm bent at elbow used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1187.png 542w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1187-254x300.png 254w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1187-127x150.png 127w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> . &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/agph-2018-3002\/html\">Perceiving Ideas<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Archiv f\u00fcr Geschichte der Philosophie<\/em> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"260\" class=\"wp-image-9800\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1180.jpeg\" alt=\"A bright lime colored book cover of &quot;Archiv f\u00fcr Geschicte der Philosophie&quot; 100, no. 3 2018 used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1180.jpeg 431w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1180-202x300.jpeg 202w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1180-101x150.jpeg 101w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/> 100, no. 3 (2018): 286\u2013310.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/agph-2018-3002\/html\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> At the heart of Descartes\u2019s theory of cognition is the act of perceiving an idea. However, it remains unclear what precisely an idea is, what the act of perceiving ideas amounts to, and how that act contributes to the formation of cognition under Descartes\u2019s view. In this paper, I provide an account of perceiving ideas that clarifies Descartes\u2019s notion of an idea and explains the fundamental role that the perceiving of ideas occupies in his theory of cognition. At the end of the paper, I will address an issue that arises regarding the objective reality of ideas and the unity of mind.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\" id=\"I-neon-ivy-drop-cap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"252\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0957.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2168\" style=\"width:124px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0957.jpeg 252w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0957-236x300.jpeg 236w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 252px) 100vw, 252px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\" id=\"J-neon-ivy-drop-cap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"264\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0951.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2172\" style=\"width:131px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0951.jpeg 264w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0951-248x300.jpeg 248w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 264px) 100vw, 264px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Susan_James_(philosopher)\"><strong>James, Susan<\/strong><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/my.wlu.edu\/mudd-center\/programs-and-events\/2015-2016-the-ethics-of-citizenship\/susan-james\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"220\" class=\"wp-image-6723\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2655.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Susan James wearing drop elongated pearl earrings with a purple necklace over a black rounded neck shirt under a dark gray coat used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2655.png 218w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2655-204x300.png 204w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Passion_and_Action.html?id=dwdREAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Action and Passion<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Passion_and_Action\/s8jdngEACAAJ?hl=en\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"279\" class=\"wp-image-6727\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2656.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced brown color book cover for &quot;Passion and Action: The Emotions in Seventeenth-Century Philosophy&quot; by Susan James used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2656.jpeg 201w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2656-188x300.jpeg 188w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.institut-nr.si\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Jan-EN.pdf\">Jan<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/photo.php?fbid=10159137556263909&amp;set=pb.610558908.-2207520000&amp;type=3\">Matija<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/photo.php?fbid=10159137556263909&amp;set=pb.610558908.-2207520000&amp;type=3\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"158\" class=\"wp-image-17743\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG_2148.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Matija Jan leaning forward with a big mustache, wearing a black Slovenia cap twisted on his head to his left, and wearing a white rounded-neck shirt under a white sheepskin collared jacket is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG_2148.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG_2148-300x270.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG_2148-150x135.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/omp.zrc-sazu.si\/zalozba\/catalog\/view\/1981\/8156\/1534\">VROJENOST JASNIH IN RAZLO\u010cNIH IDEJ<\/a>\u201d [\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/omp.zrc-sazu.si\/zalozba\/catalog\/view\/1981\/8156\/1534\">The Innateness of Clear and Distinct Ideas<\/a>\u201d]. <em>Platforma 3<\/em> Zbornik \u0161tudentk in \u0161tudentov Podiplomske \u0161ole ZRC SAZU [Platform 3 Proceedings of the ZRC SAZU Graduate School]. First edition, first printing Ljubljana 2022.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/photo.php?fbid=10159137556263909&amp;set=pb.610558908.-2207520000&amp;type=3\">Matija<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.institut-nr.si\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Jan-EN.pdf\">Jan<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/photo.php?fbid=10159137556263909&amp;set=pb.610558908.-2207520000&amp;type=3\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"158\" class=\"wp-image-17858\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG_2148.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Matija Jan leaning forward with a big mustache, wearing a black Slovenia cap twisted on his head to his left, and wearing a white rounded-neck shirt under a white sheepskin collared jacket is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG_2148.jpeg 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG_2148-300x270.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG_2148-150x135.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> . \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/ojs.zrc-sazu.si\/filozofski-vestnik\/article\/view\/11589\/10749\">Narava idej pri Descartesu<\/a>\u201d [\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/ojs.zrc-sazu.si\/filozofski-vestnik\/article\/view\/11589\/10749\">The Nature of Ideas in Descartes<\/a>\u201d].   <em>Filozofski vestnik<\/em> [Philosophical Bulletin] XLIII, \u0160tevilka [no.] 1, (2022): 21\u201348. doi: 10.3986\/fv.43.1.02*.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/ojs.zrc-sazu.si\/filozofski-vestnik\/article\/view\/11589\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> The article defines the problem of the nature of ideas in Descartes\u2019s philosophy according to the ontology of substances. First, it illuminates Descartes\u2019s relation to antecedent theories of ideas (as platonic forms or as corporal images) and demonstrates that, in opposition to them, Descartes conceives ideas as modes of thinking substance. Then, it develops two possible explanations of his theory. The first one understands an idea as a complex consisting of perception and its necessary internal object, which enables the representation of external objects. The second one understands it as an act with intrinsic representative structure. By using Arnauld\u2019s analysis of Descartes\u2019s texts, it demonstrates that in accordance with the second model, an idea is a singular mode of thinking substance, which should at the same time be understood as an act of mind and as a representation of objects.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.faculty.uci.edu\/profile\/?facultyId=4885\">Jolley<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/nicholas-jolley\">Nicholas<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/faculty.uci.edu\/profile\/?facultyId=4885\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"211\" class=\"wp-image-3822\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5807.png\" alt=\"A reversed and enhanced color photographic cutout of Nicholas Jolley used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5807.png 266w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5807-249x300.png 249w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Light_of_the_Soul.html?id=1wdREAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">The Light of the Soul: Theories of Ideas in Leibniz, Malebranche, and Descartes<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/3gUeqcKbXWaWh9Vr7\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"272\" class=\"wp-image-10322\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1929.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced rich blue book cover of &quot;The Light of the Soul: Theories of Ideas in Leibniz, Malebranche, and Descartes&quot; by Nicholas Jolley used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1929.jpeg 412w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1929-193x300.jpeg 193w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1929-97x150.jpeg 97w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.faculty.uci.edu\/profile\/?facultyId=4885\">Jolley<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/nicholas-jolley\">Nicholas<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/faculty.uci.edu\/profile\/?facultyId=4885\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"211\" class=\"wp-image-6752\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3117.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of Nicholas Jolley wearing a purple and white vertical striped collared shirt under a dark gray suit coat used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3117.png 266w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3117-249x300.png 249w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Causality_and_Mind.html?id=gQD2AQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Causality_and_Mind.html?id=gQD2AQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Causality and Mind: Essays on Early Modern Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Causality_and_Mind\/gQD2AQAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;printsec=frontcover\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"262\" class=\"wp-image-10325\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1932.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced light tan brown book cover of &quot;Causality and Mind: Essays on Early Modern Philosophy&quot; by Nicholas Jolley used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1932.jpeg 428w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1932-201x300.jpeg 201w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1932-100x150.jpeg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/larry-m-jorgensen\">Jorgensen<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.skidmore.edu\/philosophy\/faculty\/jorgensen.php\">Larry<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=la1mn0MAAAAJ&amp;hl=en\">M<\/a>.<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/larry-m-jorgensen\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"169\" class=\"wp-image-15473\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_8147.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Larry M. Jorgensen wearing glasses with a full brown beard and mustache and a white collared shirt under a black sweater is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_8147.png 800w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_8147-300x253.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_8147-150x126.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_8147-768x647.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.skidmore.edu\/philosophy\/faculty\/jorgensen.php\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"200\" class=\"wp-image-15475\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_8151.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Larry M. Jorgensen wearing glasses with a full brown beard and mustache and a soft gray collared shirt is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_8151.png 480w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_8151-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_8151-113x150.png 113w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/spr2020\/entries\/consciousness-17th\/#DescCons\">2.1 Descartes on Consciousness<\/a>.