{"id":16284,"date":"2024-10-13T18:34:21","date_gmt":"2024-10-13T18:34:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/?page_id=16284"},"modified":"2026-06-14T01:32:17","modified_gmt":"2026-06-14T01:32:17","slug":"dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z\/","title":{"rendered":"DTOI Secondary Sources (M\u2013Z)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">A Hyperlinked Pictorial Bibliography in multiple languages with links to scholars, references, images, full abstracts, and published reviews<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"gap: 20px\" class=\"align-button-center ub-buttons orientation-button-row ub-flex-wrap wp-block-ub-button\" id=\"ub-button-c9425e59-56b2-4cd6-8938-c6e0164a2ae3\"><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-primary-sources\/#primary-sources\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: rgb(0, 208, 132); --ub-button-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; font-size: 17px; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 10px;; border-top-right-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Primary Sources<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-relevant-contemporary-sources\/#relevant-contemporary-sources\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: rgb(0, 208, 132); --ub-button-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 10px;; border-top-right-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Relevant Contemporary Sources<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-relevant-contemporary-sources#descartes-bibliographies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: rgb(0, 208, 132); --ub-button-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 10px;; border-top-right-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Descartes Bibliographies<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-a-l#A-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #00d084; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 10px;; border-top-right-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Secondary Sources (A\u2013L)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#M-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #00d084; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 10px;; border-top-right-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Secondary Sources (M\u2013Z)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\" id=\"secondary-sources-a-l\"><br><br><br>Secondary Sources<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"gap: 20px\" class=\"align-button-center ub-buttons orientation-button-row ub-flex-wrap wp-block-ub-button\" id=\"ub-button-f7f680b0-5a9e-47aa-bb5c-a56773aa5314\"><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-a-l\/#A-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">A<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-a-l\/#B-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">B<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-a-l\/#C-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">C<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-a-l\/#D-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">D<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-a-l\/#E-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">E-F-G<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-a-l\/#H-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">H<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-a-l\/#I-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">I-J<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-a-l\/#K-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">K-L<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#M-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; font-size: 17px; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">M<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#N-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">N<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#O-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">O-P<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#Q-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Q-R<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#S-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">S<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#T-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">T-U-V<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#W-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">W<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#X-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">X-Y-Z<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">The letters above represent the first letter of people&#8217;s last names in the Secondary Sources bibliography. Click on them to go to that alphabetical section. One can quickly return by hitting the blue box up arrow <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" class=\"wp-image-7649\" style=\"width: 25px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4697.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced image of the up arrow to the top of the page of a white arrow upside down wide &quot;v&quot; with no stem on a light blue background used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4697.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4697-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4697-150x150.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 25px) 100vw, 25px\" \/> in the lower right corner, if located in the same webpage. OR, click on your browser&#8217;s back arrow located in the upper left corner to return to your previous page. Please be patient because these information rich webpages can take five seconds to load.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\" id=\"M-neon-ivy-drop-cap\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"312\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0947.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2178\" style=\"width:121px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0947.jpeg 312w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0947-293x300.jpeg 293w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 312px) 100vw, 312px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/MACAAO-5\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/MACAAO-5\">MacKenzie<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Ann%20Wilbur%20Mackenzie\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Ann%20Wilbur%20Mackenzie\">Ann Wilbur<\/a><\/strong> (no known photo). &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40231644\">Descartes on Life and Sense<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Canadian Journal of Philosophy<\/em> 19 (1989): 163\u201392.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/MACAAO-5\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/MACAAO-5\">MacKenzie<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Ann%20Wilbur%20Mackenzie\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Ann%20Wilbur%20Mackenzie\">Ann Wilbur<\/a><\/strong> (no known photo). &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/canadian-journal-of-philosophy-supplementary-volume\/article\/abs\/descartes-on-sensory-representation-a-study-of-the-dioptrics\/0CEBFEF957ED9FD98B501EAC6BAA8A80\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/canadian-journal-of-philosophy-supplementary-volume\/article\/abs\/descartes-on-sensory-representation-a-study-of-the-dioptrics\/0CEBFEF957ED9FD98B501EAC6BAA8A80\">Descartes on Sensory Representation<\/a>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/openview\/770bec3208f386a4e738884339212ef0\/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=1823104\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/openview\/770bec3208f386a4e738884339212ef0\/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=1823104\">A Study of the Dioptrics<\/a>.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.scholarsportal.info\/browse\/00455091\/v20isup1\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/journals.scholarsportal.info\/browse\/00455091\/v20isup1\"><em>Canadian Journal of Philosophy<\/em> 20 (sup1), Supplementary Vol. 16: Canadian Philosophers: Celebrating Twenty Years of the CJP<\/a> (January 1990): 109\u201347.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.harvard.edu\/files\/alisonsimmons\/files\/phil_223_short_syllabus.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.philosophy.rutgers.edu\/joomlatools-files\/docman-files\/syllabi\/630_Seminar_Descartes_FA2015.pdf\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">Alison Simmon&#8217;s <\/mark><\/strong><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/politicalphilosopher.net\/2015\/07\/22\/featured-philosop-her-alison-simmons\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"183\" class=\"wp-image-2705\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1894.png\" alt=\"A color photographic cutout used for identifying Alison Simmons with a slight smile and clutching her black and white shoulder strap bag.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1894.png 262w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1894-246x300.png 246w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.harvard.edu\/files\/alisonsimmons\/files\/phil_223_short_syllabus.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.philosophy.rutgers.edu\/joomlatools-files\/docman-files\/syllabi\/630_Seminar_Descartes_FA2015.pdf\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">overview<\/mark><\/strong><\/a> (2011)<strong>:<\/strong> Fragments Cartesian sensory perception into (A) sensory perception of primary qualities (which are representational and non-phenomenal) and (B) sensations of secondary qualities (which are phenomenal and non-representational). The former aide in the search after the truth; the latter do not. Also offers a reconstruction of Cartesian representation as &#8220;range restricted natural indication&#8221; and covers issues of sensory representation.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/MACAAO-5\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/MACAAO-5\">MacKenzie<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Ann%20Wilbur%20Mackenzie\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Ann%20Wilbur%20Mackenzie\">Ann Wilbur<\/a><\/strong> (no known photo). \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/50160\/chapter-abstract\/422030295?redirectedFrom=fulltext\">The Reconfiguration of Sensory Experience<\/a>.\u201d In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/335988262\/John-Cottingham-Reason-Will-and-Sensation-Studies-in-Descartes-s-Metaphysics-1994-pdf\">Reason, Will, and Sensation<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/50160\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"289\" class=\"wp-image-2423\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1616.jpeg\" alt=\"The green book cover with a white font for &quot;Reasson, Will, and Sensation: Studies in Descartes's Metaphysics.&quot;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1616.jpeg 194w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1616-182x300.jpeg 182w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\">John<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\">Cottingham<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"170\" class=\"wp-image-6751\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic color headshot cutout of John Cottingham facing forward wearing a white colored shirt with stripes and a blue suit jacket and sweater used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116.png 282w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116-264x300.png 264w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, 251\u201372. Oxford: Clarendon Press Oxford, 1994.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/socialthought.uchicago.edu\/directory\/Jean-Luc-Marion\"><u>Jean-Luc<\/u><\/a> <u><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Luc_Marion\">Marion<\/a><\/u><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"151\" class=\"wp-image-38556\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6652.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of Jean Luc Marion, wearing glasses and looking straight ahead, in full regalia with green floral leaf lapels, a white bow tie, and a red handkerchief on his left breast, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6652.png 2036w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6652-298x300.png 298w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6652-1018x1024.png 1018w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6652-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6652-768x773.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6652-1527x1536.png 1527w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6652-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/qdownload\/on-descartes-passive-thought-the-myth-of-cartesian-dualism-9780226192611.html\">On Descartes\u2019 Passive Thought: The Myth of Cartesian Dualism<\/a><\/em>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peter_Markie\">Markie<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/peter-markie\">Peter<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-omQq46n5D5k\/UiIS14dt3UI\/AAAAAAAAB3A\/Rm3KMGzrHTQ\/s1600\/Peter-Markie.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"192\" class=\"wp-image-4499\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/158ea352-769b-4bb6-925c-0b384609f1ea.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot and upper torso of Peter Markie with a twisted head turned up to the sky to the right wearing a blue shirt used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/158ea352-769b-4bb6-925c-0b384609f1ea.png 292w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/158ea352-769b-4bb6-925c-0b384609f1ea-274x300.png 274w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.missouri.edu\/people\/markie\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"140\" height=\"214\" class=\"wp-image-4501\" style=\"width: 140px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/be73ea65-4f98-42a5-9a9c-b710b5b34252.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot of an open mouth smiling Peter Markie wearing a blue shirt used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/be73ea65-4f98-42a5-9a9c-b710b5b34252.png 209w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/be73ea65-4f98-42a5-9a9c-b710b5b34252-196x300.png 196w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 140px) 100vw, 140px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-omQq46n5D5k\/UiIS14dt3UI\/AAAAAAAAB3A\/Rm3KMGzrHTQ\/s1600\/Peter-Markie.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"192\" class=\"wp-image-4508\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_E7B1896F-E69E-401A-A026-BF502B8C792C.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of Peter Markie with a twisted head turned up to the sky to his left wearing a blue shirt used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_E7B1896F-E69E-401A-A026-BF502B8C792C.png 292w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_E7B1896F-E69E-401A-A026-BF502B8C792C-274x300.png 274w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-companion-to-descartes\/cogito-and-its-importance\/BD6A539AD05F979AAC975876F9B0A3E6\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-companion-to-descartes\/cogito-and-its-importance\/BD6A539AD05F979AAC975876F9B0A3E6\">The Cogito and its Importance<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/the-cambridge-companion-to-descartes\/D4484AE15E59B53F91E3949049AA73C8\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/the-cambridge-companion-to-descartes\/D4484AE15E59B53F91E3949049AA73C8\">The Cambridge Companion to Descartes<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Cambridge_Companion_to_Descartes.html?id=Prhr9FBdQ_MC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"263\" class=\"wp-image-1025\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_8980.png\" alt=\"The purple book cover of &quot;The Cambridge Companion to Descartes.&quot;\"><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\">John<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\">Cottingham<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"170\" class=\"wp-image-6751\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic color headshot cutout of John Cottingham facing forward wearing a white colored shirt with stripes and a blue suit jacket and sweater used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116.png 282w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116-264x300.png 264w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, 140\u201373. Cambridge: Cambridge, 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Francesco%20Marrone\">Marrone<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/filosofiainmovimento.it\/author\/francesco-marrone\/\">Francesco<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/filosofiainmovimento.it\/author\/francesco-marrone\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"169\" class=\"wp-image-6217\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_1910.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized angle-adjusted photographic headshot cutout of a head tilted to his left glasses adorned Francesco Marrone wearing a brown jacket over a casual white and tan horizontally striped shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_1910.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_1910-300x290.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/86410046\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ontologia dei contenuti ideali. Essere oggettivo e realt\u00e0 nel dibattito Descartes-Caterus<\/a>.&#8221; [&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/86410046\">Ontology of ideal content. Objective being and reality in the Descartes-Caterus debate<\/a>.&#8221;] <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/asearch.pl?pub=3034\">Quaestio<\/a><\/em>&nbsp;12 (2012): 25\u201377.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/MARODC-2\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> The point of departure of this paper is a critical reconsideration of the debate on the concept of <em>realitas obiectiva<\/em> in the First Objections and Replies in Descartes\u2019s Meditations on First Philosophy. The aim of the paper is, on the one side, to stress the role played by Descartes in the formulation of the modern concept of \u2018reality\u2019 and, on the other side, to inquire into the role that the Cartesian thought could have played in the historical formulation of the concept of intentionality too. Moving from this general perspective, the paper offers a description of the ontology of the ideal contents given by Descartes in his Meditations; then, it tries to clarify the relationship between this ontology and the doctrine of the intentionality; finally, it proposes an overall interpretation of the fundamental debate between Descartes and Caterus. The point is that the Cartesian doctrine of the <em>realitas obiectiva<\/em> marked a decisive step in the long history of the intentionality in so far as it stimulated a reflection on the \u2018reality\u2019 of the intentional objects considered as contained in the ideas.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Francesco%20Marrone\">Marrone<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/filosofiainmovimento.it\/author\/francesco-marrone\/\">Francesco<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/filosofiainmovimento.it\/author\/francesco-marrone\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"169\" class=\"wp-image-6217\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_1910.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized angle-adjusted photographic headshot cutout of a head tilted to his left glasses adorned Francesco Marrone wearing a brown jacket over a casual white and tan horizontally striped shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_1910.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_1910-300x290.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/go.pl?id=MARROE-8&amp;proxyId=&amp;u=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di84OtwEACAAJ%26printsec%3Dfront_cover\"><em>Realitas Obiectiva: elaborazione e genesi di un concetto<\/em><\/a>. Bari: Edizioni di pagina, 2018. [<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/translate.google.com\/?hl=en&amp;tab=TT&amp;sl=it&amp;tl=en&amp;text=Realitas%20Obiectiva%3A%20elaborazione%20e%20genesi%20di%20un%20concetto&amp;op=translate\">GT<\/a>:<\/strong> <em>Realitas Obiectiva: development and genesis of a concept<\/em>]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Realitas_obiectiva\/i84OtwEACAAJ?hl=en\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Realitas_obiectiva\/i84OtwEACAAJ?hl=en\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">Publisher&#8217;s Blurb<\/mark><\/a>:<\/strong> The invention of the concept of realitas obiectiva has always been associated with the name of Ren\u00e9 Descartes. By integrating this notion into the first proof of the existence of God elaborated in his Meditationes de prima philosophia, Descartes would have sanctioned, according to a widespread opinion, the irruption of the vocabulary of realitas in the framework of modern metaphysics. Thus understood, in the perspective of ordinary interpretation, the Cartesian gesture would therefore be inaugural. However fascinating, this reading does not seem sufficiently well-founded. When Descartes first used the notion of realitas obiectiva, the latter could already boast of a centuries-old history &#8211; a story that, although characterized by important mediations, leads back to Duns Scoto and the main representatives of so-called formalist Scotism. The investigation conducted here is intended to give an account of this story that is still not adequately investigated. Through an examination of the Scotist vocabulary, the volume aims to reconstruct a genealogy of the notion of realitas obiectiva that allows to identify, before and regardless of Descartes, the theoretical context within which it was actually elaborated. (<a href=\"https:\/\/translate.google.com\/?sl=it&amp;tl=en&amp;text=L%2527invenzione%2520del%2520concetto%2520di%2520realitas%2520obiectiva%2520%C3%A8%2520da%2520sempre%2520associata%2520al%2520nome%2520di%2520Ren%C3%A9%2520Descartes.%2520Integrando%2520questa%2520nozione%2520nella%2520prima%2520prova%2520dell%2527esistenza%2520di%2520Dio%2520elaborata%2520nelle%2520sue%2520Meditationes%2520de%2520prima%2520philosophia%252C%2520Descartes%2520avrebbe%2520sancito%252C%2520secondo%2520un%2527opinione%2520assai%2520diffusa%252C%2520l%2527irruzione%2520del%2520vocabolario%2520della%2520realitas%2520nel%2520quadro%2520della%2520metafisica%2520moderna.%2520Cos%C3%AC%2520inteso%252C%2520nella%2520prospettiva%2520dell%2527interpretazione%2520ordinaria%252C%2520il%2520gesto%2520cartesiano%2520sarebbe%2520dunque%2520inaugurale.%2520Per%2520quanto%2520affascinante%252C%2520questa%2520lettura%2520non%2520appare%2520tuttavia%2520sufficientemente%2520fondata.%2520Quando%2520Descartes%2520si%2520serve%2520per%2520la%2520prima%2520volta%2520della%2520nozione%2520di%2520realitas%2520obiectiva%252C%2520quest%2527ultima%2520poteva%2520gi%C3%A0%2520vantare%2520una%2520storia%2520plurisecolare%2520-%2520una%2520storia%2520che%252C%2520pur%2520caratterizzata%2520da%2520importanti%2520mediazioni%252C%2520riconduce%2520a%2520Duns%2520Scoto%2520e%2520ai%2520principali%2520rappresentanti%2520del%2520cosiddetto%2520scotismo%2520formalista.%2520L%2527indagine%2520qui%2520condotta%2520intende%2520dar%2520conto%2520di%2520questa%2520storia%2520ancora%2520non%2520adeguatamente%2520indagata.