\u201d In \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/spr2020\/entries\/consciousness-17th\/#DescCons\">Seventeenth-century Theories of Consciousness<\/a>,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archIves\/sum2020\/index.html\">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy<\/a> (Spring 2020 Edition), edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/mally.stanford.edu\/zalta.html\">Edward N<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edward_N._Zalta\">Zalta<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Edward_N._Zalta_en_Wikimania_2015_05.JPG\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"149\" class=\"wp-image-11375\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_CEF2A145-CE25-4AFB-ABAA-3401DB29CC8D.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Edward N. Zalta, wearing glasses, a full white beard and mustache, and a vertically striped shirt with a lanyard around his neck, looking to his left, was used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_CEF2A145-CE25-4AFB-ABAA-3401DB29CC8D.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_CEF2A145-CE25-4AFB-ABAA-3401DB29CC8D-300x255.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_CEF2A145-CE25-4AFB-ABAA-3401DB29CC8D-150x128.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" id=\"block-cbece671-8030-4203-b470-ffacc386cb55\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\" id=\"K-neon-ivy-drop-cap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"276\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0942.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2173\" style=\"width:127px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0942.jpeg 276w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0942-259x300.jpeg 259w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 276px) 100vw, 276px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Dan%20Kaufman\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Dan%20Kaufman\">Kaufman<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.colorado.edu\/philosophy\/sites\/default\/files\/attached-files\/cv_kaufman.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.colorado.edu\/philosophy\/sites\/default\/files\/attached-files\/cv_kaufman.pdf\">Dan<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.colorado.edu\/philosophy\/people\/faculty\/dan-kaufman\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"181\" class=\"wp-image-3806\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5749.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced, and blended colorized photographic cutout headshot of a young adult Dan Kaufman used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5749.png 221w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5749-207x300.png 207w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dailycamera.com\/2015\/03\/02\/dan-kaufman-philosophy-prof-banished-from-campus-last-year-sues-cu-boulder\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.dailycamera.com\/2015\/03\/02\/dan-kaufman-philosophy-prof-banished-from-campus-last-year-sues-cu-boulder\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"140\" height=\"189\" class=\"wp-image-2692\" style=\"width: 140px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1861.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color headshot of an unsmiling Dan Kaufman wearing a red shirt with tight white stripes used for identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1861.png 237w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1861-222x300.png 222w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 140px) 100vw, 140px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/kaufmania2525.weebly.com\/uploads\/5\/3\/2\/5\/53254587\/kaufman_material_falsity.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/kaufmania2525.weebly.com\/uploads\/5\/3\/2\/5\/53254587\/kaufman_material_falsity.pdf\">Descartes on the Objective Reality of Materially False Ideas<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Pacific Philosophical Quarterly<\/em> 81, no. 4 (2000): 385\u2013408.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Dan%20Kaufman\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Dan%20Kaufman\">Kaufman<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.colorado.edu\/philosophy\/sites\/default\/files\/attached-files\/cv_kaufman.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.colorado.edu\/philosophy\/sites\/default\/files\/attached-files\/cv_kaufman.pdf\">Dan<\/a><\/strong>, ed. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.colorado.edu\/philosophy\/people\/faculty\/dan-kaufman\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"140\" height=\"181\" class=\"wp-image-3809\" style=\"width: 140px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5766.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced, and blended colorized photographic cutout headshot of a young adult Dan Kaufman of warmer tones used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5766.png 248w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5766-233x300.png 233w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 140px) 100vw, 140px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/kaufmania2525.weebly.com\/photos.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/kaufmania2525.weebly.com\/photos.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"166\" class=\"wp-image-2811\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1999.png\" alt=\"A color photographic headshot cutout of an unsmiling Dan Kaufman used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1999.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1999-300x285.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Routledge_Companion_to_Seventeenth_C.html?id=j3s5DwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">The Routledge Companion to Seventeenth Century Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Routledge_Companion_to_Seventeenth_C.html?id=j3s5DwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"284\" class=\"wp-image-5970\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_0904.jpeg\" alt=\"The dark green book cover for &quot;The Routledge Companion to Seventeenth Century Philosophy&quot; (2017) edited by Dan Kauffman used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_0904.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_0904-211x300.jpeg 211w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>. New York: Routledge, 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Read the overall positive <a href=\"https:\/\/ojs.lib.uwo.ca\/index.php\/locke\/article\/view\/3798\/4035\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/nicholas-jolley\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Nicholas<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.faculty.uci.edu\/profile\/?facultyId=4885\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Jolley<\/span><\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"173\" class=\"wp-image-8662\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_2227.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of Nicholas Jolley wearing a purple and white vertical striped collared shirt under a dark gray suit coat used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_2227.jpeg 554w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_2227-260x300.jpeg 260w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_2227-130x150.jpeg 130w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hunter.cuny.edu\/philosophy\/faculty\/keating\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.hunter.cuny.edu\/philosophy\/faculty\/keating\">Keating<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/laura-keating\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/laura-keating\">Laura<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hunter.cuny.edu\/philosophy\/faculty\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"172\" class=\"wp-image-3180\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2985.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of Laura Keating used to visually identify her.\"><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40232063\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40232063\">Mechanism and the Representational Nature of Sensation in Descartes<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Canadian Journal of Philosophy<\/em> 29 (1999): 411\u201330.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andreas_Kemmerling\">Kemmerling<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Andreas%20Kemmerling\">Andreas<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Andreas-Kemmerling\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-3183\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2988.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout if Andreas Kemmerling used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2988.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2988-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2988-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni-heidelberg.de\/md\/philsem\/personal\/ak_cartesische_ideen.pdf\">Cartesische Ideen<\/a>\u201d [\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/uncategorized\/cartesian-ideas-by-andreas-kemmerling\/\">Cartesian Ideas<\/a>\u201d translated by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.getmerlin.in\/ai-translate\/german-to-english\">Merlin With ChatGPT<\/a>]. <em>Archiv f\u00fcr Begriffsgeschichte<\/em> 36 (1993): 43\u201394.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andreas_Kemmerling\">Kemmerling<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Andreas%20Kemmerling\">Andreas<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Andreas-Kemmerling\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-3183\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2988.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout if Andreas Kemmerling used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2988.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2988-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2988-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de\/volltextserver\/18220\/1\/v_76_asitwerepictures.pdf\">As It Were Pictures\u2019: On the Two-Faced Nature ofCartesian Ideas<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SCHPAR-3\">Perception and Reality: From Descartes to the Present<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SCHPAR-3\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SCHPAR-3\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"259\" class=\"wp-image-1210\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_9117.jpeg\" alt=\"The book cover for &quot;Perception and Reality: From Descartes to the Present.&quot;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_9117.jpeg 216w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_9117-203x300.jpeg 203w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Ralph%20Schumacher\">Ralph<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/educ.ethz.ch\/lernzentren\/mint-lernzentrum\/ueber-das-mint-lernzentrum\/mitarbeiter-und-projekte\/ralph-schumacher.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/educ.ethz.ch\/lernzentren\/mint-lernzentrum\/ueber-das-mint-lernzentrum\/mitarbeiter-und-projekte\/ralph-schumacher.html\">Schumacher<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/educ.ethz.ch\/lernzentren\/mint-lernzentrum\/ueber-das-mint-lernzentrum\/mitarbeiter-und-projekte\/ralph-schumacher.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"170\" class=\"wp-image-12783\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5468.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced color photographic torso and headshot cutout of Ralph Schumaker, wearing glasses and a collared white shirt, is used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5468.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5468-300x291.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5468-150x145.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, 43\u201368. Paderborn, DE: Mentis, 2004.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andreas_Kemmerling\">Kemmerling<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni-heidelberg.de\/fakultaeten\/philosophie\/philsem\/personal\/kemmerling.html\">Andreas<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Andreas-Kemmerling\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-3183\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2988.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout if Andreas Kemmerling used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2988.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2988-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2988-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1524\/9783050050102\/html?lang=de\"><em>Ren\u00e9 Descartes: Meditationen Uber Die Erste Philosophie<\/em><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1524\/9783050050102\/html?lang=de\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"283\" class=\"wp-image-6608\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2381.