%2520Attraverso%2520una%2520disamina%2520del%2520vocabolario%2520scotista%252C%2520il%2520volume%2520si%2520propone%2520di%2520riscostruire%2520una%2520genealogia%2520della%2520nozione%2520di%2520realitas%2520obiectiva%2520che%2520permetta%2520di%2520individuare%252C%2520prima%2520e%2520a%2520prescindere%2520da%2520Descartes%252C%2520il%2520contesto%2520teorico%2520entro%2520il%2520quale%2520essa%2520%C3%A8%2520stata%2520effettivamente%2520elaborata.&amp;op=translate\">Google translate<\/a>)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Francesco%20Marrone\">Marrone<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/filosofiainmovimento.it\/author\/francesco-marrone\/\">Francesco<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/filosofiainmovimento.it\/author\/francesco-marrone\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"169\" class=\"wp-image-6217\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_1910.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized angle-adjusted photographic headshot cutout of a head tilted to his left glasses adorned Francesco Marrone wearing a brown jacket over a casual white and tan horizontally striped shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_1910.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_1910-300x290.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theses.fr\/2005CAEN1441\"><em>Res et realitas<\/em> in Descartes : gli antecedenti scolastici del concetto cartesiano di &#8220;realitas objectiva<\/a>&#8220;.&#8221; Caen, 2005.&nbsp;[<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/translate.google.com\/?hl=en&amp;tab=TT&amp;sl=it&amp;tl=en&amp;text=Res%20et%20realitas%20in%20Descartes%20%3A%20The%20scholastic%20antecedents%20of%20th\">GT<\/a>:<\/strong> &#8220;<em>Res et realitas<\/em> in Descartes : The scholastic antecedents of the Cartesian concept of &#8220;<em>realitas objectiva<\/em>.&#8221;]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.grafiati.com\/en\/literature-selections\/descartes-rene-1596-1650-contribution-a-la-theologie\/dissertation\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.grafiati.com\/en\/literature-selections\/descartes-rene-1596-1650-contribution-a-la-theologie\/dissertation\/\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">Author&#8217;s Abstract<\/mark><\/a>:<\/strong> The thesis presented examines the historical background of the <em>realitas objectiva<\/em>, its constitution, the posterity it knew in Descartes&#8217; Meditationes. Absent from the immediate predecessors of the French philosopher, the phrase &#8220;<em>realitas obiectiva<\/em>&#8221; is present in a Scotist tradition that dates back to Ioannes Canonicus (Jean Marbres) via Martinus Meurisse, Pierre Tartaret, Antonius Trombetta, Antonius Syrectus. Chapters I and II try to explain:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(a) the notion of <em>realitas obiectiva<\/em> by an analysis of the lexical and semantic context in which it appears (<em>realitas-formalitas-intelligibilitas<\/em>);<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(b) to place the notion of <em>realitas obiectiva<\/em> in the tradition in which it was invented, and<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(c) to show the importance of a thinker such as Trombetta, who had the merit of ratifying, by explaining it, the vocabulary of realitas obiectiva.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Chapter III, the author considers the first modern occurrence of the phrase in Pierre Tartaret in the context of the question of the univocity of the being, and renews the notion to its first occurrence in Ioannes Canonicus. Chapter IV considers the introduction of the vocabulary of the <em>realitas obiectiva<\/em> in the question of divine science (Meurisse), showing the relationship it has with the modern concept of <em>ens reale<\/em>. Chapter V seeks to show the permanence of the connection between <em>realitas obiectiva<\/em> and <em>ens reale<\/em> within the discussion on <em>ens rationis<\/em> and considers the posterity of the notions of <em>realitas obiectiva<\/em> in Descartes&#8217;s <em>Meditations<\/em>. (<a href=\"https:\/\/translate.google.com\/?hl=en&amp;tab=TT&amp;sl=it&amp;tl=en&amp;text=The%20thesis%20presented%20examines%20the%20historical%20background%20of%20the%20real\"><u>Google translate<\/u><\/a>)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Nancy%20L.%20Maull\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Nancy%20L.%20Maull\">Maull, Nancy<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecrimson.com\/article\/1993\/9\/15\/new-fas-administrative-dean-starts-job\/\">L<\/a><\/strong>. <a href=\"https:\/\/photoarchive.lib.uchicago.edu\/db.xqy?one=apf1-10462.xml\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"275\" class=\"wp-image-6736\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/SIX_F240EF0C-0F5D-402D-A505-3A902F30A7FE.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized from waist up photographic cutout of a smiling and glasses adorned Nancy L. Maull wearing white blouse and  dark blue skirt while holding some white papers in her hands at waist level used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/SIX_F240EF0C-0F5D-402D-A505-3A902F30A7FE.png 204w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/SIX_F240EF0C-0F5D-402D-A505-3A902F30A7FE-191x300.png 191w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/20127189\">Cartesian Optics and the Geometrization of Nature<\/a>.&#8221; <em>The Review of Metaphysics<\/em> <a class=\"  \" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/i20127185\">32, no. 2 (December, 1978)<\/a>: 253\u201373. Reprinted in <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/GAUDPM\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/GAUDPM\">Descartes: Philosophy, Mathematics and Physics<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/descartesphiloso0000unse_t3i6\/page\/n3\/mode\/2up\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"450\" height=\"366\" class=\"wp-image-9469\" style=\"width: 450px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_0412736D-1FDB-4B88-B5C4-484A85DC8F65.png\" alt=\"The title page of &quot;Descartes: Philosophy, Mathematics, and Physics&quot; edited by Stephen Gaukroger used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_0412736D-1FDB-4B88-B5C4-484A85DC8F65.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_0412736D-1FDB-4B88-B5C4-484A85DC8F65-300x244.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_0412736D-1FDB-4B88-B5C4-484A85DC8F65-150x122.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20Gaukroger\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20Gaukroger\">Stephen<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\">Gaukroger<\/a> (1950\u2013 2023) <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"163\" class=\"wp-image-4088\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of a glasses adorned Stephen Gaukroger wearing a white shirt with dark blue and white striped tie under a dark blue sweater with a dark gray wool suit jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721-300x279.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, 21\u201340. Sussex, UK: Harvester, 1980 or Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Barnes and Noble, 1980.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/asearch.pl?strict=1&amp;searchStr=McRae,%20Robert&amp;filterMode=authors\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/asearch.pl?strict=1&amp;searchStr=McRae,%20Robert&amp;filterMode=authors\">McRae, Robert F<\/a><\/strong>(orbes). <a href=\"http:\/\/forposterityssake.ca\/CTB-BIO\/MEM007569.htm\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"199\" class=\"wp-image-4523\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7304.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Robert Forbes McRae wearing a dark blue military uniform with a dark blue military cap having a white insignia on the crown and white shirt and dark tie used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7304.png 201w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7304-188x300.png 188w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a> . &#8220;Descartes&#8217; Definition of Thought.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/cartesianstudies0000butl\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/cartesianstudies0000butl\">Cartesian Studies<\/a><\/em> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"181\" class=\"wp-image-7689\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_5086.png\" alt=\"An enhanced 3D green with a white square containing the black font title and author's name book cover for &quot;Cartesian Studies by R. J. Butler used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_5086.png 310w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_5086-291x300.png 291w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.abebooks.com\/Cartesian-Studies-R-J-Butler-Ed\/18038415727\/bd#&amp;gid=1&amp;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"264\" class=\"wp-image-7690\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_5087.png\" alt=\"An enhanced 3D green book cover spine facing viewer with a white square containing the black font title and author's name for &quot;Cartesian Studies&quot; by R. J. Butler used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_5087.png 212w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_5087-199x300.png 199w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> , edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/asearch.pl?year=&amp;hideAbstracts=&amp;author=Butler%2C%20Ronald%20J%2E&amp;sqc=&amp;langFilter=&amp;sort=relevance&amp;proOnly=on&amp;publishedOnly=&amp;searchStr=Ronald%20J%2E%20Butler&amp;freeOnly=&amp;showCategories=on&amp;categorizerOn=&amp;newWindow=on&amp;filterMode=notauthors&amp;filterByAreas=&amp;onlineOnly=&amp;\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/asearch.pl?year=&amp;hideAbstracts=&amp;author=Butler%2C%20Ronald%20J%2E&amp;sqc=&amp;langFilter=&amp;sort=relevance&amp;proOnly=on&amp;publishedOnly=&amp;searchStr=Ronald%20J%2E%20Butler&amp;freeOnly=&amp;showCategories=on&amp;categorizerOn=&amp;newWindow=on&amp;filterMode=notauthors&amp;filterByAreas=&amp;onlineOnly=&amp;\">Ronald J. Butler<\/a> (no known photo), 55\u201370. Oxford: Blackwell, 1972.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/asearch.pl?strict=1&amp;searchStr=McRae,%20Robert&amp;filterMode=authors\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/asearch.pl?strict=1&amp;searchStr=McRae,%20Robert&amp;filterMode=authors\">McRae, Robert F<\/a>.<\/strong> <a href=\"http:\/\/forposterityssake.ca\/CTB-BIO\/MEM007569.htm\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"199\" class=\"wp-image-9395\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0515.png\" alt=\"An enhanced reversed colorized photographic headshot cutout of Robert Forbes McRae wearing a dark blue military uniform with a dark blue military cap having a white insignia on the crown and white shirt and dark tie used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0515.png 402w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0515-188x300.png 188w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0515-94x150.png 94w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a> &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2708226?read-now=1#page_scan_tab_contents\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2708226?read-now=1#page_scan_tab_contents\">&#8216;Idea&#8217; as a Philosophical Term in the Seventeenth Century<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Journal of the History of Ideas<\/em>, 26, no. 2 (1965): 175\u201390.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/asearch.pl?strict=1&amp;searchStr=McRae,%20Robert&amp;filterMode=authors\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/asearch.pl?strict=1&amp;searchStr=McRae,%20Robert&amp;filterMode=authors\"><strong>McRae, Robert F<\/strong><\/a>. <a href=\"http:\/\/forposterityssake.ca\/CTB-BIO\/MEM007569.htm\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"199\" class=\"wp-image-4523\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7304.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Robert Forbes McRae wearing a dark blue military uniform with a dark blue military cap having a white insignia on the crown and white shirt and dark tie used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7304.png 201w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7304-188x300.png 188w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a> &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/dialogue-canadian-philosophical-review-revue-canadienne-de-philosophie\/article\/abs\/on-being-present-to-the-mind-a-reply\/275A108BE402FA7B29F50063F6F3730B\">On Being Present to the Mind: A Reply<\/a>.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/dialogue-canadian-philosophical-review-revue-canadienne-de-philosophie\"><em>Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review \/ Revue canadienne de philosophie<\/em>&nbsp;<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/dialogue-canadian-philosophical-review-revue-canadienne-de-philosophie\/volume\/6CFB133910644562EDBFDB1BC12A6A00\">14&nbsp;<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/dialogue-canadian-philosophical-review-revue-canadienne-de-philosophie\/issue\/313BDF4B1FC08D303295564C25E447F3\">no. 4&nbsp;<\/a>, (December 1975): 664\u201366. Published online by Cambridge University Press: May 5, 2010.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Menn\">Menn<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.philosophie.hu-berlin.de\/de\/lehrbereiche\/antike\/mitarbeiter\/menn\">Stephen<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mcgill.ca\/philosophy\/stephen-menn\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-2972\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2096.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of Stephen Menn used for identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2096.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2096-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2096-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.philosophie.hu-berlin.de\/de\/lehrbereiche\/antike\/mitarbeiter\/menn\/descartes-denial.pdf\">The Greatest Stumbling Block:&nbsp;Descartes\u2019 Denial of Real Qualities<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_and_His_Contemporaries.html?id=zXG1OfDLp1IC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Descartes and His Contemporaries:&nbsp;Meditations, Objections and Replies<\/a><\/em> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"264\" class=\"wp-image-6032\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_1655.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color image of &quot;Descartes and His Contemporaries: Meditations, Objections and Replies&quot; edited by Roger Ariel and Marjorie Grene with the name Descartes in soft lavender font used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_1655.png 212w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_1655-199x300.png 199w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"260\" class=\"wp-image-13230\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5944.jpeg\" alt=\"The back tan book cover of \u201cDescartes and his Contemporaries: Meditations, Objections and Replies\u201d edited by Roger Ariew and Marjorie Grene is used for visual identification. \" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5944.jpeg 431w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5944-202x300.jpeg 202w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5944-101x150.jpeg 101w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usf.edu\/arts-sciences\/departments\/philosophy\/about-us\/faculty\/roger-ariew.aspx\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.usf.edu\/arts-sciences\/departments\/philosophy\/about-us\/faculty\/roger-ariew.aspx\">Roger<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roger_Ariew\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roger_Ariew\">Ariew<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usf.edu\/arts-sciences\/departments\/philosophy\/about-us\/faculty\/roger-ariew.aspx\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-3850\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863.png\" alt=\"A color photographic head shot of Roger Ariew wearing a red collared shirt.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5863-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/senate.universityofcalifornia.edu\/_files\/inmemoriam\/html\/marjorieglicksmangrene.html\">Marjorie<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marjorie_Grene\">Grene<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marjorie_Grene\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"171\" class=\"wp-image-8666\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9346.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of a middle aged heavily framed black glasses adorned Marjorie Grene wearing lipstick and a black shirt with thin metal necklace on outside with shoulders turned back to her left used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9346.png 468w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9346-219x300.png 219w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9346-110x150.png 110w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>, 182\u2013207. Chicago:&nbsp; University of Chicago Press, 1995.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The hyperlinked entries below are by <a href=\"https:\/\/idn.org.rs\/en\/osoblje\/predrag-milidrag-2\/#:~:text=Predrag%20Milidrag%20(1969)%20took%20the,worked%20from%202003%20to%202019.\">Predrag<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Predrag-Milidrag\">Milidrag<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/ferbgd.rs\/en\/page\/2\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"173\" class=\"wp-image-9882\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1282.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color upper torso and headshot photographic cutout of Predrag Milidrag with black framed glasses and a brown mustache and trim beard with his head turned to his left while seated with interlaced fingers resting on unseen table while wearing a white shirt with snap shirt pickets and a small black microphone clipped to his shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1282.png 554w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1282-260x300.png 260w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1282-130x150.png 130w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> and are arranged in alphabetical order by the titles of the English translations of the original Serbo-Croatian as follows (see much below for details on each).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Read his <a href=\"https:\/\/issin.academia.edu\/PredragMilidrag\/CurriculumVitae\"> <span style=\"color:#2271B1\">CV<\/span><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">See his <a href=\"https:\/\/idn.org.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Predrag-Milidrag-bibliografija.pdf\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">bibliography<\/span><\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The blue hyperlinked titles are English translations of the original Serbo-Croatian language that you can translate into your favorite tongue using a translation program, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/translate.google.com\/?sl=bs&amp;tl=en&amp;op=translate\">Google Translate<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">\u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/iriss.idn.org.rs\/761\/1\/PMilidrag_Theoria_2012_1.pdf\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Caterus and Descartes on Ideas, Causation, and Eternal Truths <\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/viewpdf?id=53442\"><span style=\"color:blue\">The Concept of Things (<em>res<\/em>) in Descartes<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/rifdt.instifdt.bg.ac.rs\/bitstream\/id\/12599\/bitstream_12599.pdf\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Descartes on <em>Esse Objectivum<\/em>&nbsp;and Innate Ideas<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/journal.ifdt.bg.ac.rs\/fid\/article\/view\/298\/298\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Descartes\u2019s Idea and Representations of Things<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Predrag-Milidrag\/publication\/315277573_The_historians_of_philosophy_and_late_scholastics_The_case_of_Descartes%27_theory_of_ideas\/links\/6261dcf6bca601538b5dde62\/The-historians-of-philosophy-and-late-scholastics-The-case-of-Descartes-theory-of-ideas.pdf?origin=publication_detail&amp;_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uRG93bmxvYWQiLCJwcmV2aW91c1BhZ2UiOiJwdWJsaWNhdGlvbiJ9fQ\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Descartes, Late Scholasticism and the History of Philosophy: The Case of the Theory of Ideas<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/47367831_The_historians_of_philosophy_and_late_scholastics_The_case_of_Descartes'_theory_of_ideas\"><span style=\"color:blue\">The Historians of Philosophy and Late Scholastics: The Case of Descartes\u2019s Theory of Ideas<\/span><\/a>\u201c<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/attachments\/9734200\/download_file?st=MTY4MzE0OTUyMywyMy4yMzcuMjYuNjcsMTE3MTAyMw%3D%3D&amp;s=profile\"><span style=\"color:blue\">\u2018Like Images of Things\u2019: The Foundations of Descartes\u2019s Metaphysical Theory of Ideas<\/span><\/a><\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/1416002\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Metaphysical Foundations of Causality and Its Universality in Descartes<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/5318868\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Objective Reality, Its Degrees and Formal Being (<em>esse<\/em>) in Descartes<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/data-scindeks.ceon.rs\/article.aspx?query=ARTAK%26and%26Izvorna%2bdvo%25c5%25bei%25c5%25benost%2bDekartovih%2bideja&amp;page=0&amp;sort=1&amp;stype=0&amp;backurl=%2fSearchResults.aspx%3fquery%3dARTAK%2526and%2526Izvorna%252bdvo%2525c5%2525bei%2525c5%2525benost%252bDekartovih%252bideja%26page%3d0%26sort%3d1%26stype%3d0\"><span style=\"color:blue\">The Original Ambiguity\/Ambivalence [bifocality] of Descartes\u2019 Ideas<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/1415981\"><span style=\"color:blue\">The Principle of Non-Contradiction and Descartes\u2019s God<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/hrcak.srce.hr\/file\/143006\"><span style=\"color:blue\">The Problem of Distinguishing Ideas of Things from Ideas of Non-things in Descartes<\/span><\/a>\u201c<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/data-scindeks.ceon.rs\/article.aspx?query=RELRID%26and%26317043&amp;page=10&amp;sort=1&amp;stype=0&amp;backurl=%2fRelated.aspx%3fref%3d317043%26lang%3den&amp;lang=en\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Prolegomena for research on Descartes\u2019 metaphysical theory of ideas (1): From substance to spirit<\/span><\/a>\u201c<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/data-scindeks.ceon.rs\/article.aspx?query=RELRID%26and%26317043&amp;page=10&amp;sort=1&amp;stype=0&amp;backurl=%2fRelated.aspx%3fref%3d317043%26lang%3den&amp;lang=en\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Prolegomena for research on Descartes\u2019 metaphysical theory of ideas (2): From spirit to ideas<\/span><\/a>\u201c<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/5318814\"><span style=\"color:blue\">The Teaching of Nature and the Will in Descartes<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/article-detail?id=78100\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Whether and How Descartes\u2019s Idea Represents<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Predrag-Milidrag\">Milidrag<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/idn.org.rs\/en\/osoblje\/predrag-milidrag-2\/#:~:text=Predrag%20Milidrag%20(1969)%20took%20the,worked%20from%202003%20to%202019.