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced light blue book cover of &quot;Meditationen \u00fcber die Erste Philosophie&quot; edited by Dr. Andreas Kemmerling with a black and white insert of the Franz Hals portrait in the lower right quadrant used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2381.jpeg 198w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2381-186x300.jpeg 186w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Volume 37 of the Classics Auslegen series. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1524\/9783050050102\/html?lang=de#overview\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">Overview<\/mark><\/a>: <\/strong>With his six <em>Meditations<\/em> Descartes tries to give modern science a suitable metaphysical foundation. He considered the school philosophy of his time based on Aristotle to be wrong in central points. Worse still: Since scholastic teachings were woven deep into the theologies of that time, they were also an obstacle to scientific progress and a threat to free research. This was clear to Descartes since the condemnation of Galileo and the burning of his writings in 1633. It required a new metaphysics that was able to substantiate the new science without questioning the Christian faith. In the autumn of 1639, he began working on this work. Half a year later it was completed. It finally appeared in the summer of 1641, extended by a number of objections from other scholars and his own responses to them. The <em>Meditations<\/em> are undoubtedly a milestone and a masterpiece of Western philosophy. Through it, Descartes became the &#8216;father of modern philosophy&#8217;\u2014and epistemology became the fundamental discipline of philosophy for centuries. To this day, no classical work is better suited to experience for yourself what philosophical thinking is\u2014and how it works\u2014in dealing with the argumentation processes of a classic. The nine chapters of this comment are original contributions. They should accompany students and lecturers during reading and help to increase the intellectual pleasure in the depth (and also beauty) of the <em>Meditations<\/em>. With contributions from: Lilli Alanen, Gary Hatfield, Andreas H\u00fcttemann, Andreas Kemmerling, Tobias Rosefeldt, Andreas Schmidt and Hans-Peter Sch\u00fctt. (Translation from German into English done by Google translate)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1524\/9783050050102\/html?lang=de#contents\">Contents<\/a><\/mark>:<\/strong> [<strong>NOTE:<\/strong> Click on \u201cContents\u201d for page numbers of articles. After clicking on titles below, the German is on the left with the English translation on the right.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/rene-descartes-meditationen-ber-die-erste-philosophie-9783050050102.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Einleitung<\/span><\/a>\u201d [\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/renedescartesmeditationenberdieerstephilosophie-2nd-revised-edition-9783110571806-9783110571585.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Introduction<\/span><\/a>&#8220;] \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni-heidelberg.de\/fakultaeten\/philosophie\/philsem\/personal\/kemmerling.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Andreas<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andreas_Kemmerling\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Kemmerling<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Andreas-Kemmerling\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-3183\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2988.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout if Andreas Kemmerling used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2988.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2988-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2988-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/rene-descartes-meditationen-ber-die-erste-philosophie-9783050050102.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Erste Meditation: Strategischer Zweifel<\/span><\/a>\u201d [&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/renedescartesmeditationenberdieerstephilosophie-2nd-revised-edition-9783110571806-9783110571585.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">First Meditation: Strategic Doubt<\/span><\/a>&#8220;] \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.philosophie.hu-berlin.de\/en\/sections\/theorie\/mitarbeiter\/perler\/index.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Dominik<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dominik_Perler\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Perler<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.historyofphilosophy.net\/skepticism-perler\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"130\" class=\"wp-image-10347\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1944.png\" alt=\"A enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Dominik Perlerr with glasses and wearing a blue polo shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1944.png 212w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1944-115x150.png 115w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/rene-descartes-meditationen-ber-die-erste-philosophie-9783050050102.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Zweite Meditation: Die <em>Existo<\/em> und die Natur des Geistes<\/span><\/a>\u201d [&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/renedescartesmeditationenberdieerstephilosophie-2nd-revised-edition-9783110571806-9783110571585.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Second Meditation: The Cogito and the Nature of the Mind<\/span><\/a>&#8220;] \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni-heidelberg.de\/fakultaeten\/philosophie\/philsem\/personal\/kemmerling.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Andreas<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andreas_Kemmerling\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Kemmerling<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Andreas-Kemmerling\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-3183\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2988.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout if Andreas Kemmerling used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2988.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2988-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2988-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/rene-descartes-meditationen-ber-die-erste-philosophie-9783050050102.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Dritte Meditation: Gott und die Idee des Geiste<\/span><\/a>\u201d [&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/renedescartesmeditationenberdieerstephilosophie-2nd-revised-edition-9783110571806-9783110571585.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Third Meditation: God and the Idea of the Mind<\/span><\/a>&#8220;] \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/grattoncourses.wordpress.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/spinoza\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Andreas<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.klostermann.de\/Schmidt-Goettliche-Gedanken-kt\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Schmidt<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/blog.despinoza.nl\/log\/andreas-schmidt-gottliche-gedanken-benoemd-in-jena.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"110\" height=\"139\" class=\"wp-image-11614\" style=\"width: 110px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3855.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Andreas Schmidt wearing rimless, oval glasses, with his head tilted to the left and clad in a green collared shirt, is utilized for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3855.png 508w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3855-238x300.png 238w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3855-119x150.png 119w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 110px) 100vw, 110px\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/rene-descartes-meditationen-ber-die-erste-philosophie-9783050050102.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Vierte Meditation: The Metaphysics of Error and Will<\/span><\/a>&#8221; \u2014 <a href=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Lilli<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Alanen<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/niinetnain\/photos\/a.356751084415968\/4474778369279865\/?type=3&amp;locale=ms_MY\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"116\" class=\"wp-image-8373\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_7244F95D-E2BF-4DC4-8A8F-1EF6AE930D55.png\" alt=\"A enhanced reversed colorized photographic headshot cutout of Lilli Alanen with glasses wearing a dark bluejacket with a gray scarf hanging down from around her neck with her left hand touching her left cheek used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_7244F95D-E2BF-4DC4-8A8F-1EF6AE930D55.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_7244F95D-E2BF-4DC4-8A8F-1EF6AE930D55-300x232.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_7244F95D-E2BF-4DC4-8A8F-1EF6AE930D55-150x116.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/rene-descartes-meditationen-ber-die-erste-philosophie-9783050050102.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">F\u00fcnft Meditation: Descartes\u2019 ontologischer Gottesbeweiss<\/span><\/a>\u201d [\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/renedescartesmeditationenberdieerstephilosophie-2nd-revised-edition-9783110571806-9783110571585.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Fifth Meditation: Descartes&#8217; Ontological proof of God<\/span><\/a>&#8220;] \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/tobias-rosefeldt\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Tobias<\/span><\/a> <span style=\"color:#2271B1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.human-abilities.de\/fellows\/associates\/rosefeldt_tobias.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Rosefeldt<\/span><\/a><\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/tobias-rosefeldt\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-12830\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5523.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced, color photographic cutout headshot of Tobias Rosefeldt wearing a light gray shirt is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5523.png 2048w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5523-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5523-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5523-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5523-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5523-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5523-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/rene-descartes-meditationen-ber-die-erste-philosophie-9783050050102.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Sechste Meditation: Mind-Body Relation, External Objects, and Sense Perception<\/span><\/a>\u201d \u2014 <a href=\"http:\/\/philarchive.org\/s\/Gary%20Hatfield\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Gary<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Hatfield<\/span><\/a><strong> <\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"151\" class=\"wp-image-2681\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1853.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1853.png 212w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1853-199x300.png 199w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><\/a>. Read about <a href=\"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1524\/9783050050102.123\/html?lang=en\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">this chapter<\/span><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/rene-descartes-meditationen-ber-die-erste-philosophie-9783050050102.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Die Stellung die <em>Meditationen<\/em> im Gesamtwerk Descartes\u2019<\/span><\/a>\u201d [&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/renedescartesmeditationenberdieerstephilosophie-2nd-revised-edition-9783110571806-9783110571585.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">The Position of the <em>Meditations<\/em> in the Complete Work of Descartes.<\/span><\/a>&#8220;] \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Hans-Peter%20Sch\u00fctt\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Hans-Peter<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/independent.academia.edu\/Sch\u00fcttHansPeter\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Sch\u00fctt<\/span><\/a> (no known photo)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/rene-descartes-meditationen-ber-die-erste-philosophie-9783050050102.