\">Predrag<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.danas.rs\/vesti\/politika\/milidrag-sporazum-o-normalizaciji-odnosa-jedino-resenje-statusa-kim\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"149\" class=\"wp-image-6938\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3309.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Predrag Milidrag with glasses and a brown mustache and trim beard with his head slightly bent down wearing a dark suit jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3309.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3309-300x255.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/iriss.idn.org.rs\/761\/1\/PMilidrag_Theoria_2012_1.pdf\">KATERUS I DEKART O IDEJAMA, UZROKOVANJU I VE\u010cNIM ISTINAMA<\/a>.&#8221; [\u201cCaterus and Descartes on Ideas, Causation, and Eternal Truths\u201d]. <em>Theoria<\/em> 55, no. 1 (2012): 45\u201369.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/iriss.idn.org.rs\/761\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/iriss.idn.org.rs\/761\/\">Summary<\/a>:<\/strong> In the article, the writer\u2019s objections on Caterus\u2019s Meditations on Descartes\u2019 understanding of the objective reality of ideas and Descartes\u2019 First Replies are analyzed. Caterus\u2019s critique is based on the late scholastic understanding of the act of comprehension and its objective limit (<em>terminus<\/em>) and the derived concepts of <em>esse objectivum<\/em> and <em>realitas objectiva<\/em>. Since these are external marks of the represented thing, Caterus concludes that there is no place for the question of their cause. Despite his own late scholastic background and not knowing about Descartes\u2019 teaching on the creation of eternal truths, he realizes that for Descartes, the degree of the objective reality of ideas is an internal mark of the essence of things that requires efficient causation, equivalent to the creation of eternal truths. Against the late scholastic understanding, Descartes contrasts his new \u201contology of the possible,\u201d according to which intramental essences of things exist in the human mind, whose objective existence cannot be reduced to an external mark, and requires actual efficient causation. Hence, he asserts that the very conceivability and intelligibility of essences must have an actual efficient cause, which is equivalent to the creation of eternal truths. (Translated by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.getmerlin.in\/ai-translate\/serbian-to-english\">Merlin using ChatGPT 4.0<\/a>)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/iriss.idn.org.rs\/761\/\">Summary<\/a>:<\/strong> The article analyzes the objections of Johannes Caterus, the author of the First Objections on Meditations, concerning Descartes\u2019 understanding of the objective reality of ideas, as well as Descartes\u2019 First Replies. Caterus\u2019 critique rests on late Scholastics understanding of the act of conceiving and its objective terminus, and subsequent notions <em>esse objectivum<\/em> and <em>realitas objectiva<\/em>. Since they are extrinsic denominations of extramental represented thing, Caterus concludes that there is no room for the question about their cause. Despite his late Scholastics background, and without knowing for Descartes\u2019 doctrine about the creation external truths, Caterus realized that for Descartes the degree of the objective reality of ideas is intrinsic denomination of the essence of thing, that requires efficient cause and that is equivalent with the creation of eternal truths. In his response, Descartes contrasts late Scholastics understanding with his new \u201contology of the possible\u201d according to which there are intramental essences of things, with objective being (<em>esse objectivum<\/em>) which cannot be reduced to extrinsic denomination (\u201c<em>non nihil<\/em>\u201d) and which requires actual efficient cause. From that he concludes that very conceivability and intelligibility of essences requires efficient cause.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/iriss.idn.org.rs\/761\/1\/PMilidrag_Theoria_2012_1.pdf\">GT<\/a>:<\/strong> Summary: The article analyzes the remarks of the writer of the First Remarks on the Meditations by J. Caterus on Descartes&#8217; understanding of the objective reality of ideas, and Descartes&#8217; First Answers. Caterus&#8217; criticism rests on the late scholastic understanding of the act of understanding and its objective limit (<em>terminus<\/em>) and the terms <em>esse objectivum<\/em> and <em>realitas objectiva<\/em> derived from it. Since these are external marks of the thing represented, Caterus concludes that there is no room for questioning their cause. Despite his own late scholastic background and not knowing that Descartes&#8217; teaching about the creation of eternal truths, he realizes that the degree of objective reality of ideas for Descartes is an internal mark of the essence of things that requires effective causation, and that this is equivalent to the creation of eternal truths. Descartes contrasts his new &#8220;ontology of the possible&#8221; with the late scholastic understanding, according to which the intramental essences of things exist in the human mind, whose objective existence cannot be reduced to an external label, and which requires actual effective causation. Hence, he claims that the very comprehensibility and intelligibility of essences must have an actual effective cause, which is equivalent to the creation of eternal truths.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Predrag-Milidrag\">Milidrag<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/idn.org.rs\/en\/osoblje\/predrag-milidrag-2\/#:~:text=Predrag%20Milidrag%20(1969)%20took%20the,worked%20from%202003%20to%202019.\">Predrag<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/idn.org.rs\/en\/osoblje\/predrag-milidrag-2\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"199\" class=\"wp-image-9376\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0367.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic torso and headshot cutout of Predrag Milidrag with glasses and wearing an orange undershirt under a dark blue jean jacket with a logo on left breast pocket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0367.png 564w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0367-264x300.png 264w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0367-132x150.png 132w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/iriss.idn.org.rs\/753\/1\/PMilidrag_FID_2014_3.pdf\">Pojam stvari (res) kod Dekarta<\/a>.&#8221; [\u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/iriss.idn.org.rs\/753\/1\/PMilidrag_FID_2014_3.pdf\">The Concept of Things (<em>res<\/em>) in Descartes<\/a>.\u201d] <em>Philosophy and Society<\/em> 25, no. 3 (2014): 223\u201346.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/article-detail?id=55174\">Summary\/Abstract<\/a>:&nbsp;<\/strong>The article analyzes the meaning of the concept of res in Descartes&#8217; metaphysics. The basic meaning is that thing is an essence that could have even real existence. Through the analysis of Descartes&#8217; works that meaning has made more precise against the background of the rational distinction between essence and existence. The relations among the thing and the notions of reality (realitas), the degrees of reality and the modes of reality were shown. The special attention is dedicated to the relation between the thing and the causality, i.e., to the problems how the things could cause and what is the cause of things. The problem of causality is connected with Descartes&#8217; teaching concerning the creation of eternal truths; that connection expresses the difference between his and scholastics&#8217; concept of thing, which is obvious in his concept of the causation of the degrees of reality. At the end the late, scholastics&#8217; notion of supertranscendental meaning of thing is shown in Descartes.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/viewpdf?id=53442\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> The relationship between the concept of reality and existence is analyzed in Descartes&#8217; metaphysics. Primarily, the concept of being as substance that can exist independently is discussed. The analysis of Descartes&#8217; texts refines this meaning considering the rational distinction between essence and existence. The relation of objects to the concepts of reality (realitas), degrees of reality, and modes of reality is demonstrated. A special section is dedicated to the relationship between objects and causality, addressing what and how objects can cause and what causes objects, and highlighting the connection of this issue with Descartes&#8217; doctrine of the reality of eternal truths. This connection represents a fundamental difference between Descartes&#8217; and scholastic concepts of reality, clearly visible in his concept of degrees of reality causation. Finally, the super transcendental concept of reality in Descartes is briefly presented, against its late scholastic background.<\/p>\n<cite>Translated by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.getmerlin.in\/ai-translate\/serbian-to-english\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Merlin using ChatGPT 4.0<\/span><\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Predrag-Milidrag\">Milidrag<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/idn.org.rs\/en\/osoblje\/predrag-milidrag-2\/#:~:text=Predrag%20Milidrag%20(1969)%20took%20the,worked%20from%202003%20to%202019.\">Predrag<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goougu.com\/w4a\/autor\/predrag_milidrag\/index.htm\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"185\" class=\"wp-image-13240\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_6011.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Predrag Milidrag, with a slight smile, black-framed glasses, and a brown mustache and beard, with his head looking straight forward, wearing a gray shirt with a rounded collar, is used to identify him visually.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_6011.png 520w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_6011-244x300.png 244w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_6011-122x150.png 122w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/rifdt.instifdt.bg.ac.rs\/bitstream\/id\/12599\/bitstream_12599.pdf\">DEKART O ESSE OBJECTIVUM I URO\u0110ENIM IDEJAMA<\/a>&#8221; [\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/rifdt.instifdt.bg.ac.rs\/bitstream\/id\/12599\/bitstream_12599.pdf\">Descartes on <em>Esse Objectivum<\/em> and Innate Ideas<\/a>\u201d]. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.f.bg.ac.rs\/bpa\/archive.html\">Belgrade Philosophical Annual<\/a><\/em> 24 (2011) <a href=\"http:\/\/scindeks.ceon.rs\/article.aspx?query=ISSID%26and%2610063&amp;page=7&amp;sort=8&amp;stype=0&amp;backurl=%2fissue.aspx%3fissue%3d10063\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"254\" class=\"wp-image-9389\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_62C23967-6FCB-4F96-975D-2FE6E0908D51.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color image of the dark gray and yellow font titles of the &quot;Belgrade Philosophical Annual&quot; (2011) used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_62C23967-6FCB-4F96-975D-2FE6E0908D51.png 441w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_62C23967-6FCB-4F96-975D-2FE6E0908D51-207x300.png 207w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_62C23967-6FCB-4F96-975D-2FE6E0908D51-103x150.png 103w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> : 173\u201394. [<strong>NOTE:<\/strong> After clicking on the article title, you will get two warnings that say the connection to the article is unsafe. If you still want to read the original Serbian, approve it both times, and you can read the article.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/scindeks.ceon.rs\/article.aspx?query=ISSID%26and%2610063&amp;page=7&amp;sort=8&amp;stype=0&amp;backurl=%2fissue.aspx%3fissue%3d10063\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> The article analyses Descartes&#8217; notion of <em>esse objectivum<\/em> against the background of his theory of ideas. The Introduction deals with the notion of idea, thing (<em>res<\/em>), being (<em>esse<\/em>) and the difference between ideas of things and ideas of beings of reason. It is argued that there are two meanings of the notion of objective being in Descartes. The first meaning comprises essences of things as represented, as well as beings of reason as represented, and it could be reduced to extrinsic denomination being-as-being-of-object-of-consciousness. Second meaning refers only to the essences of things and expresses their genuine intramental being (<em>esse<\/em>) in the intellect, whether they are represented by the ideas or not. This second sense is the basis for understanding of Descartes&#8217; innate ideas. Finally, it is shown that, seen on this way, innate ideas are the structures of very thinking (ideas of thing or truth). Nevertheless, in Descartes&#8217; they have to be understood as intramental essences of things (ideas of triangle or mind). The idea of God is exceptional because it functions in both ways.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Predrag-Milidrag\">Milidrag<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/idn.org.rs\/en\/osoblje\/predrag-milidrag-2\/#:~:text=Predrag%20Milidrag%20(1969)%20took%20the,worked%20from%202003%20to%202019.\">Predrag<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/akademskaknjiga.com\/en\/autori\/predrag-milidrag\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"165\" class=\"wp-image-6933\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3287.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Predrag Milidrag as a young man with glasses and his head tilted to his left shoulder wearing an orange undershirt under a light mauve collared shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3287.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3287-300x282.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/journal.ifdt.bg.ac.rs\/fid\/article\/view\/298\/298\">DEKARTOVA IDEA I REPREZENTACIJE STVARI<\/a>.&#8221; [\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/journal.ifdt.bg.ac.rs\/fid\/article\/view\/298\/298\">Descartes\u2019s Idea and Representations of Things<\/a>\u201d]. <em>Filozofija i dru\u0161tvo\/Philosophy and Society<\/em> 22, no. 3 (September 16, 2011): 235\u201366. Belgrade, Serbia. Source is . Also <a href=\"https:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/1324226\">available at Academia.com<\/a>. Download <a href=\"https:\/\/journal.ifdt.bg.ac.rs\/fid\/article\/download\/298\/298\/298\">here<\/a>. Also <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/viewpdf?id=25916\">available<\/a> at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/viewpdf?id=25916\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"33\" class=\"wp-image-19712\" style=\"width: 300px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7976.png\" alt=\"Central and Eastern European Online Library logo is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7976.png 460w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7976-300x33.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7976-150x16.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/viewpdf?id=25916\">Central and Eastern European Online Library<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/journal.ifdt.bg.ac.rs\/index.php\/fid\/article\/view\/298\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> On the basis of the analysis of relevant passages from Descartes\u2019 writings, the article shows that Descartes\u2019 ideas represent things in mind, but that he is not a representationalist in a Malebranchean sense: in Descartes, represented object is perceived, not the very representation of that object. Hereafter, three senses of idea in Descartes were analyzed, objective, formal and material, as well as the notions <em>conceptus formalis<\/em> and <em>conceptus objectivus<\/em> of Francisco Su\u00e1rez who is direct historical source of Descartes\u2019 theory of ideas. In the conclusion the centrality of the notion of idea in formal sense in Descartes\u2019 theory of ideas is shown, and <strong>it is claimed that the representationalism and direct realism are equivalent in Descartes<\/strong>. At the end, the survey of influence and transformation of understanding of ideas in early modern philosophy is presented. (bold not in original)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(<a href=\"https:\/\/translate.google.com\/?hl=en-us&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;text=me%253A%2520Na%2520osnovu%2520analize%2520relevantnih%2520mesta%2520iz%2520Dekartovih%2520spisa%2520u%2520%C4%8Dlanku%2520se%2520pokazuje%2520da%2520Dekartove%2520ideje%2520reprezentuju%2520stvari%2520u%2520duhu%252C%2520ali%2520da%2520on%2520nije%2520reprezentacionalista%2520u%2520malbran%C5%A1ovskom%2520smislu%253A%2520kod%2520Dekarta%2520se%2520percipira%2520reprezentovani%2520objekt%2520a%2520ne%2520reprezentacija%2520objekta.%2520Nakon%2520toga%252C%2520analiziraju%2520se%2520tri%2520smisla%2520ideje%2520kod%2520njega%252C%2520objektivni%252C%2520formalni%2520i%2520materijalni%252C%2520a%2520potom%2520i%2520razumevanje%2520pojmova%2520conceptus%2520formalis%2520i%2520conceptus%2520objectivus%2520kod%2520Franciska%2520Suareza%2520%C5%A1to%2520%C4%8Dini%2520neposredan%2520istorijskofilozofski%2520izvor%2520Dekartove%2520teorije%2520ideja.%2520U%2520zaklju%C4%8Dku%2520se%2520isti%C4%8De%2520centralnost%2520pojma%2520ideje%2520uzete%2520formalno%2520i%2520iznose%2520se%2520razlozi%2520za%2520tvrdnju%2520da%2520u%2520okviru%2520Dekatove%2520teorije%2520ideja%2520reprezentacionalizam%2520i%2520direktni%2520realizam%2520jesu%2520ekvivalentni.%2520Na%2520kraju%2520se%2520daje%2520sumarni%2520pregled%2520uticaja%2520i%2520preobra%C5%BEaja%2520razumevanja%2520ideja%2520u%2520ranoj%2520modernoj%2520filozofiji.%2520Klju%C4%8Dne%2520re%C4%8Di%253A%2520teorija%2520ideja%252C%2520direktni%2520realizam%252C%2520reprezentacionalizam%252C%2520conceptus%2520formalis%252C%2520conceptus%2520objectivus%252C%2520Francisko%2520Suarez%252C%2520rana%2520moderna%2520filozofija.&amp;op=translate\"><strong>GT<\/strong><\/a>) <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/1324226\/DEKARTOVA_IDEA_I_REPREZENTACIJE_STVARI1?email_work_card=view-paper\">Summary<\/a>:<\/strong> Based on the analysis of relevant places from Descartes&#8217; writings, the article shows that Descartes&#8217; ideas represent things in the spirit, but that he is not a representationalist in the Malbranchian sense: with Descartes, the represented object is perceived and not the representation of the object. After that, the three senses of idea in him are analyzed, objective, formal and material, and then the understanding of the terms conceptus formalis and conceptus objectivus in Francisco Suarez, which constitutes an immediate historical-philosophical source of Descartes&#8217; theory of ideas. In the conclusion, the centrality of the notion of idea taken formally is highlighted and the reasons for the claim that within Decat&#8217;s theory of ideas, representationalism and direct realism are equivalent are presented. Finally, a summary overview of the influence and transformation of the understanding of ideas in early modern philosophy is given. Key words: theory of ideas, direct realism, representationalism, conceptus formalis, conceptus objectivus, Francisco Su\u00e1rez, early modern philosophy.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Predrag-Milidrag\">Milidrag<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/idn.org.rs\/en\/osoblje\/predrag-milidrag-2\/#:~:text=Predrag%20Milidrag%20(1969)%20took%20the,worked%20from%202003%20to%202019.\">Predrag<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/novimagazin.rs\/vesti\/202590-predrag-milidrag-haradinajeva-ostavka-pogoduje-ideji-razmene-teritorija\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"154\" class=\"wp-image-6942\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3310.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Predrag Milidrag with black framed glasses and a brown mustache and trim beard with his head slightly turned to his right wearing a bright yellow polo shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3310.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3310-300x231.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;.<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"202\" class=\"wp-image-9473\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6117.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic torso and headshot cutout of Predrag Milidrag without glasses and a dark brown mustache and trim beard with his head slightly bent down and arms crossed wearing a purple-blue shirt and orange tie used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6117.png 554w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6117-260x300.png 260w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6117-130x150.png 130w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/> &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/47367831_The_historians_of_philosophy_and_late_scholastics_The_case_of_Descartes'_theory_of_ideas\">MISTORI\u00c8ARI FILOZOFIJEI KASNA SHOLASTIKA:SLU\u00c8AJ DEKARTOVE TEORIJE IDEJA<\/a>&#8221; [\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/47367831_The_historians_of_philosophy_and_late_scholastics_The_case_of_Descartes'_theory_of_ideas\">The Historians of Philosophy and Late Scholastics: The Case of Descartes&#8217; Theory of Ideas<\/a>&#8220;]. <em>Filozofija i drustvo<\/em> 21 [<em>Philosophy and Society<\/em> 21], no. 1 (January 2010): 187\u2013206.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/47367831_The_historians_of_philosophy_and_late_scholastics_The_case_of_Descartes'_theory_of_ideas\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/47367831_The_historians_of_philosophy_and_late_scholastics_The_case_of_Descartes'_theory_of_ideas\">Summary<\/a>:<\/strong> The article delves into the evolution of historical-philosophical research on the late-scholastic sources of Descartes&#8217; theory of ideas, critically examining the long-held belief among historians of philosophy that Descartes&#8217; theory is fundamentally epistemological. This view, deeply rooted in neo-Kantianism, began to shift with the emergence of a new wave of scholars who explored non-metaphysical facets of Descartes&#8217; thought, alongside novel interpretations of late scholastic philosophy. The analysis reveals the specific relevance of late scholasticism to Descartes, particularly over figures like Thomas Aquinas, and underscores Francisco Suarez&#8217;s distinct significance within the context of Descartes&#8217; theory of ideas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/315277573_The_historians_of_philosophy_and_late_scholastics_The_case_of_Descartes'_theory_of_ideas\">Summary<\/a> <\/strong>(Translation of Serbo-Croatian Abstract)<strong>:<\/strong> The article analyzes the development of the research of late scholastics sources of Descartes&#8217; theory of ideas. In the first part, it analyzes long time dominant opinion among the historians of philosophy that Descartes&#8217; theory of ideas is an epistemology in its essence. The reasons for abandoning of such, mainly neo-kantian image were the appearance of the new generation of the historians of philosophy that investigated the non-metaphysical areas of Descartes&#8217; thought, as well as the new interpretations of the very late scholastics philosophy. In second part of the essay, it is shown why late scholastics is relevant for Descartes, and not, for example, Thomas Aquinas and why Francisco Suarez is especially important in the context of Descartes theory of ideas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/translate.google.com\/?hl=en-us&amp;sl=hr&amp;tl=en&amp;text=Rezime%3A%20\u00c8lanak%20analizira%20razvoj%20istorijskofilozofskog%20istra%02ivanja%20kasno-%20sholasti\u00e8kih%20izvora%20Dekartove%20teorije%20ideja.%20U%20prvom%20delu%20analizira%20se%20dugo%20vremena%20dominantan%20stav%20me\u00f0u%20istori\u00e8arima%20filozofije%20da%20je%20Dekartova%20teorija%20ideja%20u%20biti%20epi-%20stemologija.%20Uzroci%20napu\u0161tanja%20takve%2C%20umnogome%20novokantovstvom%20uslovljene%20slike%20bili%20su%20pojava%20nove%20generacije%20istori\u00e8ara%20filozofije%20koja%20je%20istra%02ivala%20i%20nemetafizi\u00e8ke%20oblasti%20Dekartove%20misli%2C%20ali%20i%20rad%20na%20samoj%20kasnosholasti\u00e8koj%20filozofiji.%20U%20drugom%20delu%20pokazuje%20se%20za\u0161to%20je%20za%20Dekarta%20relevantna%20kasna%20sholastika%2C%20a%20ne%2C%20na%20primer%2C%20Toma%20Akvinski%20i%20za\u0161to%20se%20od%20kasnosholasti\u00e8kih%20mislilaca%20po%20zna\u00e8aju%20posebno%20izdvaja%20Francisko%20Suarez.&amp;op=translate\">GT<\/a>:<\/strong> Summary: The article analyzes the development of the historical-philosophical research of the late scholastic sources of Descartes&#8217; theory of ideas. The first part analyzes the long-standing dominant position among historians of philosophy that Descartes&#8217; theory of ideas is essentially epistemology. The reasons for abandoning such a picture, largely conditioned by neo-Kantianism, were the appearance of a new generation of historians of philosophy who researched non-metaphysical areas of Descartes&#8217; thought, as well as work on late scholastic philosophy itself. In the second part, it is shown why late scholasticism is relevant for Descartes, and not, for example, Thomas Aquinas, and why Francisco Suarez stands out among late scholastic thinkers in terms of importance.<br>Key words: theory of ideas, late scholasticism, Francisco Su\u00e1rez, Norman J. Wells, conceptus formalis.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Predrag-Milidrag\">Milidrag<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/idn.org.rs\/en\/osoblje\/predrag-milidrag-2\/#:~:text=Predrag%20Milidrag%20(1969)%20took%20the,worked%20from%202003%20to%202019.\">Predrag<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/novimagazin.rs\/vesti\/202590-predrag-milidrag-haradinajeva-ostavka-pogoduje-ideji-razmene-teritorija\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"154\" class=\"wp-image-6942\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3310.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Predrag Milidrag with black framed glasses and a black mustache and trim beard with his head slightly turned to his right wearing a bright yellow polo shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3310.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3310-300x231.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/attachments\/9734200\/download_file?st=MTY4MzE0OTUyMywyMy4yMzcuMjYuNjcsMTE3MTAyMw%3D%3D&amp;s=profile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Poput slika stvari\u201c: Temelji Dekartove metafizi\u010dke teorije ideja<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kupindo.com\/Filozofija\/37675927_PREDRAG-MILIDRAG-POPUT-SLIKA-STVARI-TEMELJI-DEKARTOVE-M\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"241\" class=\"wp-image-9397\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0525.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color book cover of &quot;Poput slika stvari: Temelji Dekartove metafizi\u010dke teorije ideja&quot; by Predrag Milidrag used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0525.png 465w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0525-218x300.png 218w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0525-109x150.png 109w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/attachments\/9734200\/download_file?st=MTY4MzE0OTUyMywyMy4yMzcuMjYuNjcsMTE3MTAyMw%3D%3D&amp;s=profile\">[&#8220;&#8216;Like Images of Things&#8217;: The Foundations of Descartes\u2019 Metaphysical Theory of Ideas<\/a>\u201d] <a href=\"https:\/\/d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net\/9734200\/Predrag_Milidrag_Poput_slika_stvari_konacna_verzija_sa_CIPom-libre.pdf?1391723950=&amp;response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPoput_slika_stvari_Temelji_Dekartove_met.pdf&amp;Expires=1717695735&amp;Signature=O0IfSiPg-RQ4v3n6bC1xsB9PvRc6qBeYUrbKPEpgswKcNNhEkFeMex9y4v0E1Fi1qjXFHg4ywjxi3X2ZFlQY~bHi9gW0lfp61nzKlyJ9uTEZedAsDK7TrIV1nCZqo8HuS3R9xPeEmx9-Q1XfZgvCgHPgSTnw-oks3QbK5sFvzvaCHZ0F76UhVtUPCI~W6t66yzzCMBuny1f-YMNYlfWocq65jkYxG~x80fWTVNkKrFekodTzy753~lv-CHkUX5RfBzuhZdc11jK7iV2OTvAPU85YQ0PICJWKegEVjOyKptEHn0INwr5RoxGc3mi0G6eumzIln~6SxH1FN7KmY-o2yw__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"269\" class=\"wp-image-9399\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0517.jpeg\" alt=\"The title page of &quot;Poput slika stvari: Temelji Dekartove metafizi\u010dke teorije ideja&quot; by Predrag Milidrag used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0517.jpeg 475w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0517-223x300.jpeg 223w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0517-111x150.jpeg 111w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>. Belgrade: Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory, IP \u201cFilip Vi\u0161nji\u0107,\u201d 2010. Click on the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/attachments\/9734200\/download_file?st=MTY4MzE0OTUyMywyMy4yMzcuMjYuNjcsMTE3MTAyMw%3D%3D&amp;s=profile\">titles<\/a> or the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/attachments\/9734200\/download_file?st=MTY4MzE0OTUyMywyMy4yMzcuMjYuNjcsMTE3MTAyMw%3D%3D&amp;s=profile\">book cover<\/a> to read the entire book in Serbo-Croatian. Also readable in Serbo-Croatian from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/60723436\/Predrag-Milidrag-Poput-Slika-Stvari-Temelji-Dekartove-metafizi\u010dke-teorije-ideja\">Scribd<\/a> or from <a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.tips\/documents\/predrag-milidragpoput-slika-stvari-temelji-dekartove-metafizicke-teorije-ideja.html?page=\">Dokumen<\/a> (it might time out) or <a href=\"https:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/1416009\">Academia.com<\/a>. See the &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net\/9734200\/Predrag_Milidrag_Poput_slika_stvari_konacna_verzija_sa_CIPom-libre.pdf?1391723950=&amp;response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPoput_slika_stvari_Temelji_Dekartove_met.pdf&amp;Expires=1723852737&amp;Signature=HNpOI7v~Uf54DTjs0HM0PaMJd~FMCDdFmkVum7kFnalM9TDXH2O8y0xT07cItrGdsQjj0LY-872idJy15BqpKI3l-KmgJeBGcnIJp4wg1DXn5072AzdBQfirhpJc3sGf1xy1-7mAFsSnOW5GO~MnIIgBrirFHSNN~-HMZhkMytkGMsGj1BJ1PxG8VSt7a0z6v~hm~jCX8iDgqyQ5s14J6ey6KQUWWwo68K6TGRcq9iMFGnjN42IGWC1eN9crvNclyaJODa2lDzxVHDKsKazn4MOK~jPRq64IGsfC9aZajMydJ4KQEuIiv1zTsaWX6Ago4qvuNvzsmpLvKB0GNXPSwg__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA\">Table of Contents<\/a>&#8221; translated into English by Google Translate below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1140-1-1024x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9696\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1140-1-1024x1024.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1140-1-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1140-1-150x150.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1140-1-768x768.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1140-1-1536x1536.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1140-1-600x600.jpeg 600w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1140-1.jpeg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Predrag-Milidrag\">Milidrag<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/idn.org.rs\/en\/osoblje\/predrag-milidrag-2\/#:~:text=Predrag%20Milidrag%20(1969)%20took%20the,worked%20from%202003%20to%202019.\">Predrag<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=kynxcxabbmQ\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"173\" class=\"wp-image-9473\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6117.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic torso and headshot cutout of Predrag Milidrag without glasses and a dark brown mustache and trim beard with his head slightly bent down and arms crossed wearing a purple-blue shirt and orange tie used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6117.png 554w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6117-260x300.png 260w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6117-130x150.png 130w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>.&#8221;<a href=\"https:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/1416002\">Metafizi\u010dki temelji uzro\u010dnosti i njene univerzalnosti kod Dekarta<\/a>&#8220;. U Danilo N. Basta, \u010caslav D. Koprivica, Bogoljub \u0160ijakovi\u0107 (prir.), <em>Filosofija u vrtlogu na\u0161ega vremena. Sve\u010danik u \u010dast 80. ro\u0111endana akademika Mihaila \u0110uri\u0107a<\/em>, Gutenbergova galaksija, Beograd (2005): 287\u2013310.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/1416002\">Metaphysical Foundations of Causality and Its Universality in Descartes<\/a>\u201d. U Danilo N. Basta, \u010caslav D. Koprivica, Bogoljub \u0160ijakovi\u0107, eds. <em>Philosophy in the maelstrom of our time. Celebration in honor of the 80th birthday of academician Mihail \u0110uri\u0107<\/em>. Belgrade: Gutenberg\u2019s Galaxy (2005): 287\u2013310.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Predrag-Milidrag\">Milidrag<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/idn.org.rs\/en\/osoblje\/predrag-milidrag-2\/#:~:text=Predrag%20Milidrag%20(1969)%20took%20the,worked%20from%202003%20to%202019.\">Predrag<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/cbVMTUnQ7EAteB51A\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"135\" class=\"wp-image-6942\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3310.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Predrag Milidrag with black framed glasses and a brown mustache and trim beard with his head slightly turned to his right wearing a bright yellow polo shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3310.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3310-300x231.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/5318868\">Objektivna stvarnost, njeni stupnjevi i formalno bivstvovanje (esse) kod Dekarta<\/a>&#8221; [\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/5318868\">Objective Reality, Its Degrees and Formal Being (<em>esse<\/em>) in Descartes<\/a>\u201d]. <em>Philosophical Yearbook<\/em> 25 (2012): 113\u201332.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Predrag-Milidrag\">Milidrag<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/idn.org.rs\/en\/osoblje\/predrag-milidrag-2\/#:~:text=Predrag%20Milidrag%20(1969)%20took%20the,worked%20from%202003%20to%202019.\">Predrag<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/n1info.rs\/vesti\/milidrag-o-kosovu-vucic-ce-uraditi-sta-on-hoce-parlament-ne-mora-ni-da-zaseda\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"190\" class=\"wp-image-9618\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_87F32EA2-50B5-4235-84C5-22C3970A5BE1.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Predrag Milidrag with black framed glasses and a brown mustache and trim beard with his head slightly turned to his right wearing a bright yellow polo shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_87F32EA2-50B5-4235-84C5-22C3970A5BE1.png 506w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_87F32EA2-50B5-4235-84C5-22C3970A5BE1-237x300.png 237w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_87F32EA2-50B5-4235-84C5-22C3970A5BE1-119x150.png 119w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/data-scindeks.ceon.rs\/article.aspx?query=ARTAK%26and%26Izvorna%2bdvo%25c5%25bei%25c5%25benost%2bDekartovih%2bideja&amp;page=0&amp;sort=1&amp;stype=0&amp;backurl=%2fSearchResults.aspx%3fquery%3dARTAK%2526and%2526Izvorna%252bdvo%2525c5%2525bei%2525c5%2525benost%252bDekartovih%252bideja%26page%3d0%26sort%3d1%26stype%3d0\">Izvorna dvo\u017ei\u017enost Dekartovih ideja<\/a>&#8221; [&#8220;The Original <a href=\"https:\/\/www.deepl.com\/en\/translator#sl\/en\/Izvorna%20dvo\u017ei\u017enost%20Dekartovih%20ideja\">Ambiguity\/ambivalence<\/a> of Descartes&#8217; Ideas&#8221;] [\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/data-scindeks.ceon.rs\/article.aspx?query=ARTAK%26and%26Izvorna%2bdvo%25c5%25bei%25c5%25benost%2bDekartovih%2bideja&amp;page=0&amp;sort=1&amp;stype=0&amp;backurl=%2fSearchResults.aspx%3fquery%3dARTAK%2526and%2526Izvorna%252bdvo%2525c5%2525bei%2525c5%2525benost%252bDekartovih%252bideja%26page%3d0%26sort%3d1%26stype%3d0\">The genuine bifocality of Descartes&#8217; ideas<\/a>\u201d]. <em>Filozofski Godi\u0161njak<\/em> 10 (1997): 87\u2013115. [<em>Belgrade Philosophical Annual<\/em> 10 (1997): 87\u2013115.]<a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9235-090X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/data-scindeks.ceon.rs\/article.aspx?query=ARTAK%26and%26Izvorna%2bdvo%25c5%25bei%25c5%25benost%2bDekartovih%2bideja&amp;page=0&amp;sort=1&amp;stype=0&amp;backurl=%2fSearchResults.aspx%3fquery%3dARTAK%2526and%2526Izvorna%252bdvo%2525c5%2525bei%2525c5%2525benost%252bDekartovih%252bideja%26page%3d0%26sort%3d1%26stype%3d0\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> In this paper, two meanings of the notion of &#8216;idea&#8217; are analyzed, as Descartes defined them in the Preface to Meditations (AT VII 8): idea in the material sense (idea as a mode of the thinking substance, representational activity and perception) and idea in the objective sense (idea as thing represented in the intellect, as form, essence and concept of the thing). In connection with the idea taken objectively there is the notion of the degrees of the objective reality, by which the ontological dependence of the essences represented by idea is expressed, the essences which have a perfection of possible formal existence. The objective reality differs from objective being: the former is a degree of perfection of essence, the latter is the way of existence of that essence. On the basis of these two meanings of idea cited above, Descartes&#8217; idea can be defined as perception of the object and as object of perception too; these characterizations are complementary and elementary as well. They express the always actual dyadic relation at the self-conscious mind toward itself and toward the object in the consciousness. Therefore, it could be said that Descartes&#8217; idea has [a] relational nature. All other meanings of the idea taken materially or objectively are the ways in which the mind alone understands these two elementary relations. In Descartes&#8217; notion of &#8216;idea&#8217; three kinds of causality are clearly recognizable: formal, material and efficient. Besides these, and some other scholastics sources, Descartes radically breaks with traditional platonic and scholastic basic characterization of [an] idea as [an] exemplar; in his philosophy, the essential feature of [an] idea is its representativeness.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Predrag-Milidrag\">Milidrag<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/idn.org.rs\/en\/osoblje\/predrag-milidrag-2\/#:~:text=Predrag%20Milidrag%20(1969)%20took%20the,worked%20from%202003%20to%202019.\">Predrag<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rts.rs\/lat\/radio\/radio-beograd-3\/2794875\/predrag-milidrag-problem-dodavanja-bicu-kod-tome-akvinskog.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"197\" class=\"wp-image-9619\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1736.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of a clean shaven Predrag Milidrag sitting at a table with a computer monitor \u2013 keyboard looking down while wearing a gray long sleeved shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1736.jpeg 600w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1736-300x295.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1736-150x148.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/1415981\">Princip neprotivrecnosti i Dekartov Bog<\/a>.&#8221; [\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/1415981\">The Principle of Non-Contradiction and Descartes\u2019 God<\/a>.\u201d] <em>Theoria<\/em> 53, no. 4 (2010): 15\u201333. Also <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/doc\/79708863\/Princip-Neprotivrecnosti-i-Dekartov-Bog\">available at Scribd<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/1415981\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> The article analyzes the status of the principle of non-contradiction as an eternal truth in Descartes&#8217; metaphysics, trying to answer whether it was also created. After distinguishing between created and uncreated eternal truths, one comes to the conclusion that the principle of non-contradiction is also a created eternal truth. He, as such, applies this to God as well, but only under his determination &#8220;the most comprehensive being.&#8221; Its more fundamental determinations, absolute that is. causa sui remain outside the domain of validity of this principle because it is about the area of \u200b\u200bthe absolute identity of God&#8217;s essence and his existence. Since man can only think with the principle of incommensurability, he must also observe God&#8217;s infinity with regard to that principle. However, since the principle of negation does not apply to the absolute identity of God, human partial rationality interprets its absence as its negation, and it appears to it as self-negation. In the end, the (partial) weightiness of Leibniz&#8217;s criticism of Descartes regarding the ontological proof is shown.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">NOTE: This entry is not clearly in the theory of ideas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Predrag-Milidrag\">Milidrag<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/idn.org.rs\/en\/osoblje\/predrag-milidrag-2\/#:~:text=Predrag%20Milidrag%20(1969)%20took%20the,worked%20from%202003%20to%202019.\">Predrag<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?sca_esv=0d7590debed7ac0b&amp;rlz=1C9BKJA_enUS1081US1081&amp;hl=en-US&amp;q=Milidrag,+Predrag&amp;uds=AMwkrPt8eR8Q1gfQGx0g1guoVKhMC66YhpseZQ16Pv434TVQUwLF-JPlo7gl5hITqiaN6LB125Wy026Uk3B30Q_2-KtAN-FKC2fEsnHzHL_pD30eThNCSun20dOwEQMUcxudm9OYyb7chkQ7BVpEP85-KSiKgFjVzCn02D1hUFnrZbulj5WmjIErsrJkZQI9ge1C_MjPz3Y2VYatrRp8EjQvobDb5jiu8ovQurDkrq9MzXVmvgEw6r4Kj8IA37ViXWB34LgPHzJYSi23f_85JWsMDhGBU5Od3kUZXm-PXsmEZRXTfNlrcSZ3xoPmFg6gJZeFBzux2Xom&amp;udm=2&amp;prmd=ivsnmbtz&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiWsY-DnIiFAxXsIkQIHVbCCRkQtKgLegQIDhAB&amp;biw=1366&amp;bih=960&amp;dpr=2#vhid=nWcI8Uqg2iIEFM&amp;vssid=mosaic\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"165\" class=\"wp-image-6933\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3287.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of  Predrag Milidrag as a young man with glasses and his head tilted to his left shoulder wearing an orange undershirt under a light mauve collared shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3287.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3287-300x282.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> . &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/hrcak.srce.hr\/file\/143006\">Problem razlikovanja ideja stvari od ideja nestvari kod Descartesa<\/a>&#8221; [&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/hrcak.srce.hr\/file\/143006\">The Problem of Distinguishing Ideas of Things from Ideas of Non-things in Descartes<\/a>&#8220;]. <em>Philosophical Research<\/em> 32, no. 2 (2012): 261\u201378. Also <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/viewpdf?id=155744\">available<\/a> at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/article-detail?id=161063\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"33\" class=\"wp-image-19712\" style=\"width: 300px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7976.png\" alt=\"Central and Eastern European Online Library logo is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7976.png 460w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7976-300x33.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7976-150x16.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/article-detail?id=161063\">Central and Eastern European Online Library<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/article-detail?id=161063\">Summary\/Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> The paper begins with the analysis of [the] Third Meditation, and it is shown that there is no difference between any objects of the representations as such. Descartes\u2019 understanding relies on Late Scholastics concept of simple conception. By the example of two ideas of sun and the idea of self it is shown that Descartes could argue that some ideas certainly do not represent just beings of reason, but that is not enough. Using his other writings the conclusion is that, in fact, there are two problems: how to distinguish between the essences of things from beings of reason and how to make a demarcation within very beings of reason between possible and impossible constructs. In the second part of the paper, Leibniz\u2019s critique of Descartes\u2019 ontological argument is analyzed. The historic cause of the problem is Descartes\u2019 use of mutually irreconcilable concepts of human mind and divine ideas, and the cause within his metaphysics is dualism and his insufficiently clear notion of clarity and distinctness of ideas.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/hrcak.srce.hr\/file\/143006\">Author&#8217;s Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> The text begins with an analysis of the Third Meditation, where it is shown that there is no difference between the objects of representation as such. This understanding of Descartes relies on the late scholastic concept of simple understanding. Then, on the example of the two ideas of the sun and the idea of the Self, it was shown that Descartes can claim that some ideas certainly do not represent rational beings, but that this is not enough. On the basis of his other writings, the existence of two problems was demonstrated: distinguishing the essence of things from the being of reason and the demarcation within the being of reason between possible and impossible constructs. The second part of the text deals with Leibniz&#8217;s criticism of Descartes&#8217; ontological proof. The historical-philosophical cause of the problem is that Descartes used mutually irreconcilable late scholastic concepts of the human spirit and divine ideas, and the cause within his metaphysics is dualism and an insufficiently thought-out criterion of clarity and [distinctness]. (Translated by Google Translate from the original Serbo-Croatian)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:31px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Predrag-Milidrag\">Milidrag<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/idn.org.rs\/en\/osoblje\/predrag-milidrag-2\/#:~:text=Predrag%20Milidrag%20(1969)%20took%20the,worked%20from%202003%20to%202019.