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/rene-descartes-meditationen-ber-die-erste-philosophie-9783050050102.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Die Grundlegung der Cartesischen Physik in den <em>Meditationen<\/em><\/span><\/a>,\u201d [&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/renedescartesmeditationenberdieerstephilosophie-2nd-revised-edition-9783110571806-9783110571585.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">The Foundation of Cartesian Physics in the <em>Meditations<\/em><\/span><\/a>&#8220;] \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophie.phil-fak.uni-koeln.de\/personen\/universitaetsprofessorinnen\/prof-dr-andreas-huettemann\/publikationen\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Andreas<\/span><\/a> <span style=\"color:#2271B1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/independent.academia.edu\/AndreasH\u00fcttemann\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">H\u00fcttemann<\/span><\/a><\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aips.be\/en\/andreas-huttemann\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-12860\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5559.png\" alt=\"For visual identification, a reversed, enhanced, color photographic headshot cutout of Andreas H\u00fcttemann wearing clear-framed glasses, a yellow polka-dotted shirt under a black sweater, and a black suit is used.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5559.png 458w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5559-215x300.png 215w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5559-107x150.png 107w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/rene-descartes-meditationen-ber-die-erste-philosophie-9783050050102.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Zur Wirkungsgeschichte der kartesianischen <em>Meditationen<\/em><\/span><\/a>\u201d [&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/renedescartesmeditationenberdieerstephilosophie-2nd-revised-edition-9783110571806-9783110571585.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">On the History of the Influence of the Cartesian Meditations<\/span><\/a>&#8220;] \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Hans-Peter%20Sch\u00fctt\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Hans-Peter<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/independent.academia.edu\/Sch\u00fcttHansPeter\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Sch\u00fctt<\/span><\/a>  (no known photo)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/departments.wheatoncollege.edu\/faculty\/nancy-kendrick\/\">Kendrick<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/nancy-kendrick\">Nancy<\/a><\/strong>  <a href=\"https:\/\/departments.wheatoncollege.edu\/faculty\/nancy-kendrick\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"185\" class=\"wp-image-13101\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5913.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced, color photographic torso and headshot cutout of Nancy Kendrick wearing sunglasses, a red and orange scarf  around her neck under a fitted outerwear jacket with orange piping unzipped to her breasts is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5913.png 518w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5913-243x300.png 243w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5913-121x150.png 121w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.2041-6962.2000.tb00908.x\">Why Cartesian Ideas of Sense are Innate<\/a>.\u201d&nbsp;<em>The Southern Journal of Philosophy,&nbsp;<\/em>Vol. 38, No. 3 (September 2000), pp. 413-428.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anthony_Kenny\">Kenny<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/arts\/educational-magazines\/kenny-anthony-1931\">Anthony<\/a> John Patrick<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shutterstock.com\/editorial\/image-editorial\/anthony-kenny-1430895y\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"8504\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"159\" class=\"wp-image-3827\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5815.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of an old Anthony Kenny wearing a collared light blue shirt under a brownish outer jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5815.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5815-300x238.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>. \u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/willis-doney-descartes-a-collection-of-critical-essays\/page\/227\/mode\/2up\">Descartes on Ideas.<\/a>\u201d In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/willis-doney-descartes-a-collection-of-critical-essays\/page\/227\/mode\/2up\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/willis-doney-descartes-a-collection-of-critical-essays\/page\/227\/mode\/2up\">Descartes: A Collection of Critical Essays<\/a><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/willis-doney-descartes-a-collection-of-critical-essays\/page\/227\/mode\/2up\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"306\" class=\"wp-image-13406\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_6105.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced white with bright orange bottom square of the book cover of \u201cDescartes: A Collection of Critical Essays\u201d edited by Willis Doney is used for visual identification. \" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_6105.jpeg 366w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_6105-172x300.jpeg 172w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_6105-86x150.jpeg 86w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by Wilis Doney, 227\u201349. New York: Random House, 1967.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anthony_Kenny\">Kenny<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/arts\/educational-magazines\/kenny-anthony-1931\">Anthony<\/a> John Patrick<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shutterstock.com\/editorial\/image-editorial\/anthony-kenny-1430895y\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"8504\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"159\" class=\"wp-image-3827\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5815.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of an old Anthony Kenny wearing a collared light blue shirt under a brownish outer jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5815.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5815-300x238.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/descartesstudyof00kenn\">Descartes: A Study of his Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/Up27ZqEi81aVrX1r5\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"8504\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"246\" class=\"wp-image-10327\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1937.png\" alt=\"An enhanced dark brien book cover of &quot;Descartes: A Study of His Philosophy&quot; by Anthony Kenny with the name &quot;DESCARTES' broken up into three groups of three in orange used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1937.png 390w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1937-183x300.png 183w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1937-91x150.png 91w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. New York: Random House, 1968. Also, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/KENDAS\">Descartes: A Study of His Philosophy<\/a>.&nbsp;South Bend, Ind.: St. Augustine&#8217;s Press, 1968.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.logicmuseum.com\/wiki\/Peter_King\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.logicmuseum.com\/wiki\/Peter_King\"><strong>King, Peter<\/strong><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/677Q9vkwG2Q1syec8\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"162\" class=\"wp-image-4182\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/a5f00bbe-d7bb-4561-9626-95bce8881b28.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a glasses adorned full gray beard and mustache facing forward Peter King wearing a blue collared shirt buttoned to the top button under a dark blue suit jacket used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/a5f00bbe-d7bb-4561-9626-95bce8881b28.png 296w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/a5f00bbe-d7bb-4561-9626-95bce8881b28-278x300.png 278w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.medieval.utoronto.ca\/people\/directories\/all-faculty\/peter-king\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"151\" class=\"wp-image-4186\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6866.jpeg\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a glasses adorned full gray beard and mustache facing forward Peter King wearing a vertically thin striped off yellow shirt under a black suit jacket used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6866.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6866-300x259.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/independent.academia.edu\/PeterKing81\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"156\" class=\"wp-image-4187\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_8EE10883-D028-43F3-870B-7E1B3634197E.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a glasses adorned full gray beard and mustache facing to the right Peter King wearing a white  shirt under a black v-neck sweater with a black suit jacket and white flower boutonni\u00e8re used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_8EE10883-D028-43F3-870B-7E1B3634197E.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_8EE10883-D028-43F3-870B-7E1B3634197E-300x233.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/individual.utoronto.ca\/pking\/articles\/Rethinking_Representation.pdf\">Rethinking Representation in the Middle Ages<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Representation_and_Objects_of_Thought_in.html?id=a30fl7OeOIEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Representation_and_Objects_of_Thought_in.html?id=a30fl7OeOIEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Representation and Objects of Thought in Medieval Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Representation_and_Objects_of_Thought_in.html?id=a30fl7OeOIEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"341\" class=\"wp-image-879\" style=\"width: 225px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_8562-1.jpeg\" alt=\"The royal purple book cover for &quot;Representation and Objects of Thought in Medieval Philosophy.&quot;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_8562-1.jpeg 360w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_8562-1-198x300.jpeg 198w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/henrik-lagerlund\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/henrik-lagerlund\">Henrik<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.su.se\/english\/profiles\/hlage-1.313716\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.su.se\/english\/profiles\/hlage-1.313716\">Lagerlund<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.su.se\/english\/profiles\/hlage-1.313716\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"179\" class=\"wp-image-4194\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1aa82adf-a5f0-4b90-9b73-b68b5dabad42.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of an eye's smiling full brown beard and mustache Henrik Lagerlund wearing a light purple colored collared shirt under a black suit jacket used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1aa82adf-a5f0-4b90-9b73-b68b5dabad42.png 313w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1aa82adf-a5f0-4b90-9b73-b68b5dabad42-293x300.png 293w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, 83\u2013102. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005. Also see &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/homepages.uc.edu\/~martinj\/Mediaeval%20Logic%20&amp;%20Philosophy\/Week%2010%20-%20Overview\/King%20-%20Rethinking%20Representation%20in%20the%20Middle%20Ages.pdf\">Rethinking Representation in the Middle Ages<\/a>.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/elmar-joseph-kremer\">Kremer<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.utoronto.ca\/directory\/elmar-kremer\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.utoronto.ca\/directory\/elmar-kremer\/\">Elmar<\/a> Joseph<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.utoronto.ca\/directory\/elmar-kremer\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"184\" class=\"wp-image-4288\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_6B4E6221-B5D6-45EC-A54F-3A245BDFA76D.png\" alt=\"An enhanced. olorized rotated photographic headshot cutout of a white haired Elmar J. Kremer wearing a gray and black shirt under a black jacket used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_6B4E6221-B5D6-45EC-A54F-3A245BDFA76D.png 261w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_6B4E6221-B5D6-45EC-A54F-3A245BDFA76D-245x300.png 245w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, ed. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.library.vanderbilt.edu\/discovery\/fulldisplay\/alma991028433599703276\/01VAN_INST:vanui\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/catalog.library.vanderbilt.edu\/discovery\/fulldisplay\/alma991028433599703276\/01VAN_INST:vanui\">Interpreting Arnauld<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.abebooks.com\/servlet\/BookDetailsPL?bi=31111310266&amp;searchurl=an%3Delmar%2Bkremer%26sortby%3D17%26tn%3DInterpreting%2Barnauld&amp;cm_sp=snippet-_-srp1-_-image2\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"260\" class=\"wp-image-4275\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7150.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized book cover of &quot;Interpreting Arnauld&quot; edited by Elmar J. Kremer used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7150.jpeg 215w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7150-202x300.jpeg 202w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1996.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Read <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/lisa-downing?app=870\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Lisa Jeanne<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/osu.academia.edu\/LisaDowning\/CurriculumVitae\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Downing\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/osu.academia.edu\/LisaDowning\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/osu.academia.edu\/LisaDowning\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"178\" class=\"wp-image-2788\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_9264FB82-626D-4D92-A652-6F356D5E8749.png\" alt=\"A color photographic cutout of Lisa Jeanne Downing used for identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_9264FB82-626D-4D92-A652-6F356D5E8749.png 314w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_9264FB82-626D-4D92-A652-6F356D5E8749-294x300.png 294w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/228787\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/pub\/1\/journal\/76\"><em><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Journal of the History of Philosophy<\/span><\/em><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/issue\/12169\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">37, no. 2, (April 1999<\/span><\/a>): 367\u201368.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/John-Michael%20Kuczynski\">Kuczynski<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/reedsy.com\/john-michael-kuczynski\">John-Michael<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/KUCGTD\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"185\" class=\"wp-image-4190\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/c15d292f-5222-4809-a807-ff5d909ffbc0.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a scowling John-Michael Kuczynski turned to. his right with his head turned back towards the left wearing a buttoned down  collar blue. shirt under a dark blue suit jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/c15d292f-5222-4809-a807-ff5d909ffbc0.png 303w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/c15d292f-5222-4809-a807-ff5d909ffbc0-284x300.png 284w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/KUCGTD\"><em>Guide to Descartes&#8217; Meditations<\/em><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.audible.com\/pd\/Guide-to-Descartes-Meditations-Audiobook\/B01J90RXN8\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" class=\"wp-image-7672\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4707.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color image of the cover for the  audiobook &quot;Guide to Descartes' Meditations&quot; by John M. Kucznsky with his picture in lower left corner, Descartes's Franz Hals portrait in lower right corner, and three young male buddhists wearing orange robes at other spots used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4707.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4707-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4707-150x150.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a> , 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Andr%C3%A9%20Kukla\">Kukla<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Andr%C3%A9%20Kukla\">Andr\u00e9<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/dailynous.com\/2023\/12\/16\/andre-kukla-1942-2023\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-4484\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7228.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of Andre Kukla with a full black  beard and mustache wearing a villa red shirt with a dark outerwear jacket used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7228.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7228-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7228-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"179\" class=\"wp-image-4486\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/8d27d302-0b44-492c-a9eb-480c12df7f5a.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of a sunglasses adorned clean shaven Andre Kukla seated with his arms on table (unseen) with right hand on top of his left hand wearing a black v-neck shirt under a brown herringbone patterned suit jacket used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/8d27d302-0b44-492c-a9eb-480c12df7f5a.png 313w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/8d27d302-0b44-492c-a9eb-480c12df7f5a-293x300.png 293w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/> and <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Joel%20Walmsley\"><strong>Joel Walmsley<\/strong><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/phCMifeChN1RLHev6\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"165\" class=\"wp-image-4488\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7255.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot and torso cutout of a lecturing Joel Walmsley with both arms bent at elbows lifted to his left wearing a black sweater vest used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7255.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7255-300x248.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/ZfJNkApAh1tUMMPw9\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"167\" class=\"wp-image-4490\" style=\"width: 225px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/34b26b02-d21b-464e-8726-aa30189cc563.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot  cutout of Joel Walmsley with a mustache holding up a human brain in his left hand while wearing a blue sports coat over a finely meshed blue and white grided shirt used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/34b26b02-d21b-464e-8726-aa30189cc563.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/34b26b02-d21b-464e-8726-aa30189cc563-300x223.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/KUKMAH\">Mind: A Historical and Philosophical Introduction to the Major Theories<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/ty73x8rxry9Q5DWX8\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"278\" class=\"wp-image-10331\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1938.jpeg\" alt=\"A color book cover of &quot; MIND: A Historical &amp; Philosophical Introduction to the Major Theories&quot; edited by Andr\u00e9 Kukla and Joel Walmsley with shrouded figures on five poles on the cover used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1938.jpeg 403w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1938-189x300.jpeg 189w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1938-94x150.jpeg 94w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>.&nbsp;Indianapolis: Hackett, 2006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\" id=\"L-neon-ivy-drop-cap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"272\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0968.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2175\" style=\"width:123px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0968.jpeg 272w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0968-255x300.jpeg 255w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 272px) 100vw, 272px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.su.se\/english\/profiles\/hlage-1.313716\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.su.se\/english\/profiles\/hlage-1.313716\">Lagerlund<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/henrik-lagerlund\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/henrik-lagerlund\">Henrik<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.su.se\/english\/profiles\/hlage-1.313716\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"179\" class=\"wp-image-4194\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1aa82adf-a5f0-4b90-9b73-b68b5dabad42.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of an eye's smiling full brown beard and mustache Henrik Lagerlund wearing a light purple colored collared shirt under a black suit jacket used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1aa82adf-a5f0-4b90-9b73-b68b5dabad42.png 313w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1aa82adf-a5f0-4b90-9b73-b68b5dabad42-293x300.png 293w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, ed. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Representation_and_Objects_of_Thought_in.html?id=a30fl7OeOIEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Representation_and_Objects_of_Thought_in.html?id=a30fl7OeOIEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Representation and Objects of Thought in Medieval Philosophy<\/a><\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Representation_and_Objects_of_Thought_in.html?id=a30fl7OeOIEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"303\" class=\"wp-image-879\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_8562-1.jpeg\" alt=\"The royal purple book cover for &quot;Representation and Objects of Thought in Medieval Philosophy.&quot;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_8562-1.jpeg 360w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_8562-1-198x300.jpeg 198w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a> Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/oulu.academia.edu\/ViliL%C3%A4hteenm%C3%A4ki?swp=tc-au-11103558\">L\u00e4hteenm\u00e4ki<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/oulu.academia.edu\/ViliL%C3%A4hteenm%C3%A4ki?swp=tc-au-11103558\">Vili<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-19737\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_8518.png\" alt=\"An enhanced reversed photographic cutout of Vili L\u00e4hteenm\u00e4ki with glasses and an open-collared white shirt under a dark gray suit coat is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_8518.png 400w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_8518-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_8518-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/11103558\/Orders_of_Consciousness_and_Forms_of_Reflexivity_in_Descartes?email_work_card=view-paper&amp;li=0\">Orders of Consciousness and Forms of Reflexivity in Descartes<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Consciousness\/N6-dTUPKGwwC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;printsec=frontcover\">Consciousness: From Perception to Reflection in the History of Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1007\/978-1-4020-6082-3#affiliations\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"312\" class=\"wp-image-19744\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_8534.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced blue and gray book cover of \u201cConsciousness: From Perception to Reflection in the History of Philosophy\u201d (2007), edited by Sara Hein\u00e4maa, Pauliina Remes, and \nVili L\u00e4hteenm\u00e4ki is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_8534.jpeg 410w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_8534-192x300.jpeg 192w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_8534-96x150.jpeg 96w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/jyu.academia.edu\/SaraHein\u00e4maa\">Sara<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/sara-heinamaa\">Hein\u00e4maa<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/cfs.ku.dk\/calendar-main\/2018\/sara-i\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"183\" class=\"wp-image-19752\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_8556.jpeg\" alt=\"For visual identification, a reversed enhanced photographic cutout of Sara Hein\u00e4maa leaning to her left, wearing an off-white V-neck sweater and a double strand of pearls draping down around her neck, is used.