\">Predrag<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"192\" class=\"wp-image-9633\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6131.jpeg\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of Predrag Milidrag as a young man with glasses and his head tilted to his left shoulder wearing a purple collared shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6131.jpeg 582w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6131-273x300.jpeg 273w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6131-136x150.jpeg 136w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/> (unknown photo source). \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/data-scindeks.ceon.rs\/article.aspx?query=RELRID%26and%26317043&amp;page=10&amp;sort=1&amp;stype=0&amp;backurl=%2fRelated.aspx%3fref%3d317043%26lang%3den&amp;lang=en\">Prolegomena za istra\u017eivanje Dekartove metafizi\u010dke teorije ideja (1): Od supstancije do duha<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Filozofski godi\u0161njak<\/em> 12 (1999): 27\u201357. [&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/data-scindeks.ceon.rs\/article.aspx?query=RELRID%26and%26317043&amp;page=10&amp;sort=1&amp;stype=0&amp;backurl=%2fRelated.aspx%3fref%3d317043%26lang%3den&amp;lang=en\">Prolegomena for research on Descartes&#8217; metaphysical theory of ideas (1): From substance to spirit<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Philosophical Yearbook<\/em> 12 (1999): 27\u201357.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/scindeks.ceon.rs\/article.aspx?artid=0353-38919912027M\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> The subject of this article is an analysis of the fundamental notions of Descartes&#8217; metaphysics, which are relevant to an understanding of his theory of ideas. It begins with the notions of substance as such and thing (res) as such. The notion of thing is defined as follows: an essence with the predicate &#8216;the possibility of existing even outside of thinking.&#8217; On this notion Descartes builds his notion of reality (<em>realitas<\/em>) and its degrees. The degrees of reality are defined as intrapredicate determination[s] of an essence and they refer to the degree of independence of an essence&#8217;s possible existence even outside of thinking. The degree of reality can be either substantial or modal, i.e., such can be the existence of the essences of things. After that, the place from Meditation Two is interpreted where Descartes states that the &#8216;I&#8217; is a thing which is real and which is truly exists (<em>res vera et vere existens<\/em>, AT VII 25). It is done against the background of the notion of the real essence (<em>essentia realis<\/em>) in the philosophy of late Scholastics philosopher and theologian Francisco Suarez, S.J.. The conclusion is that the &#8216;I&#8217; is a real essence, and that the notions of &#8216;thing&#8217; and &#8216;real essence&#8217; are equivalent. The real essence, which is in the thinking, is named a potential real essence, because it is in thinking and has a potentiality for existing even out of it; if it exists out of thinking the essence is actual real essence. The very actuality or non-actuality of the potentiality in question is only a characteristic (<em>accidence<\/em>) of an essence, not it&#8217;s predicate. This is a consequence of Descartes&#8217;s (as well as Suarez&#8217;s) understanding of the difference between essence and existence of being (<em>ens<\/em>), as merely a conceptual one. Therefore it is necessary to distinguish between two questions about related to the existence of the essence: if it exists actually (its <em>accidence<\/em>) and how it can exist (its predicate: whether it is substantial or modal).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Predrag-Milidrag\">Milidrag<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/idn.org.rs\/en\/osoblje\/predrag-milidrag-2\/#:~:text=Predrag%20Milidrag%20(1969)%20took%20the,worked%20from%202003%20to%202019.\">Predrag<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"145\" class=\"wp-image-9632\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6070.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Predrag Milidrag with black framed glasses and a brown mustache and trim beard with his head slightly turned to his right wearing a bright yellow polo shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6070.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6070-300x217.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6070-150x109.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/data-scindeks.ceon.rs\/article.aspx?query=RELRID%26and%26317043&amp;page=10&amp;sort=1&amp;stype=0&amp;backurl=%2fRelated.aspx%3fref%3d317043%26lang%3den&amp;lang=en\">Prolegomena za istra\u017eivanje Dekartove metafizi\u010dke teorije ideja (2): Od duha do ideja<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Filozofski godi\u0161njak<\/em> 13 (2000): 40\u201370. [&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/data-scindeks.ceon.rs\/article.aspx?query=RELRID%26and%26317043&amp;page=10&amp;sort=1&amp;stype=0&amp;backurl=%2fRelated.aspx%3fref%3d317043%26lang%3den&amp;lang=en\">Prolegomena for research on Descartes&#8217; metaphysical theory of ideas (2): From spirit to ideas<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Philosophical Yearbook<\/em> 13 (2000): 40\u201370.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/scindeks.ceon.rs\/article.aspx?artid=0353-38919912027M\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> This part of the &#8220;Prolegomena&#8221; considers Descartes&#8217;s understanding of [the] constitution of  thoughts as such. Every thought as such, either some kind of volition or some idea, has three elements: the operation, the form\/object, and self consciousness. The process of constitution of the thoughts is seen as the process of actualization, which could be divided into two stages. First, the thinking as a potential real essence is actualized; it does God by the preservation of the thinking substance in the existence. The result of this actualization is some &#8216;naked&#8217; thinking activity, that is an operation (some substantial existing perception or volition) and it could be seen as a matter of the thoughts. Then to this &#8216;naked&#8217; thinking activity something comes up (from the <em>res<\/em> or from the <em>non-res<\/em>) which could be seen as a form and it is an object of that thought. The third element of a thought, the consciousness of the thought, always carries in itself the consciousness of the operation, of the object of the thought and of the mind itself. The consciousness and the thinking do not coincide: at any time we have the consciousness of all three elements of the thought, but we need not think about all of them (at some particular time, during which we have that thought). Thanks to attention, the mind can direct itself to thinking about just one of the three elements. Everything that the mind is conscious of when it is conscious of a thought could become the object of the thinking. The actual contents of consciousness are potential objects of the thinking. Besides these problems, in this part of the &#8220;Prolegomena&#8221; the relations are considered between the thoughts and the[ir] duration, the thoughts and the thinking as an actual real essence, as well as the relation between the thoughts and thinking substance. Also, relevant passages from Arnauld&#8217;s objections and Descartes&#8217;s replies from their 1648 letters (AT V, 213\u201314, 221) are interpreted in the context of the relation between the thinking as an essence and the thoughts as an actualization of that essence. Finally, it is shown how the analyses from this &#8220;Prolegomena&#8221; can be used in the interpretation of [the] essential Descartes&#8217;s statements about ideas.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Predrag-Milidrag\">Milidrag<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/idn.org.rs\/en\/osoblje\/predrag-milidrag-2\/#:~:text=Predrag%20Milidrag%20(1969)%20took%20the,worked%20from%202003%20to%202019.\">Predrag<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.danas.rs\/vesti\/politika\/milidrag-sporazum-o-normalizaciji-odnosa-jedino-resenje-statusa-kim\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"149\" class=\"wp-image-6938\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3309.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Predrag Milidrag with glasses and a brown mustache and trim beard with his head slightly bent down wearing a dark suit jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3309.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3309-300x255.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/5318814\">U\u010cENJA PRIRODE I VOLJA KOD DEKARTA<\/a>&#8221; [\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/5318814\">The Teaching of Nature and the Will in Descartes<\/a>\u201d]. <em>Theoria<\/em> 51, no. 2 (2008): 79\u201398.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/doiserbia.nb.rs\/img\/doi\/0351-2274\/2008\/0351-227408020\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> The paper analyzes Descartes&#8217; notion of learning nature as a consequence of the union of the spirit with the body, and in the context of determining the will. Also, paragraphs 3-5 of the Second Meditation are interpreted with regard to the teachings of nature that appear in them about what man is.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Predrag-Milidrag\">Milidrag<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/idn.org.rs\/en\/osoblje\/predrag-milidrag-2\/#:~:text=Predrag%20Milidrag%20(1969)%20took%20the,worked%20from%202003%20to%202019.\">Predrag<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/ferbgd.rs\/en\/page\/2\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"202\" class=\"wp-image-9882\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1282.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color upper torso and headshot photographic  cutout of Predrag Milidrag with black framed glasses and a brown mustache and trim beard with his head  turned to his left while seated with interlaced fingers resting on unseen table while wearing a white shirt with snap shirt pickets and a small black microphone clipped to his shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1282.png 554w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1282-260x300.png 260w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1282-130x150.png 130w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/rifdt.instifdt.bg.ac.rs\/handle\/123456789\/581\">Da li i kako Descartesova ideja <\/a>&#8216;<a href=\"https:\/\/rifdt.instifdt.bg.ac.rs\/handle\/123456789\/581\">reprezentuje<\/a>&#8216;&#8221; [&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/article-detail?id=78100\">Whether and How Descartes\u2019s Idea &#8216;Represents<\/a>&#8216;\u201d]. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/journal-detail?id=938\">ODJEK &#8211; Revija za umjetnost, nauku i dru\u0161tvena pitanja<\/a> 63, no. 3 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ceeol.com\/search\/article-detail?id=78100\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"252\" class=\"wp-image-10173\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1578.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color image of the cover of the 2010 edition of &quot;Odjek&quot; with a brown eyed exposed female wearing a white surgical mark used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1578.jpeg 445w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1578-209x300.jpeg 209w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1578-104x150.jpeg 104w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> (2010): 14\u201327. [<em>Echo<\/em> \u2014 Review for art, science and social issues 63, no. 3 (2010): 14\u201327.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Read an <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/uncategorized\/da-li-i-kako-descartesova-ideja-reprezentuje-whether-and-how-descartess-idea-represents-by-predrag-milidrag\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">English translation<\/span><\/a> primarily done by&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.getmerlin.in\/ai-translate\/bosnian-to-english\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">ChatGPT 4.0 under Merlin<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.getmerlin.in\/ai-translate\/bosnian-to-english\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"60\" class=\"wp-image-9895\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_1286.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced image of the black logo for Merlin translation website.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_1286.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_1286-300x120.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_1286-150x60.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> with additional corrections using&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/translate.google.com\/?sl=bs&amp;tl=en&amp;op=translate\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Google translate<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/translate.google.com\/?sl=bs&amp;tl=en&amp;op=translate\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"47\" class=\"wp-image-9896\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_1289.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced image of the multi-colored logo for Google Translate with Translate in black font.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_1289.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_1289-300x94.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_1289-150x47.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dermot_Moran\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dermot_Moran\">Moran<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bc.edu\/bc-web\/schools\/mcas\/departments\/philosophy\/people\/faculty-directory\/Dermot-Moran.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.bc.edu\/bc-web\/schools\/mcas\/departments\/philosophy\/people\/faculty-directory\/Dermot-Moran.html\">Dermot<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?sca_esv=593863712&amp;rlz=1C9BKJA_enUS1081US1081&amp;hl=en-US&amp;q=Moran,+Dermot&amp;tbm=isch&amp;source=lnms&amp;prmd=ivnsmbhtz&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiu1POvqa6DAxUVMEQIHbALDbUQ0pQJegQIBxAB&amp;biw=1366&amp;bih=905&amp;dpr=2#imgrc=2b9Wh0fR4zIq2M\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"148\" class=\"wp-image-3831\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5818.png\" alt=\"A color photographic cutout of Dermot Moran wearing a blue sports coat and powder blue shirt and blue and green striped tie used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5818.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5818-300x253.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/10001743\/Descartes_on_the_Formal_Reality_Objective_Reality_and_Material_Falsity_of_Ideas_Realism_through_Constructivism\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/10001743\/Descartes_on_the_Formal_Reality_Objective_Reality_and_Material_Falsity_of_Ideas_Realism_through_Constructivism\">Descartes on the Formal Reality, Objective Reality, and Material Falsity of Ideas: Realism through Constructivism?<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/archive\/WESRSA-2.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/archive\/WESRSA-2.pdf\">Realism, Science, and Pragmatism<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Realism_Science_and_Pragmatism\/GavpAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;pg=PR5&amp;printsec=frontcover\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"230\" class=\"wp-image-9480\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0681.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced dark blue with white streaks book cover of &quot;Realism, Science, and Pragmatism&quot; edited by Kenneth R. Westphal used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0681.jpeg 418w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0681-196x300.jpeg 196w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0681-98x150.jpeg 98w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/ae-eu.academia.edu\/KennethWestphal\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/ae-eu.academia.edu\/KennethWestphal\">Kenneth R. Westphal<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/author\/show\/6192.Kenneth_R_Westphal\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"191\" class=\"wp-image-9478\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0672.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Kenneth R. Westphal with a white and brown beard and mustache and wearing a black shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0672.png 400w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0672-235x300.png 235w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0672-118x150.png 118w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, 67\u201392. New York &amp; London: Routledge, 2014.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Gianluca%20Mori\">Mori<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Gianluca%20Mori\">Gianluca<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"143\" class=\"wp-image-4656\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7566-1.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout headshot of Gianluca Mori with his head looking down wearing a dark blue shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7566-1.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7566-1-300x285.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Gianluca-Mori\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"130\" height=\"165\" class=\"wp-image-4660\" style=\"width: 130px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7652.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout headshot of Gianluca Mori with his head looking straight at viewer and with the sun on his left reflecting off of his forehead and left. side of his face wearing a gray jacket seen up around his neck used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7652.png 252w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7652-236x300.png 236w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 130px) 100vw, 130px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.herodote.net\/nos-auteurs.html?id=148\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"164\" class=\"wp-image-4658\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7572.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout headshot of Gianluca Mori with his head looking at viewer  wearing a light blue collared shirt under a dark blue suit jacket used to visually identify him.\"><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/people.tamu.edu\/~sdaniel\/682%20Readings\/mori%20ideas.pdf\">Hobbes, Descartes, and Ideas: A Secret Debate<\/a>.&#8221; <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/asearch.pl?pub=612\">Journal of the History of Philosophy<\/a><\/em>&nbsp;50, no. 2 (2012): 197\u2013212.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mansfield.ox.ac.uk\/dr-katherine-morris\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.mansfield.ox.ac.uk\/dr-katherine-morris\">Morris<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/katherine-morris\">Katherine<\/a> J<\/strong>. <a href=\"http:\/\/anthonystadlen.blogspot.com\/2016\/01\/descartes-and-dualism-katherine-morris.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"171\" class=\"wp-image-2979\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_B7BB0DA7-B07F-4328-9A05-8C5B9D7AD89B.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and mirror reversed photographic headshot cutout of Katherine J. Morris used for identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_B7BB0DA7-B07F-4328-9A05-8C5B9D7AD89B.png 281w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_B7BB0DA7-B07F-4328-9A05-8C5B9D7AD89B-263x300.png 263w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1080\/09672559508570815?needAccess=true\">Intermingling and Confusion<\/a>.&#8221; <em>International Journal of Philosophical Studies<\/em> 3 (1995): 290\u201397.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/petermyrdal.files.wordpress.com\/2023\/07\/peter-myrdal-curriculum-vitae-july-2023.pdf\">Myrdal<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/petermyrdal.net\/\">Peter<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/petermyrdal.net\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"159\" class=\"wp-image-3070\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2214.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of Peter Myrdal's head and torso used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2214.png 301w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2214-282x300.png 282w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/users.utu.fi\/arrepo\/\">Arto<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/utu.academia.edu\/ArtoRepo\">Repo<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/Ws6529fKi61cmser9\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"158\" class=\"wp-image-8145\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7726.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color closeup photographic cutout headshot of Arto Repo wearing an orange pull cap and orange jacket with dark collar used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7726.png 608w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7726-285x300.png 285w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7726-143x150.png 143w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/users.utu.fi\/arrepo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1086\/2021\/10\/IRD.pdf\">Ideas and Reality in Descartes<\/a>&#8221; (ultimate version). &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/38461947\">Ideas and Reality in Descartes<\/a>&#8221; (penultimate version). In <a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/mind-body-and-morality-new-perspectives-on-descartes-and-spinoza-hardcovernbsped-0815384947-9780815384946.html\"><em>Mind, Body, and Morality: New Perspectives on Descartes and Spinoza<\/em><\/a> &nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/mind-body-and-morality-new-perspectives-on-descartes-and-spinoza-hardcovernbsped-0815384947-9780815384946.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"229\" class=\"wp-image-1811\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_0738.jpeg\" alt=\"The blue-green geometric patterned book cover for &quot;Mind. Body, and Morality: New Perspectives on Descartes and Spinoza.&quot;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_0738.jpeg 210w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_0738-197x300.jpeg 197w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/martina-reuter\">Martina<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/fi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Martina_Reuter\">Reuter<\/a> (no known photo) and <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Frans%20Svensson\">Frans<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/frans-svensson\">Svensson<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gu.se\/en\/about\/find-staff\/franssvensson\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"228\" class=\"wp-image-9482\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0691.