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_8556.jpeg 611w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_8556-286x300.jpeg 286w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_8556-143x150.jpeg 143w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/oulu.academia.edu\/ViliL%C3%A4hteenm%C3%A4ki?swp=tc-au-11103558\">Vili<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/oulu.academia.edu\/ViliL%C3%A4hteenm%C3%A4ki?swp=tc-au-11103558\">L\u00e4hteenm\u00e4ki<\/a><strong>, <\/strong>and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uu.se\/en\/contact-and-organisation\/staff?query=N7-1000\">Pauliina<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/pauliina-remes\">Remes<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/pauliina-remes\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"162\" class=\"wp-image-19760\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_8567.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced photographic cutout of Pauliina Remes leaning to her left, wearing rounded wedge earrings looking like half lemon slices, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_8567.png 592w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_8567-278x300.png 278w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_8567-139x150.png 139w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. New York: Springer (2007): 177\u2013201.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Consciousness\/N6-dTUPKGwwC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;printsec=frontcover\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"827\" class=\"wp-image-19747\" style=\"width: 1200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_8551-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced Table of Contents for \u201cConsciousness: From Perception to Reflection in the History of Philosophy\u201d (2007), edited by Sara Hein\u00e4maa, Pauliina Remes, and Vili L\u00e4hteenm\u00e4ki is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_8551-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_8551-300x207.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_8551-1024x706.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_8551-150x103.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_8551-768x530.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_8551-1536x1059.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_8551-2048x1412.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sergio_Landucci\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sergio_Landucci\"><strong>Landucci, Sergio<\/strong><\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"197\" class=\"wp-image-4493\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/81b7d7b3-596c-4ba6-a04a-457ac51a7f15.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot and torso cutout of a cartoonized glasses adorned Sergio Landucci wearing a black zippered soft jacket used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/81b7d7b3-596c-4ba6-a04a-457ac51a7f15.png 284w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/81b7d7b3-596c-4ba6-a04a-457ac51a7f15-266x300.png 266w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/>. <em><a href=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/LANLMI-2\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/LANLMI-2\">La Mente in Cartesio<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ispf.cnr.it\/en\/pubblicazioni\/la-mente-in-cartesio\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"295\" class=\"wp-image-4196\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6889.png\" alt=\"The blue book cover for &quot;La Mente in Cartesio&quot; by Sergio Landucci used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6889.png 217w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6889-203x300.png 203w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>. Milan: Franco Angeli, 2002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/charles-e-larmore\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/charles-e-larmore\">Larmore<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/vivo.brown.edu\/docs\/c\/clarmore_cv.pdf?dt=072906139\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/vivo.brown.edu\/docs\/c\/clarmore_cv.pdf?dt=072906139\">Charles<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"185\" class=\"wp-image-4496\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/90312ed0-7e56-4e33-9237-49f895953deb.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a slightly smiling Charles Larmore wearing a colored shirt underneath a black sweater used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/90312ed0-7e56-4e33-9237-49f895953deb.png 259w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/90312ed0-7e56-4e33-9237-49f895953deb-243x300.png 243w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/research.brown.edu\/publications\/1154700682.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/research.brown.edu\/publications\/1154700682.pdf\">Descartes\u2019 Empirical Epistemology<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/GAUDPM\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/GAUDPM\">Descartes: Philosophy, Mathematics and Physics<\/a><\/em> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"350\" height=\"285\" class=\"wp-image-9469\" style=\"width: 350px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_0412736D-1FDB-4B88-B5C4-484A85DC8F65.png\" alt=\"The title page of &quot;Descartes: Philosophy, Mathematics, and Physics&quot; edited by Stephen Gaukroger used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_0412736D-1FDB-4B88-B5C4-484A85DC8F65.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_0412736D-1FDB-4B88-B5C4-484A85DC8F65-300x244.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_0412736D-1FDB-4B88-B5C4-484A85DC8F65-150x122.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20Gaukroger\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20Gaukroger\">Stephen<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\">Gaukroger<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"163\" class=\"wp-image-4088\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of a glasses adorned Stephen Gaukroger wearing a white shirt with dark blue and white striped tie under a dark blue sweater with a dark gray wool suit jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721-300x279.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, 6\u201322. Sussex: Harvester, 1980.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/scientific-contributions\/Thomas-M-Lennon-2031170204\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/scientific-contributions\/Thomas-M-Lennon-2031170204\">Lennon<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Thomas%20M.%20Lennon\">Thomas<\/a> Michael<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophyatwestern.typepad.com\/philosophywestern\/2009\/10\/tom-lennons-talk.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"115\" height=\"208\" class=\"wp-image-3950\" style=\"width: 115px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6351.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic cutout headshot of Thomas Lennon wearing a dark blue shirt and glasses used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6351.png 177w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6351-166x300.png 166w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 115px) 100vw, 115px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/227886\/pdf\">The Inherence Pattern and Descartes&#8217; Ideas<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Journal of the History of Philosophy<\/em>, 12 (1974): 43\u201352.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/scientific-contributions\/Thomas-M-Lennon-2031170204\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/scientific-contributions\/Thomas-M-Lennon-2031170204\">Lennon<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Thomas%20M.%20Lennon\">Thomas<\/a> Michael<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophyatwestern.typepad.com\/philosophywestern\/2009\/10\/tom-lennons-talk.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"226\" class=\"wp-image-3950\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6351.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic cutout headshot of Thomas Lennon wearing a dark blue shirt and glasses used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6351.png 177w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6351-166x300.png 166w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/dialogue-canadian-philosophical-review-revue-canadienne-de-philosophie\/article\/abs\/representationalism-judgment-and-perception-of-distance-further-to-yolton-and-mcrae\/FEDDCEF3BDA0EC48CE95580A89FA7E32\">Representationalism, Judgment and Perception of Distance: Further to Yolton and McRae<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Dialogue<\/em> 19, no. 1 (1980): 151\u201362.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Lia-Levy\">Levy<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/professor.ufrgs.br\/lialevy\/pages\/my-bio\">Lia<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/professor.ufrgs.br\/lialevy\/publications\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-8781\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9618.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of a glasses wearing Lia Levy with her left hand in a fist under. her chin and a black shirt used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9618.png 400w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9618-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9618-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/ojs.ifch.unicamp.br\/index.php\/modernoscontemporaneos\/article\/view\/3256\/2495\">Notas sobre o conceito de aten\u00e7\u00e3o em Descartes<\/a>&#8221; [&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/english-translation\/notas-sobre-o-conceito-de-atencao-em-descartes-notes-on-the-concept-of-attention-in-descartes-by-lia-levy\/\">Notes on the concept of attention in Descartes<\/a>&#8220;].&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/ojs.ifch.unicamp.br\/index.php\/modernoscontemporaneos\/article\/view\/3256\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"233\" class=\"wp-image-14841\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_7568.jpeg\" alt=\"The purple cover of \u201cModernos &amp; Contempor\u00e2neos\u201d Vol. 1, no. 2, 2017 is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_7568.jpeg 480w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_7568-225x300.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_7568-113x150.jpeg 113w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> <em>Modernos e Contempor\u00e2neos<\/em> 1, no. 2 (July\/Dec. 2017): 46\u201356.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/lume.ufrgs.br\/handle\/10183\/184918\">Google Translate Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> This article seeks to highlight the exegetical advantages of a broader study on the concept of attention in Descartes&#8217; philosophy and preliminarily advance some hypotheses about its meaning and function. More precisely, an approximation of the concepts of attention and time is suggested, so that the first would be defined &#8211; not as an incommunicable subjective experience, or as a quality of that experience &#8211; but in relation to the Cartesian concept of duration, both in its connection with the human mind and independently of this connection. Attention would not primarily designate a dispositional psychological state (which would dispose the mind to knowledge). On the contrary, the concept of attention could assume this derived sense only to the extent that it is conceived as a certain configuration of the existence of the soul, which is properly a temporal duration.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/lume.ufrgs.br\/handle\/10183\/184918\">Abstract:<\/a><\/strong> This text aims to show the importance and the exegetical benefits of a study about the sense and the role of attention in Descartes\u2019 philosophy. There will also be a preliminary suggestion on some hypothesis about this theme. I propose that attention means primarily, for Descartes, a configuration of the mind\u2019s temporal duration and, therefore, a metaphysical notion and not just a psychological one.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:29px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Lia-Levy\">Levy<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/professor.ufrgs.br\/lialevy\/pages\/my-bio\">Lia<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-8778\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9617.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic shoulders and headshot cutout of a glasses wearing Lia Levy with a light blue inner hood under a dark blue hooded parka used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9617.png 400w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9617-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9617-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/> .&nbsp;&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/LEVSER-3\">Sujeito e Representa\u00e7\u00e3o: o Conceito Cartesiano de id\u00e9ia<\/a>.&#8221; In <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/MARVCE-5\"><em>Verdade, Conhecimento e A\u00e7\u00e3o<\/em>. <em>Ensaios em Homenagem a Guido Ant\u00f4nio de Almeida e Raul Landim Filho<\/em><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/sx9E642oSQEQsvPj7\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"216\" class=\"wp-image-9823\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1203.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced orange book cover of &quot;Verdade, conhecimento e a\u00e7\u00e3o: Ensaios em homenagem a Guido Antonio de Almeida e Raul Landim Filho&quot; (1999)with dark brown title and red font editor's names used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1203.jpeg 444w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1203-208x300.jpeg 208w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1203-104x150.jpeg 104w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, [&#8220;Subject and Representation: the Cartesian Concept of Idea.&#8221; In <em>Truth, Knowledge and Action. Essays in Tribute to Guido Ant\u00f4nio de Almeida and Raul Landim Filho<\/em>], edited by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.printfilosofia.uerj.br\/en\/edgar-da-rocha-marques-2\/\">Edgar<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Edgar%20Marques\">Marques<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/bs61ayKnXywJGAJJ8\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"155\" class=\"wp-image-10307\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1890.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a glasses wearing Edgar Martinez wearing a pink dress shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1890.png 621w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1890-291x300.png 291w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1890-146x150.png 146w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/ethel-menezes-rocha\">Ethel<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.escavador.com\/sobre\/7339414\/ethel-menezes-rocha\">Rocha<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=9Zjkz6Ag7TU\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"147\" class=\"wp-image-9522\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_9712.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Ethel Rocha turned towards her left with her head slightly. bent down wearing a blue shirt. with. a round opening partially revealing her collarbones used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_9712.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_9712-300x253.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_9712-150x126.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> , <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sbpcnet.org.br\/livro\/67ra\/fotos\/fotos_co15.htm\">Marcos A<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/naueditora.com.br\/autor\/marcos-andre-gleizer\/\">Gleizer<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/naueditora.com.br\/autor\/marcos-andre-gleizer\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"201\" class=\"wp-image-10309\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1893.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color  photographic headshot cutout of Edgar Marquez with glasses and wearing a dark purple dress shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1893.png 386w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1893-224x300.png 224w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1893-112x150.png 112w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/professor.ufrgs.br\/lialevy\/pages\/my-bio\">Lia<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Lia-Levy\">Levy<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/professor.ufrgs.br\/lialevy\/publications\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-8781\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9618.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of a glasses wearing Lia Levy with her left hand in a fist under. her chin and a black shirt used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9618.png 400w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9618-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9618-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.escavador.com\/sobre\/7339422\/ulysses-pinheiro\">Ulysses<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/ulysses-pinheiro\">Pinheiro<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ZYbyuduMqfc\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"127\" class=\"wp-image-10317\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1923.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Ulysses Pinheiro with glasses and wearing a collared shirt barely visible under a black round necked sweater used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1923.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1923-300x217.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1923-150x109.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, 233\u201346. Sao Paulo: Edi\u00e7\u00f5es Loyola, 1999.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/LEVSER-3\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">Abstract<\/mark><\/a>:<\/strong> The Cartesian notion of idea is the focal point of this paper, which aims to determine whether this concept entails (a) the proposition that ideas are the immediate objects of perception, or (b) the proposition that ideas are the immediate perception of objects, or (c) both. Merely examining the Cartesian texts raises this question, as there are passages that seem to support all these positions. This discussion is not original, as it delves into one of the key questions that Cartesian philosophy posed to the philosophical discourse on the problem of knowledge in the seventeenth century and beyond, an inquiry that continues to reverberate in contemporary commentaries and studies on these theories. The hypothesis that I propose to defend is as follows: once the foundational principle of clarity and distinctness is established, it is necessary to affirm that the subject perceives the objects represented in the ideas that serve as the basis for true judgments, without excluding the proposition that the subject also perceives the ideas themselves. In other words, it is essential to consider that the Cartesian concept of idea encompasses both the object immediately perceived and, in certain cases, the immediate perception of the object.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.virginia.edu\/antonia-lolordo\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.virginia.edu\/antonia-lolordo\">LoLordo<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=P5zFr3wAAAAJ&amp;hl=en\">Antonia<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.virginia.edu\/antonia-lolordo\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.virginia.edu\/antonia-lolordo\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2528\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"blob:https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/06fe7ceb-8210-4e15-a1f3-763ccbf5a7f0\" alt=\"\"><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.virginia.edu\/antonia-lolordo\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" class=\"wp-image-3187\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2993.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of Antonia LoLordo used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2993.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2993-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2993-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170813043737id_\/http:\/\/people.virginia.edu\/~al4h\/descartes%20and%20malebranche.pdf\">Descartes and Malebranche on Thought, Sensation, and the Nature of the Mind<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Journal of the History of Philosophy<\/em> 43 (2005): 387\u2013402.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.virginia.edu\/antonia-lolordo\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.virginia.edu\/antonia-lolordo\">LoLordo<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=P5zFr3wAAAAJ&amp;hl=en\">Antonia<\/a><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ColumbiaCNNP\/photos\/a.337735156750120\/74103882308641\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"276\" class=\"wp-image-9819\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1196.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic  cutout of Antonia LoLordo wearing her name badge on a lanyard around her neck and with her hands in her pockets used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1196.png 232w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1196-109x300.png 109w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1196-54x150.png 54w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.routledgehandbooks.com\/doi\/10.4324\/9781315771960.ch10\">Theories of<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/chapters\/edit\/10.4324\/9781315771960-10\/theories-sense-perception-antonia-lolordo\">Sense Perception<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Routledge_Companion_to_Seventeenth_C.html?id=j3s5DwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">The Routledge Companion to Seventeenth Century Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Routledge_Companion_to_Seventeenth_C.html?id=j3s5DwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"249\" class=\"wp-image-5970\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_0904.jpeg\" alt=\"The dark green book cover for &quot;The Routledge Companion to Seventeenth Century Philosophy&quot; (2017) edited by Dan Kauffman used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_0904.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_0904-211x300.jpeg 211w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.colorado.edu\/philosophy\/sites\/default\/files\/attached-files\/cv_kaufman.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.colorado.edu\/philosophy\/sites\/default\/files\/attached-files\/cv_kaufman.pdf\">Dan<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Dan%20Kaufman\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Dan%20Kaufman\">Kaufman<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dailycamera.com\/2015\/03\/02\/dan-kaufman-philosophy-prof-banished-from-campus-last-year-sues-cu-boulder\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"169\" class=\"wp-image-2692\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1861.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color headshot of an unsmiling Dan Kaufman wearing a red shirt with tight white stripes used for identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1861.png 237w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1861-222x300.png 222w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>. London: Routledge, 2017:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.virginia.edu\/antonia-lolordo\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.virginia.edu\/antonia-lolordo\">LoLordo<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=P5zFr3wAAAAJ&amp;hl=en\">Antonia<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ColumbiaCNNP\/photos\/a.337735156750120\/74103882308641\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"414\" class=\"wp-image-9819\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1196.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of Antonia LoLordo wearing her name badge on a lanyard around her neck and with her hands in her pockets used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1196.png 232w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1196-109x300.png 109w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1196-54x150.png 54w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. Chapter 3, &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=pDhjDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PT92&amp;dq=info:P1gmTC53MdQJ:scholar.google.com&amp;hl=en&amp;source=gb_mobile_entity\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=pDhjDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PT92&amp;dq=info:P1gmTC53MdQJ:scholar.google.com&amp;hl=en&amp;source=gb_mobile_entity\">Descartes&#8217; Philosophy of Mind and Its Early Critics<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/COPPOM\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/COPPOM\">Philosophy of Mind in the Early Modern and Modern Ages: The History of the Philosophy of Mind, volume 4<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/COPPOM\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"263\" class=\"wp-image-2579\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1714.jpeg\" alt=\"The enhanced color book cover of &quot;Philosophy of Mind in the Early Modern and Modern Ages.