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic headshot cutout of a glasses wearing Frans Svensson with his arms crossed and a watch on his right wrist while wearing a black colored shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0691.png 492w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0691-231x300.png 231w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0691-115x150.png 115w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. London: Routledge, 2019. Read the editor&#8217;s &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/library.oapen.org\/bitstream\/id\/fe44a63d-e163-45eb-81a3-826796bc7df2\/9780815384946_10.4324_9781351202831-1.pdf\">Introduction<\/a>&#8221; to the book, or a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.perlego.com\/book\/1378738\/mind-body-and-morality-new-perspectives-on-descartes-and-spinoza-pdf\">partial version with hyperlinks<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/38461947\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/38461947\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">Author&#8217;s Abstract<\/mark><\/a>:<\/strong> This chapter explores some key issues within Descartes&#8217;s theory of cognition. The starting-point is a recent interpretation, according to which Descartes is part of a tradition of theorizing about human cognition, beginning from the idea that we are in principle capable of articulating or grasping the basic order of reality. Earlier readings often take Descartes to question whether we have any cognitive access to reality at all. On the new reading, Descartes instead defends a robust conception of our cognitive relation to reality\u2014our cognition needs to be &#8220;determined by reality&#8221; as John Carriero puts it. One important element of Carriero&#8217;s interpretation is that Descartes&#8217;s notion of idea is to be understood along the lines of the Aristotelian doctrine of formal identity between cognizer and cognized. Here it is argued that retaining the latter doctrine faces some difficulties, given the novel conception of the structure of reality defended by Descartes. This chapter proposes that he needs an alternative account of what it is for a cognizer to be determined by reality. Attending to some important differences between the innate idea of extension and that of God, the chapter concludes that Descartes may not have a fully worked-out account of his own. Considering some of the problems inherent in his views can, however, shed light on the, from our contemporary perspective, peculiar role both Spinoza and Leibniz give to God in accounting for cognition.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\" id=\"N-neon-ivy-drop-cap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"283\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0940.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2182\" style=\"width:119px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0940.jpeg 283w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0940-265x300.jpeg 265w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 283px) 100vw, 283px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steven_Nadler\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steven_Nadler\">Nadler<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/714e4411-e80d-40da-9ac0-7d90e1d26dce.filesusr.com\/ugd\/4ee4bc_d1226add7c3640bab41d87b484723073.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.wisc.edu\/staff\/nadler-steven\/\">Steven<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aarome.org\/it\/comunita\/residenti-invitati\/steven-nadler\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"178\" class=\"wp-image-3093\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_CE322BC8-7D0D-4C9F-ACC8-A29A6121D62B.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of a smiling Steven Nadler wearing glasses used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_CE322BC8-7D0D-4C9F-ACC8-A29A6121D62B.png 225w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_CE322BC8-7D0D-4C9F-ACC8-A29A6121D62B-211x300.png 211w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Arnauld_and_the_Cartesian_Philosophy_of.html?id=nwW9AAAAIAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Arnauld_and_the_Cartesian_Philosophy_of.html?id=nwW9AAAAIAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Arnauld and the Cartesian Philosophy of Ideas<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Arnauld_and_the_Cartesian_Philosophy_of\/nwW9AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;pg=PA1&amp;printsec=frontcover\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"274\" class=\"wp-image-9487\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_6F80704F-7A5E-4AF9-B5F7-9C6BF05259CA.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic headshot cutout of the red and white book cover of &quot;Arnauld and the Cartesian philosophy of ideas&quot; by Steven M. Nadler used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_6F80704F-7A5E-4AF9-B5F7-9C6BF05259CA.png 409w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_6F80704F-7A5E-4AF9-B5F7-9C6BF05259CA-192x300.png 192w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_6F80704F-7A5E-4AF9-B5F7-9C6BF05259CA-96x150.png 96w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steven_Nadler\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steven_Nadler\">Nadler<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/714e4411-e80d-40da-9ac0-7d90e1d26dce.filesusr.com\/ugd\/4ee4bc_d1226add7c3640bab41d87b484723073.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/714e4411-e80d-40da-9ac0-7d90e1d26dce.filesusr.com\/ugd\/4ee4bc_d1226add7c3640bab41d87b484723073.pdf\">Steven<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/gqDm1zcPuzUPNjLe6\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"217\" class=\"wp-image-11399\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3562.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Steven Nadler, wearing glasses and a dark green and dark brown plaid shirt, was used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3562.png 516w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3562-242x300.png 242w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3562-121x150.png 121w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> , ed. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Causation_in_Early_Modern_Philosophy.html?id=XQvu9vIDhKMC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Causation in Early Modern Philosophy: Cartesianism, Occasionalism, and Preestablished Harmony<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psupress.org\/books\/titles\/0-271-00863-6.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"264\" class=\"wp-image-3087\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2021.jpeg\" alt=\"The color book cover for ''Causation in Early Modern Philosophy.&quot;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2021.jpeg 212w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2021-199x300.jpeg 199w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steven_Nadler\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steven_Nadler\">Nadler<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/714e4411-e80d-40da-9ac0-7d90e1d26dce.filesusr.com\/ugd\/4ee4bc_d1226add7c3640bab41d87b484723073.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/714e4411-e80d-40da-9ac0-7d90e1d26dce.filesusr.com\/ugd\/4ee4bc_d1226add7c3640bab41d87b484723073.pdf\">Steven<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/arthistory.wisc.edu\/staff\/steven-nadler\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"200\" class=\"wp-image-11400\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3556.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of a smiling Steven Nadler wearing glasses and a round neck white t-shirt under a round neck dark blue sweater was used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3556.png 668w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3556-262x300.png 262w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3556-131x150.png 131w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> .\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/ndl.ethernet.edu.et\/bitstream\/123456789\/8564\/1\/28.pdf.pdf\">The Doctrine of Ideas<\/a>.\u201d In <a href=\"https:\/\/ndl.ethernet.edu.et\/bitstream\/123456789\/8564\/1\/28.pdf.pdf\"><em>The Blackwell Guide to Descartes\u2019 Meditations<\/em><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/The_Blackwell_Guide_to_Descartes_Meditat\/nCnhVM7SPuwC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;printsec=frontcover\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"257\" class=\"wp-image-9492\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0728.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced purple book cover if &quot;The Blackwell Guide to Descartes's Meditations&quot; edited by Stephen Gaukroger used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0728.jpeg 435w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0728-204x300.jpeg 204w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0728-102x150.jpeg 102w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20Gaukroger\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20Gaukroger\">Stephen<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\">Gaukroger<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger#Life\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"176\" class=\"wp-image-4087\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/9919ec92-be5c-4a5f-a444-7f7482dcb503.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Stephen Gaukroger in right profile wearing a white shirt with tie and black suit jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/9919ec92-be5c-4a5f-a444-7f7482dcb503.png 227w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/9919ec92-be5c-4a5f-a444-7f7482dcb503-213x300.png 213w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>, 86\u2013103. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2006. See basic information at &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/NADTDO\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/NADTDO\">The Doctrine of Ideas<\/a>\u201d in <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Blackwell_Guide_to_Descartes_Meditat.html?id=nCnhVM7SPuwC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Blackwell_Guide_to_Descartes_Meditat.html?id=nCnhVM7SPuwC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">The Blackwell Guide to Descartes&#8217; Meditations<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steven_Nadler\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steven_Nadler\">Nadler<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/714e4411-e80d-40da-9ac0-7d90e1d26dce.filesusr.com\/ugd\/4ee4bc_d1226add7c3640bab41d87b484723073.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/714e4411-e80d-40da-9ac0-7d90e1d26dce.filesusr.com\/ugd\/4ee4bc_d1226add7c3640bab41d87b484723073.pdf\">Steven<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aarome.org\/it\/comunita\/residenti-invitati\/steven-nadler\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"171\" class=\"wp-image-3090\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2250.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of a smiling Steven Nadler wearing glasses used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2250.png 281w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2250-263x300.png 263w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198250081.003.0002\">Occasionalism and the Mind-Body Problem<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/32869\">Occasionalism: Causation Among the Cartesians<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/3tGHMJ3Ga3qMsVqw5\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"277\" class=\"wp-image-9494\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0729.jpeg\" alt=\"A color book cover of &quot;Occasionalism: Causation Amongst the Cartesians&quot; edited by Steven Nadler with an old man with a white beard with his left hand  below over a  partially naked  prone woman's face while fending off an angel with rings from above used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0729.jpeg 404w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0729-189x300.jpeg 189w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0729-95x150.jpeg 95w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/714e4411-e80d-40da-9ac0-7d90e1d26dce.filesusr.com\/ugd\/4ee4bc_d1226add7c3640bab41d87b484723073.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/714e4411-e80d-40da-9ac0-7d90e1d26dce.filesusr.com\/ugd\/4ee4bc_d1226add7c3640bab41d87b484723073.pdf\">Steven<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steven_Nadler\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steven_Nadler\">Nadler<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jewishbookcouncil.org\/steven-nadler\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-9504\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0732.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic cutout of a smiling Steven Nadler wearing glasses and a black colored shirt with one white button showing under a black sweater used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0732.png 600w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0732-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0732-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, 6\u201328. New York: Oxford University Press, December 2010.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.unc.edu\/people\/alan-nelson\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philosophy.unc.edu\/people\/alan-nelson\/\"><strong>Nelson, Alan<\/strong><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.unc.edu\/people\/alan-nelson\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.unc.edu\/people\/alan-nelson\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"199\" class=\"wp-image-2696\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1880.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color headshot of Alan Nelson from his University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill website identifying his face.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1880.png 281w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1880-263x300.png 263w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/1908380\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/1908380\">Descartes&#8217;s Ontology of Thought<\/a>,&#8221; <em>Topoi<\/em> 16 (1997): 163\u201378.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">See his updated to May 2024 <span style=\"color:#2271B1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.unc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/122\/2013\/10\/web-cv-2024.pdf\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">CV<\/span><\/a><\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.unc.edu\/people\/alan-nelson\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philosophy.unc.edu\/people\/alan-nelson\/\">Nelson, Alan<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.unc.edu\/people\/alan-nelson\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"199\" class=\"wp-image-2696\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1880.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color headshot of Alan Nelson from his University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill website identifying his face.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1880.png 281w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1880-263x300.png 263w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/713591364\/Kremer-Interpreting-Arnauld-1990\">The Falsity in Sensory Ideas: Descartes and Arnauld<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.library.vanderbilt.edu\/discovery\/fulldisplay\/alma991028433599703276\/01VAN_INST:vanui\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/catalog.library.vanderbilt.edu\/discovery\/fulldisplay\/alma991028433599703276\/01VAN_INST:vanui\">Interpreting Arnauld<\/a><\/em> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"260\" class=\"wp-image-4275\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7150.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized book cover of &quot;Interpreting Arnauld&quot; edited by Elmar J. Kremer used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7150.jpeg 215w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7150-202x300.jpeg 202w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.utoronto.ca\/directory\/elmar-kremer\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.utoronto.ca\/directory\/elmar-kremer\/\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.utoronto.ca\/directory\/elmar-kremer\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.utoronto.ca\/directory\/elmar-kremer\/\">Elmar<\/a> J. <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/elmar-joseph-kremer\">Kremer<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.utoronto.ca\/directory\/elmar-kremer\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"184\" class=\"wp-image-4288\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_6B4E6221-B5D6-45EC-A54F-3A245BDFA76D.png\" alt=\"An enhanced. olorized rotated photographic headshot cutout of a white haired Elmar J. Kremer wearing a gray and black shirt under a black jacket used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_6B4E6221-B5D6-45EC-A54F-3A245BDFA76D.png 261w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_6B4E6221-B5D6-45EC-A54F-3A245BDFA76D-245x300.png 245w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, 13\u201332. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.unc.edu\/people\/alan-nelson\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philosophy.unc.edu\/people\/alan-nelson\/\">Nelson, Alan<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.unc.edu\/people\/alan-nelson\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"199\" class=\"wp-image-2696\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1880.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color headshot of Alan Nelson from his University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill website identifying his face.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1880.png 281w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1880-263x300.png 263w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/phib.12008\">The Structure of Cartesian Sensations<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Analytic Philosophy<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/toc\/2153960x\/2013\/54\/1\">54, no. 1<\/a> (March 2013): 107\u201316.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/lex-newman\">Newman<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/faculty.utah.edu\/u0232061-LEX_NEWMAN\/hm\/index.hml\">Lex<\/a><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/faculty.utah.edu\/bytes\/curriculumVitae.hml?id=u0232061\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"234\" class=\"wp-image-3097\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2526.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of Lex Newman used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2526.png 239w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2526-224x300.png 224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/es\/78436584\/Descartes_Rationalist_Epistemology\">Descartes&#8217; Rationalist Epistemology<\/a>.&#8221; In&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/NELACT-4\">A Companion to Rationalism<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/A_Companion_to_Rationalism.html?id=Awc5wgbeeW0C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"267\" class=\"wp-image-4004\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6418.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color book cover of &quot;A Companion to Rationalism edited by Alan Nelson with blue green purple abstract art and a beige cover used to visually identifying it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6418.jpeg 240w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6418-225x300.jpeg 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.unc.edu\/people\/alan-nelson\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philosophy.unc.edu\/people\/alan-nelson\/\">Alan<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.unc.edu\/people\/alan-nelson\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philosophy.unc.edu\/people\/alan-nelson\/\">Nelson<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.unc.edu\/people\/alan-nelson\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.unc.edu\/people\/alan-nelson\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"171\" class=\"wp-image-2696\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1880.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color headshot of Alan Nelson from his University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill website identifying his face.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1880.png 281w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1880-263x300.png 263w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, 179\u2013204. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 2005.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/lex-newman\">Newman<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/faculty.utah.edu\/u0232061-LEX_NEWMAN\/hm\/index.hml\">Lex<\/a><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/faculty.utah.edu\/bytes\/curriculumVitae.hml?id=u0232061\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"234\" class=\"wp-image-3097\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2526.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of Lex Newman used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2526.png 239w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2526-224x300.png 224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net\/94852893\/j.1747-9991.2008.00187.x20221126-1-juxw6t-libre.pdf?1669438155=&amp;response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIdeas_Pictures_and_the_Directness_of_Per.pdf&amp;Expires=1722445414&amp;Signature=dYPgiqF0DH0XBtCnVurfqmpHze9~MbyFGOHT~ug6KtK1mOezX94e2iEml3ueCdpvbnTxTgi4jK1qnK9poHxWS6Pg7q34sToCD5TyVmtSj5XxPl7bgoDbwdzAhpvD74oCXPQW4ijoQVhsXxycYt7wdDh6XzXCSGJqnz7hLG1D~yO2hPfAGnA0FMkIQxgZHktvqjEcbo-ll5t37K3yEtPg4DBZK24gPdPtdSuAOQkWHHyuaWkH9mgXnizQwbG8-DsCMe815NBcrtDqeyNc-v2-9J10d546O~u6trPENNUUJTyDkCD2ZA3kOylhdYmGz7drnn2i6CQk-GTZHhP0WEQYPw__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA\">Ideas, Pictures, and the Directness of Perception in Descartes and Locke<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net\/49066869\/j.1747-9991.2008.00187.x20160923-26442-zurwco-libre.pdf?1474651753=&amp;response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DIdeas_Pictures_and_the_Directness_of_Per.pdf&amp;Expires=1718614320&amp;Signature=QU--S0rks-thXN6hpRwch0760IV3b0LraXH82HAfW~KgmYvj5crJgbEWH0LJoziY-N~CLvZurko6Fp-l2rEYv5NYRxZqSFXhZfLF~I4Bwb4WNTM1LmGK1yzq0~Hct9tM1YG~ovv7gyFysSD1G-uaYs~A8XYgHy0XpgLM63zZJXbFanbXcbPDUkXzAmYTTEAER5GB0PzB27BnpLI5OwHi-PvlLxg-wfu0n~vCZJLDIutNWaACXQriFHOSNAZks~nAKp~ZQOOvwwThqZKpMgaL3hIuWJAGhK31yTh~DsE8Ef1TgG2jwdCJu7T7eO~WbFF5WNnEBcPyHexuWv8U2XRO8w__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA\">.<\/a>&#8221; <em>Philosophy Compass<\/em>&nbsp; 4, no. 1 (2009): 134\u201354.