&quot;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1714.jpeg 213w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1714-200x300.jpeg 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.wustl.edu\/people\/becko-copenhaver\">Rebecca<\/a> (<a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.wustl.edu\/people\/becko-copenhaver\">Becko<\/a>) <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rebecca_Copenhaver\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rebecca_Copenhaver\">Copenhaver<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.wustl.edu\/people\/becko-copenhaver\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"206\" class=\"wp-image-9821\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1200.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of a smiling with glasses Rebecca (Becko) Coperhaver wearing a patterned blouse with material at elbow end holding her fingers at her waist and with a red beaded necklace used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1200.png 622w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1200-292x300.png 292w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1200-146x150.png 146w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>. London: Taylor &amp; Francis, 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"gap: 20px;\" class=\"align-button-center ub-buttons orientation-button-row ub-flex-wrap wp-block-ub-button\" id=\"ub-button-7a6a89c3-594a-4fa4-b561-88b973cb0042\"><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-primary-sources-bibliography\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: rgb(0, 208, 132); --ub-button-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; font-size: 17px; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 10px;; border-top-right-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Primary Sources<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-relevant-contemporary-sources\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: rgb(0, 208, 132); --ub-button-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 10px;; border-top-right-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Relevant Contemporary Sources<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-relevant-contempirary-sources#descartes-bibliographies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: rgb(0, 208, 132); --ub-button-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 10px;; border-top-right-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Descartes Bibliographies<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#secondary-Sources-a-l\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #00d084; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 10px;; border-top-right-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Secondary Sources (A\u2013L)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #00d084; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 10px;; border-top-right-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Secondary Sources (M\u2013Z)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"342\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5333-1024x342.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12570\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5333-1024x342.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5333-300x100.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5333-150x50.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5333-768x257.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5333-1536x513.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5333.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<ul class=\"modern-footnotes-list \"><li><span>1<\/span><div> The footnotes have been renumbered from the original articles in the running numerical order. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.getmerlin.in\/ai-translate\/french-to-english\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Merlin with ChatGPT translation<\/span><\/a> begins at the top of page thirty-two.<br><br><strong>32 MEDIEVAL SOURCES OF SOME CARTESIAN DOCTRINES:<\/strong><br><br>to recognize that it does not hold its existence from itself and that it is not sufficient for its own perfection, and that no creature, for that matter, is self-sufficient. Far from being self-sufficient, since man, who is superior to them, nevertheless finds himself imperfect in his degree, recognizing himself as weak and frail in the knowledge of truth as in the love of good. Hence, man easily persuades himself that he needs some higher nature from which he draws his origin and by which he is ruled and governed. Considered from this aspect, the knowledge of God presents itself even to the common people with a certain practical and moral evidence, sufficient to oblige him not only to give his assent to this truth: that God is, but also to render worship to Him. And this at the same time allows us to understand what we read among the doctors of an innate knowledge that we would have of God&#8217;s existence.<sup>1<\/sup><br><br>Undoubtedly, it would reasonably be contested that we are dealing here with a declared innatism; nonetheless, in Suarez&#8217;s doctrine, we have a more flexible and conciliatory conception of the sources of our belief in God than that of St. Thomas. The way is open to accommodations, and the breach is made; all innatism will pass through.<br><br>Indeed, multiple causes seem to have contributed to determining in the early years of the 17th century a revival of Platonic innatism. It is quite true that even within Aristotelian scholasticism and, as we have just seen, in the philosophy and theology of the Jesuits in particular, a movement had long been taking shape in this direction. To seek with some historians<sup>2<\/sup> the immediate origin of Platonism and Augustinism, which will receive their full development after 1650, would be to exaggerate its importance; however, it has rightly been noted that it is one of the precursors of signs. Thereby,<br><br><strong>FOOTNOTE 1.<\/strong> &#8220;There are many things that immediately incline to assenting to that truth; many, I say, not only metaphysical or physical but also moral; and not only external but also internal. For if man reflects upon himself, he recognizes that he is not from himself, nor sufficient for his own perfection\u2026 Whence, with the easiest business, man persuades himself that he needs a higher nature from which he draws his origin and by which he is ruled and governed\u2026 Hence, this knowledge seems mainly to have been through human faith, especially among the common people, rather than through evidentness of the thing; nevertheless, it seems to have been with a certain practical and moral evidence, which could suffice to oblige assent to this truth, that God exists, as well as to worship Him. And according to this, everything that is said by the Doctors about the naturally incited knowledge of God is easily understood.&#8221; (Suarez, <em>Metaphysical Disputations<\/em>, 29, 3, 36)<br><br><strong>FOOTNOTE 2.<\/strong> Lechner, p. 533.<br><br><strong>[Page 33]:<\/strong> The Augustinianism of the Oratory, as it will manifest in Thomas, in du Harnel, and Malebranche, is announced; but before reaching this point, Platonism and innate ideas will have traversed the <em>Meditations<\/em>.<br><br>Thus, Descartes may have been influenced, from his stay at La Fl\u00e8che, by a current of ideas favorable to innatism. However, it is difficult to think that the philosopher did not encounter this doctrine a few years later, and perhaps even as soon as he left college, in an explicit form, self-aware, and claiming either to complete the Thomistic doctrine of knowledge or even to replace it. This second attitude seems to have been that of moralists who, since the beginning of the 17th century, were working to revitalize Stoicism by Christianizing it. It is known that Descartes was acquainted with their doctrine and was strongly influenced by it; this is decisively attested to by his correspondence with Princess Elizabeth.<sup>3<\/sup> But how not to believe that he encountered in someone like Justus Lipsius, for example, the doctrine of innate ideas that Stoicism brought with it? Could this morality not have contributed to introducing into Descartes&#8217; mind a doctrine that presented itself as being in close connection with it? Certain details of terminology would invite such a thought; but this innatism, which he encountered among Stoics, albeit Christianized, he could also encounter in Catholicism, among orthodox theologians who were not without authority. Let us go further: Descartes could not fail to encounter the doctrine of innate ideas at every turn, so abundantly did it germinate around him, in the philosophical and theological environment where we find him around the year 1628.<br><br>Among the first theologians won over to this doctrine whom Descartes frequented, we must count Cardinal de B\u00e9rulle, founder of the Oratory, and his disciple Father Gibieuf. It is well known what close relations Descartes maintained with them for some time<sup>4<\/sup>; it is hard to believe that the spiritual director of the young philosopher did not make some efforts to incline his penitent&#8217;s thoughts towards a doctrine dear to his heart. De B\u00e9rulle was a Platonist<sup>5<\/sup>; not merely in an indirect manner and by a few accidental reflections, but all the more; so<br><br><strong>FOOTNOTE 3.<\/strong> Cf. F. Strowski, <em>Pascal and His Times<\/em>, I, p. 113\u201320 (3rd ed. 1909).<br><br><strong>FOOTNOTE 4.<\/strong> We allow ourselves to refer to our work: <em>The Freedom in Descartes and Theology<\/em>, Part I, ch. iv.<br><br><strong>FOOTNOTE 5.<\/strong> <em>Ibid<\/em>. <em>Studies on Medieval Thought<\/em>.<br><br><strong>[Page 34]:<\/strong> More resolutely, perhaps, than he was spontaneously and instinctively. Yet, one could not be a Platonist without holding the doctrine of innate ideas to be true. Descartes may have been reminded by his spiritual director that the grace of God has willed us to be happier than Plato and his disciples, since we are &#8220;raised in a better school, taught a higher philosophy, enlightened by a far more luminous Sun and endowed by it with an infused light that is supernatural and divine.\u201d<sup>6<\/sup> The profession of Christianity, as B\u00e9rulle conceived it, &#8220;is an art of painting, which teaches us to paint, but within ourselves and not on an external canvas; and to paint a single object there.&#8221; This object is none other than the sun of the intelligible world, Jesus Christ, and there is no need for us to go outside of ourselves to form its image: &#8220;we must spend our lives in this beautiful and noble exercise, in which we express and form within ourselves him whom the eternal Father expressed within himself and expressed to the world and in the womb of the Virgin by the new mystery of the Incarnation. And in this noble and divine exercise, our soul is the worker, our heart the canvas, our mind the brush, and our affections the colors that should be used in this divine art, and in this excellent painting.&#8221;<sup>7<\/sup> Better yet, it is Jesus himself who will come to paint himself in us; who, having descended into us, will rise in our soul to the remembrance of himself: &#8220;for entering the world to save the world and dying for our offenses, he wished to unite himself to human nature. . . And he now rises and addresses his Father God in this memorable prayer, asking to be established in the usage, exercise, and possession of the splendor and clarity due to him, and of which he has the principle in himself, divinely and personally united to his humanity. Just as the reasonable soul, if it existed before the body, according to the opinion of the Platonists, being infused into the body of the little child, which has the life of the soul, and not the light of the soul; and being obscured in its intellectual light, and as if buried within infancy, and stripped for a time of this light and knowledge of its state, it would undoubtedly rise to its author who infused it into this body, and would ask to be fully established in the usage, exercise, and actuality of its knowledge and of its own light due to its essence.&#8221;<sup>8<\/sup><br><br><strong>FOOTNOTE 6.<\/strong> De B\u00e9rulle, <em>Complete Works<\/em> (Migne, Paris, 1856), col. 284.<br><br><strong>FOOTNOTE 7.<\/strong> Ibid., col. 287.<br><br><strong>FOOTNOTE 8.<\/strong> Ibid., col. 105.<\/div><\/li><\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A Hyperlinked Pictorial Bibliography in multiple languages with links to scholars, references, images, full abstracts, and published reviews Secondary Sources The letters above represent the first letter of people&#8217;s last names in the Secondary Sources bibliography. 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