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net\/49066869\/j.1747-9991.2008.00187.x20160923-26442-zurwco-libre.pdf?1474651753=&amp;response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DIdeas_Pictures_and_the_Directness_of_Per.pdf&amp;Expires=1718614320&amp;Signature=QU--S0rks-thXN6hpRwch0760IV3b0LraXH82HAfW~KgmYvj5crJgbEWH0LJoziY-N~CLvZurko6Fp-l2rEYv5NYRxZqSFXhZfLF~I4Bwb4WNTM1LmGK1yzq0~Hct9tM1YG~ovv7gyFysSD1G-uaYs~A8XYgHy0XpgLM63zZJXbFanbXcbPDUkXzAmYTTEAER5GB0PzB27BnpLI5OwHi-PvlLxg-wfu0n~vCZJLDIutNWaACXQriFHOSNAZks~nAKp~ZQOOvwwThqZKpMgaL3hIuWJAGhK31yTh~DsE8Ef1TgG2jwdCJu7T7eO~WbFF5WNnEBcPyHexuWv8U2XRO8w__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> How are we to understand philosophical claims about sense perception being direct versus indirect? There are multiple relevant notions of perceptual directness, so I argue. Perception of external objects may be direct on some notions, while indirect on others. My interest is with the sense in which ideas count as perceptual mediators in the philosophy of Descartes and Locke. This paper has two broader aims. The first is to clarify four main notions of perceptual directness. The second is to support my contention that in the texts characterizing ideas as immediate objects of perception, Descartes and Locke are invoking the notion of directness I call \u2018objectual\u2019. This notion is modeled on the way a picture mediates perception of the pictured object. The upshot of my account is that\u2014with respect to the objectual notion of directness\u2014Descartes and Locke each hold an indirect theory of perception.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/lex-newman\">Newman<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/faculty.utah.edu\/u0232061-LEX_NEWMAN\/hm\/index.hml\">Lex<\/a><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/faculty.utah.edu\/bytes\/curriculumVitae.hml?id=u0232061\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"234\" class=\"wp-image-3097\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2526.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of Lex Newman used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2526.png 239w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2526-224x300.png 224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/31911205\">Sensory Doubts and the Directness of Perception in the Meditations<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Midwest Studies in Philosophy<\/em> 35 (2011): 205\u201322.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/lex-newman\">Newman<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/faculty.utah.edu\/u0232061-LEX_NEWMAN\/hm\/index.hml\">Lex<\/a><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/faculty.utah.edu\/bytes\/curriculumVitae.hml?id=u0232061\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"234\" class=\"wp-image-3097\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2526.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of Lex Newman used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2526.png 239w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2526-224x300.png 224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/chapters\/edit\/10.4324\/9781315771960-7\/theories-ideas-lex-newman\">Theories of Ideas<\/a>.&#8221; In <a style=\"font-style: italic;\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Routledge_Companion_to_Seventeenth_C.html?id=j3s5DwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">The Routledge Companion to Seventeenth Century Philosophy<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/KAUTRC-2\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"249\" class=\"wp-image-3128\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2541.jpeg\" alt=\"The color book cover of &quot;The Routledge Companion to Seventeenth Century Philosophy.&quot;\"><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.colorado.edu\/philosophy\/sites\/default\/files\/attached-files\/cv_kaufman.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.colorado.edu\/philosophy\/sites\/default\/files\/attached-files\/cv_kaufman.pdf\">Dan<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Dan%20Kaufman\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Dan%20Kaufman\">Kaufman<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"181\" class=\"wp-image-3806\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5749.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced, and blended colorized photographic cutout headshot of a young adult Dan Kaufman used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5749.png 221w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5749-207x300.png 207w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/>, 195\u2013223. London: Routledge Publishing, 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/lex-newman\">Newman<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/faculty.utah.edu\/u0232061-LEX_NEWMAN\/hm\/index.hml\">Lex<\/a><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/faculty.utah.edu\/bytes\/curriculumVitae.hml?id=u0232061\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"234\" class=\"wp-image-3097\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2526.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of Lex Newman used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2526.png 239w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2526-224x300.png 224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40232123#:~:text=Among%20the%20more%20notorious%20of,clarify%2C%20the%20historical%20Descartes's%20views.\">Unmasking Descartes&#8217;s case for the&nbsp;<em>B\u00eate Machine<\/em>&nbsp;doctrine.<\/a>&#8221;&nbsp;<em>Canadian Journal of Philosophy<\/em>&nbsp;31, no. 3 (2001): 389\u2013426.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Primary_and_Secondary_Qualities.html?id=_cIkTLLkxOgC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Nolan<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philarchive.org\/s\/Lawrence%20Nolan\">Lawrence<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/cla.csulb.edu\/departments\/philosophy\/faculty\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"176\" class=\"wp-image-11645\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_4010.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Lawrence Nolan wearing a blue shirt is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_4010.png 273w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_4010-256x300.png 256w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_4010-128x150.png 128w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/the-cambridge-descartes-lexicon-0521193524-9780521193528.html\">The Cambridge Descartes Lexicon<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/the-cambridge-descartes-lexicon-0521193524-9780521193528.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"252\" class=\"wp-image-6539\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2336.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color image of the cerulean blue book cover for &quot;The Cambridge Descartes Lexicon&quot; edited by Lawrence Nolan used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2336.jpeg 222w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2336-208x300.jpeg 208w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Primary_and_Secondary_Qualities.html?id=_cIkTLLkxOgC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Nolan<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philarchive.org\/s\/Lawrence%20Nolan\">Lawrence<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucla.edu\/person\/larry-nolan\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-10251\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1744.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Lawrence Nolan with a mustache and goatee with sunglasses propped on the top of his head and wearing a dark gray polo style shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1744.png 560w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1744-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1744-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/archive\/NOLDOW.pdf\">Descartes on What We Call \u2018Color&#8217;<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Primary_and_Secondary_Qualities.html?id=_cIkTLLkxOgC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Primary and Secondary Qualities:&nbsp;The Historical and Ongoing Debate<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Primary_and_Secondary_Qualities\/_cIkTLLkxOgC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;pg=PR3&amp;printsec=frontcover\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Primary_and_Secondary_Qualities\/_cIkTLLkxOgC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;pg=PR3&amp;printsec=frontcover\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"279\" class=\"wp-image-7599\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4612.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color book cover in swirling cloud-like blues and greens with title inside of a black rectangle with white font of &quot;Primary and Secondary Qualities: The Historical and Ongoing Debate&quot; edited by Lawrence Nolan used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4612.png 201w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4612-188x300.png 188w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philarchive.org\/s\/Lawrence%20Nolan\">Lawrence<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Primary_and_Secondary_Qualities.html?id=_cIkTLLkxOgC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Nolan<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/cla.csulb.edu\/departments\/philosophy\/faculty\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"176\" class=\"wp-image-11645\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_4010.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Lawrence Nolan wearing a blue shirt is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_4010.png 273w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_4010-256x300.png 256w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_4010-128x150.png 128w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, 81\u2013108. New York:&nbsp;Oxford University Press, 2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Primary_and_Secondary_Qualities.html?id=_cIkTLLkxOgC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Nolan<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philarchive.org\/s\/Lawrence%20Nolan\">Lawrence<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucla.edu\/person\/larry-nolan\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" class=\"wp-image-3122\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2549.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of a headshot of a smiling Lawrence Nolan with sunglasses propped on the top of his head used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2549.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2549-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2549-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a> , ed. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199556151.001.0001\">Primary and Secondary Qualities: The Historical and Ongoing Debate<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Primary_and_Secondary_Qualities\/_cIkTLLkxOgC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;pg=PR3&amp;printsec=frontcover\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Primary_and_Secondary_Qualities\/_cIkTLLkxOgC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;pg=PR3&amp;printsec=frontcover\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"318\" class=\"wp-image-7599\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4612.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color book cover in swirling cloud-like blues and greens with title inside of a black rectangle with white font of &quot;Primary and Secondary Qualities: The Historical and Ongoing Debate&quot; edited by Lawrence Nolan used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4612.png 201w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4612-188x300.png 188w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>. New York: Oxford University Press, April 2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">See <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bowdoin.edu\/profiles\/faculty\/mstuart\/pdf\/mstuartCV.pdf\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Matthew<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bowdoin.edu\/profiles\/faculty\/mstuart\/index.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Stuart\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bowdoin.edu\/profiles\/faculty\/mstuart\/index.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"190\" class=\"wp-image-10259\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1763.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Matthew Stuart with cloned top of his head production and wearing a rounded neck green shirt under a dark blue outerwear jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1763.png 421w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1763-197x300.png 197w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1763-99x150.png 99w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/09608788.2012.686987\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/journals\/rbjh20\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">British Journal for the History of Philosophy<\/span><\/a><\/em> 20, no. 3 (2012): 640\u201342.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Primary_and_Secondary_Qualities.html?id=_cIkTLLkxOgC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Nolan<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philarchive.org\/s\/Lawrence%20Nolan\">Lawrence<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/cla.csulb.edu\/departments\/philosophy\/faculty\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"176\" class=\"wp-image-11646\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_FF0E143F-DA2C-42D2-AF7E-7655701CF973.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Lawrence Nolan wearing a blue shirt is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_FF0E143F-DA2C-42D2-AF7E-7655701CF973.png 546w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_FF0E143F-DA2C-42D2-AF7E-7655701CF973-256x300.png 256w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_FF0E143F-DA2C-42D2-AF7E-7655701CF973-128x150.png 128w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/phil.uic.edu\/profiles\/whipple-john\/\">John<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/john-whipple\">Whipple<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/S_WM3RWNq1w?feature=shared\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"196\" class=\"wp-image-10254\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1756.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a clean shaven John Whipple turned to his left wearing an open neck collared shirt under a dark brown sports coat used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1756.png 571w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1756-268x300.png 268w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1756-134x150.png 134w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/archive\/NOLTDT.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/archive\/NOLTDT.pdf\">The Dustbin Theory of Mind: A Cartesian Legacy?<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/pub\/1697\/2006\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/pub\/1697\/2006\">Oxford Studies in Early Modern Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/GAROSI-5\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"271\" class=\"wp-image-7601\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4615.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced mostly black book cover with a tan rectangle at bottom containing &quot;Volume III&quot; with the title just above in the black of &quot;Oxford Studies in Early Modern Philosophy&quot; edited by Daniel Garber and Steven Nadler used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4615.jpeg 207w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4615-194x300.jpeg 194w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, vol. 3, ch. 2, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/daniel-garber\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/daniel-garber\">Daniel<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Garber_(philosopher)\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Garber_(philosopher)\">Garber<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"185\" class=\"wp-image-8745\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9551.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of a full bearded and mustached Daniel Garber with glasses wearing a blue shirt and dark colored tie under a maroon v-neck sweater and dark gray suit jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9551.jpeg 432w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9551-203x300.jpeg 203w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9551-101x150.jpeg 101w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/> and <a href=\"https:\/\/714e4411-e80d-40da-9ac0-7d90e1d26dce.filesusr.com\/ugd\/4ee4bc_d1226add7c3640bab41d87b484723073.pdf\">Steven<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steven_Nadler\">Nadler<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jewishbookcouncil.org\/steven-nadler\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-9504\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0732.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic cutout of a smiling Steven Nadler wearing glasses and a black colored shirt with one white button showing under a black sweater used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0732.png 600w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0732-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0732-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, 33\u201355. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calvin_Normore\">Normore<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/calvin%20normore\">Calvin<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucla.edu\/newsletter\/fall-2017-2\/interviews\/calvin-nomore\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"188\" class=\"wp-image-3125\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2559.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of Calvin J. Normore used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2559.jpeg 256w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2559-240x300.jpeg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/homepages.uc.edu\/~martinj\/Mediaeval%20Logic%20&amp;%20Philosophy\/Week%2010%20-%20Overview\/Normore%20-%20Meaning%20and%20Objective%20Being.pdf\">Meaning and Objective Being: Descartes and His Sources<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ucpress.edu\/book\/9780520055094\/essays-on-descartes-meditations\">Essays on Descartes\u2019 Meditations<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Essays_on_Descartes_Meditations\/WnZQVOrfDaMC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"263\" class=\"wp-image-5144\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/SIX_65211643-BC7A-4CEC-ACE5-BEFEC6FE8C7E.png\" alt=\"The enhanced dark green book cover with white font in titles for &quot;Essays on Descartes' Meditations&quot; edited by Amelie Oksenberg Rorty used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/SIX_65211643-BC7A-4CEC-ACE5-BEFEC6FE8C7E.png 213w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/SIX_65211643-BC7A-4CEC-ACE5-BEFEC6FE8C7E-200x300.png 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/amelierorty.blogspot.com\/2008\/03\/amelie-oksenberg-rorty.html\">Am\u00e9lie O.<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Am%C3%A9lie_Rorty\">Rorty<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Am%C3%A9lie_Rorty\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"200\" class=\"wp-image-4549\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/878ff53d-551c-4b4c-aa16-57c21635c157.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot and shoulders cutout of a smiling glasses adorned Amelie O. Rorty with her head tilted to her right facing the camera wearing a black cowl neck under a autumn colored jacket used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/878ff53d-551c-4b4c-aa16-57c21635c157.png 240w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/878ff53d-551c-4b4c-aa16-57c21635c157-225x300.png 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, 223\u201341. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calvin_Normore\">Normore<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/calvin%20normore\">Calvin<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucla.edu\/newsletter\/fall-2017-2\/interviews\/calvin-nomore\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"188\" class=\"wp-image-3125\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2559.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of Calvin J. Normore used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2559.jpeg 256w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2559-240x300.jpeg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/espace.library.uq.edu.au\/view\/UQ:270532\">The Matter of Thought<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Representation_and_Objects_of_Thought_in.html?id=a30fl7OeOIEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Representation_and_Objects_of_Thought_in.html?id=a30fl7OeOIEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Representation and Objects of Thought in Medieval Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"265\" class=\"wp-image-879\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_8562-1.jpeg\" alt=\"The royal purple book cover for &quot;Representation and Objects of Thought in Medieval Philosophy.&quot;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_8562-1.jpeg 360w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_8562-1-198x300.jpeg 198w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.su.se\/english\/profiles\/hlage-1.313716\">Henrik Lagerlund<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.su.se\/english\/profiles\/hlage-1.313716\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"179\" class=\"wp-image-4194\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1aa82adf-a5f0-4b90-9b73-b68b5dabad42.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of an eye's smiling full brown beard and mustache Henrik Lagerlund wearing a light purple colored collared shirt under a black suit jacket used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1aa82adf-a5f0-4b90-9b73-b68b5dabad42.png 313w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1aa82adf-a5f0-4b90-9b73-b68b5dabad42-293x300.png 293w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, 117\u201333. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Co., 2007.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\" id=\"O-neon-ivy-drop-cap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"223\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0959.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2184\" style=\"width:111px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0959.jpeg 223w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0959-209x300.jpeg 209w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 223px) 100vw, 223px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:35px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Francesco_Olgiati\">Olgiati<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Francesco%20Olgiati\">Francesco<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/t2f37SPi1w2xU6c66\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-6739\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2947.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of a glasses adorned Francesco Oligiati with his shoulders turned towards his left wearing a priests white collar and dark blue robe used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2947.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2947-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2947-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/it.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Francesco_Olgiati\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"118\" height=\"320\" class=\"wp-image-6740\" style=\"width: 118px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2948.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic full body photographic cutout of a glasses free Francesco Oligiati looking straight forward in full priests robe of dark gray outer vestments over a white embroidered tunic hanging below his waist with a gold cross hanging to the center of his chest used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2948.png 118w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2948-111x300.png 111w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 118px) 100vw, 118px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/OLGC-3\">Cartesio<\/a><\/em>. Milano: Societ\u00e0 Editrice &#8220;Vita E Pensiero&#8221;, 1934.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">See especially pp. 316\u201318 for connections between Suarez and Descartes on the objective reality of ideas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brian_E._O'Neil\">O&#8217;Neil<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Brian%20E.%20O'Neil\">Brian<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.unm.edu\/events\/oneil-lecture-series.html\">E<\/a>.<\/strong> (no known photo) <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/epistemologicald0000onei\">Epistemological Direct Realism in Descartes\u2019 Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/epistemologicald0000onei\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"238\" class=\"wp-image-9509\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0737.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced dark blues book cover with white font titles of &quot;Epistemological Direct Realism in Descartes' Philosophy&quot; by Brian E. O'Neil used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0737.jpeg 404w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0737-189x300.jpeg 189w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0737-95x150.jpeg 95w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 1974.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:35px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/09608788.2018.1461319\">Ort\u00edn<\/a><\/strong> <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Anna%20Ort%C3%ADn%20Nadal\">Nadal<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rug.nl\/staff\/a.ortin.nadal\/\">Anna<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1668-8527\">Pilar<\/a><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vives.org\/2012\/06\/13\/la-beca-segimon-serrallonga-distingeix-un-projecte-de-filosofia-per-cursar-a-la-universitat-dedimburg\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"197\" class=\"wp-image-10242\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1728.png\" alt=\"A enhanced color photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of Anna Pilar Ortin Nadal with glasses and wearing a blue and gray dress while holding a white piece of paper in her hands at her waist used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1728.png 288w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1728-150x148.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/09608788.2019.1568227\">Descartes on the Distinction between Primary and Secondary Qualities<\/a>.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/journals\/rbjh20\"><em>British Journal for the History of Philosophy<\/em><\/a> 27, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/09608788.2019.1568227\">no. 6<\/a> (2019): 1113\u201334.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/09608788.2019.1568227\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> Descartes did not use the terms \u2018primary\u2019 and \u2018secondary\u2019 qualities, but a similar distinction emerges from his texts: certain qualities of objects (such as size and shape) are intrinsic properties of matter, whereas others (like colours and smells) are products of the interaction with a perceiver. A common interpretation states that the division between primary and secondary qualities is explained by the way in which we are acquainted with them: an idea of a primary quality is similar to its physical causes, and it is clearly and distinctly perceived by the intellect. An idea of a secondary quality is dissimilar to its physical causes and it is obscurely and confusedly perceived by the senses. This view receives the name of \u2018bifurcation reading\u2019 (Simmons, Alison,&nbsp;\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/20140627#\">Descartes on the Cognitive Structure of Sensory Experience<\/a>.\u201d <em>Philosophy and Phenomenological Research<\/em>, LXVII, no. 3 (November 2003)). While it integrates well some textual occurrences, it creates a problematic fragmentation within single acts of perception. This paper contends that this reading is incorrect. It presents several arguments for the claim that the distinction of qualities is due to the different ways in which our ideas of them misrepresent their physical causes. Then, Descartes\u2019 dissimilarity thesis between physical objects and our ideas of them remains a structural feature of his theory of sensory perception and not a local phenomenon affecting only ideas of secondary qualities.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/09608788.2018.1461319\">Ort\u00edn<\/a><\/strong> <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Anna%20Ort%C3%ADn%20Nadal\">Nadal<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rug.nl\/staff\/a.ortin.nadal\/\">Anna<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1668-8527\">Pilar<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/annaortin\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"156\" class=\"wp-image-10240\" style=\"width: 225px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_0C5B0B66-692B-4033-AF9A-7BBE58D0E48F.png\" alt=\"A enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Anna Pilar Ortin Nadal with glasses and wearing a black and white wide horizontal striped shirt with a rounded collar and her right arm bent at elbow with her right hand on her head used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_0C5B0B66-692B-4033-AF9A-7BBE58D0E48F.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_0C5B0B66-692B-4033-AF9A-7BBE58D0E48F-300x209.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_0C5B0B66-692B-4033-AF9A-7BBE58D0E48F-150x104.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/jmphil.org\/article\/id\/1905\/\">Descartes on Natural Signs and the Case of Sensory Perception<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Journal of Modern Philosophy<\/em>&nbsp;6 (2024): 77\u201387. <a href=\"https:\/\/jmphil.org\/article\/1905\/galley\/3246\/download\/\">Download it directly<\/a>. Also <a href=\"https:\/\/jmphil.org\/article\/id\/1905\/\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/jmphil.org\/article\/id\/1905\/\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> Descartes used the notion of sign to describe three phenomena: language, the external movements of the passions, and sensory perception. For this, he appealed to conventional, external, and natural signs respectively. A systematic treatment of signs as proper components of Descartes\u2019 considered views is extremely rare and, specifically, natural signs are often deemed as a figure of speech with no appreciable place within his thought. The objective of this paper is to counter this view and present two related points: first, Descartes\u2019 identification of brain states with signs established by nature in the <em>Treatise on Light<\/em> (AT XI.4\/G.4) amounts to a genuine attempt at understanding the causal structure of sensory perception. This is supported by Descartes\u2019 consistent usage of the notion of sign for capturing the activities exclusive to embodied minds. Second, by reconstructing a taxonomy of signs this paper aims at rehabilitating the notion of sign as a Cartesian technical notion. It is rather perplexing that, even though Descartes made regular use of this notion in three distinct contexts, there is no general understanding of it as a term that merits rational reconstruction. This paper revises this omission with the case of sensory perception at the centre.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/jmphil.org\/article\/id\/1905\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Table of Contents<\/span><\/a>:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul id=\"toc\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jmphil.org\/article\/id\/1905\/#heading0\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">1. Preliminaries: What is the Problem?<\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jmphil.org\/article\/id\/1905\/#heading1\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">1.2. Plausibility and scope of the reading<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jmphil.org\/article\/id\/1905\/#heading2\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">2. A Taxonomy of Signs<\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jmphil.org\/article\/id\/1905\/#heading3\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">2.1. Signs as marks of the embodied mind<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jmphil.org\/article\/id\/1905\/#heading4\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">2.2. Aren\u2019t external signs also instituted by nature?<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jmphil.org\/article\/id\/1905\/#heading5\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">3. Natural Signs in Focus<\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jmphil.org\/article\/id\/1905\/#heading6\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">3.1. Two objections<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jmphil.org\/article\/id\/1905\/#heading7\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">4. The Linguistic Model<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jmphil.org\/article\/id\/1905\/#heading8\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Conceptual integration<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jmphil.org\/article\/id\/1905\/#heading9\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Mental activity<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jmphil.org\/article\/id\/1905\/#heading10\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Use of analogy<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jmphil.org\/article\/id\/1905\/#heading11\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Explanatory depth<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jmphil.org\/article\/id\/1905\/#heading12\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Concluding remarks<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jmphil.org\/article\/id\/1905\/#heading13\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Notes<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jmphil.org\/article\/id\/1905\/#heading14\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Acknowledgements<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jmphil.org\/article\/id\/1905\/#heading15\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Competing Interests<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jmphil.org\/article\/id\/1905\/#heading16\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">References<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/09608788.2018.1461319\">Ort\u00edn<\/a><\/strong> <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Anna%20Ort%C3%ADn%20Nadal\">Nadal<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rug.nl\/staff\/a.ortin.nadal\/\">Anna<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1668-8527\">Pilar<\/a><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rug.nl\/staff\/a.ortin.nadal\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"210\" class=\"wp-image-3083\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2245.png\" alt=\"A color photographic headshot of Anna Pilar Ortin Nadal used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2245.png 229w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2245-215x300.png 215w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/core.ac.uk\/works\/8513054\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/core.ac.uk\/works\/8513054\">Mental activity in Descartes&#8217; causal-semantic model of sensory perception<\/a>.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/era.ed.ac.uk\/bitstream\/handle\/1842\/31538\/Ortin%20Nadal2018.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y\">PhD diss<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/ORTMAI\">Philosophy<\/a>, The University of Edinburgh, July 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/era.ed.ac.uk\/handle\/1842\/31538?show=full\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> The aim of this thesis is to defend a reading of Descartes\u2019 theory of sensory perception in which, against a widespread interpretation, the mind is not a passive receiver of inputs from the environment, but an active decoder of neural information that contributes to the representational content of ideas. I call this the \u2018mental activity thesis\u2019 and, in the overall picture, I identify it as one of the philosophical implications of the seventeenth-century scientific revolution. Within Descartes\u2019 dualism, to offer a theory of sensory perception amounts to describing the interplay between the natural world, the brain, and the mind. Given his mechanistic, micro-corpuscular conception of matter, Descartes developed detailed physiological descriptions of the interaction between external objects and the brain. He envisaged it as an isomorphic relation in which the characteristics of objects are transmitted through the nerves to the brain as patterns of geometrically reduced properties. This process is often read as culminating with the mind being passively affected by a corporeal isomorph. Descartes\u2019 doctrine becomes elusive in its mental phase, but the passivity reading, so I contend, remains inadequate. I argue for the mental activity thesis through four claims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">First, I subscribe the known view that Descartes is concerned about a version of the mind-body problem that is not equivalent to the problem of substance interaction. It is rather a problem of dissimilarity between mental representations and mechanistic explanations. The question is how the qualitative character of sensory experiences can arise from the quantitative notions of physical science. As a way of emphasising the weight that the problem of dissimilarity has for Descartes\u2019 philosophical decisions, I show that it motivates a metaphysically interesting distinction between types of causes for the case of brain-mind interaction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Second, I defend the position that, despite not holding a perfectly unambiguous doctrine, Descartes\u2019 introduction of natural signs is the closest that he got to formulating a full-fledged theory of sensory perception. The appeal to natural signs has been normally deemed as metaphorical in the literature. I argue that, on the contrary, it is possible to reconstruct a causal story for brain-mind interaction along the lines of a semantic model based on Descartes\u2019 identification of neural events with natural signs. A causal-semantic model emerges as a charitable, plausible reading that reveals the mind as an active interpreter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Third, in light of the mental activity thesis, I read Descartes\u2019 late appeal to the innateness of all ideas (notably in the <em>Comments on a Certain Broadsheet<\/em>) as a strategy to account for a type of representational content needed for sensory ideas that, while produced by the mind, is different from that of his paradigmatic innate ideas. I assist Descartes in exploring how the category of innateness captures mental activity within a causal-semantic theory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fourth, in the course of this argumentation, and for further support, I address the role of the distinction between primary and secondary qualities in Descartes\u2019 theory. I tackle a pervasive objection stemming from his alleged association of the perception of primary qualities with the intellect. By reassessing Descartes\u2019 views on mental activity, this interpretation aims at a lucid description of sensory perception that goes beyond the rigid rationalism that is often credited to him.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Frederick%20J.%20O\u2019Toole\">O&#8217;Toole<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.calpoly.edu\/faculty\/fred-otoole\">Frederick<\/a> J.<\/strong> (no known photo). &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/jpr\/content\/jpr_1993_0018_0167_0191\">Descartes&#8217; Problematic Causal Principle of Ideas<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Journal of Philosophical Research<\/em> 18 (1993): 167\u201391.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/OTODPC-2\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/OTODPC-2\">Author&#8217;s Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> There is a virtual consensus among commentators on Descartes that the causal principle by which he relates the objective reality of his ideas to the formal reality of their causes is indefensible. In particular, Descartes\u2019 claim that this principle follows from the general principle which states that the cause must contain at least as much reality as the effect has been examined and rejected as logically implausible. I challenge this view by showing that there is a logically plausible derivation of the causal principle of ideas from the general causal principle. This result has important implications due to the crucial role the causal principle of ideas plays in Descartes\u2019 first a posteriori argument for the existence of God.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:35px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\" id=\"P-neon-ivy-drop-cap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"268\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0943.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2187\" style=\"width:135px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0943.jpeg 268w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0943-251x300.jpeg 251w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 268px) 100vw, 268px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.colorado.edu\/philosophy\/people\/faculty\/robert-pasnau\">Pasnau<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/spot.colorado.edu\/~pasnau\/inprint\/\">Robert<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.colorado.edu\/philosophy\/people\/faculty\/robert-pasnau\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"169\" class=\"wp-image-3138\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2595.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of Robert Pasnau used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2595.png 284w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2595-266x300.png 266w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/philarchive.org\/archive\/DANDAT-2\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philarchive.org\/archive\/DANDAT-2\">Descartes and the Possibility of Enlightened Freedom<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Res Philosophica<\/em> 94, no. 4 (2017): 499\u2013534.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.colorado.edu\/philosophy\/people\/faculty\/robert-pasnau\">Pasnau<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/spot.colorado.edu\/~pasnau\/inprint\/\">Robert<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/spot.colorado.edu\/~pasnau\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"195\" class=\"wp-image-3144\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2596.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of a closeup headshot of Robert Pasnau wearing a patterned dark blue shirt under a black sport coat used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2596.png 246w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2596-231x300.png 231w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/spot.colorado.edu\/~pasnau\/inprint\/pasnau.theories.pdf\">Theories of Cognition in the Later Middle Ages<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Theories_of_Cognition_in_the_Later_Middl.html?id=AebNvmcOwisC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"279\" class=\"wp-image-3141\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2604.jpeg\" alt=\"The enhanced color book cover for :Theories of Cognition in the Later Middle Ages.&quot;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2604.jpeg 201w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2604-188x300.jpeg 188w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Cambridge: UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbk.ac.uk\/our-staff\/profile\/8005982\/sarah-patterson\">Patterson<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/sarah-patterson\">Sarah<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Sarah-Patterson-9\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"170\" class=\"wp-image-3840\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_7E25FE37-B861-45DB-BF8D-1705F0A481D8.png\" alt=\"A reversed and enhanced  color photographic cutout of Sarah Patterson sitting in a gray swivel chair and wearing a dark shirt used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_7E25FE37-B861-45DB-BF8D-1705F0A481D8.png 282w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_7E25FE37-B861-45DB-BF8D-1705F0A481D8-264x300.png 264w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/PATCAD-2\">Clear and Distinct Perception<\/a>.&#8221; In&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/A_Companion_to_Descartes\/yKue-wZAvmYC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;pg=PA2&amp;printsec=frontcover\">A Companion to Descartes<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/A_Companion_to_Descartes\/yKue-wZAvmYC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;pg=PA2&amp;printsec=frontcover\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"251\" class=\"wp-image-7590\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4608.jpeg\" alt=\"A black book cover with Descartes's Franz Gals portrait centered on cover under the title &quot;A Companion to Descartes&quot; edited by Janet Broughton and John Carriero used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4608.jpeg 223w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4608-209x300.jpeg 209w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.berkeley.edu\/people\/detail\/9\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.berkeley.edu\/people\/detail\/9\">Janet<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Janet_Broughton\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Janet_Broughton\">Broughton<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/news.berkeley.edu\/2010\/11\/23\/broughton\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"164\" class=\"wp-image-3789\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5705.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout headshot of a smiling gray haired Janet Broughton used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5705.jpeg 244w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5705-229x300.jpeg 229w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/John%20Carriero\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/John%20Carriero\">John<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucla.edu\/person\/john-carriero\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucla.edu\/person\/john-carriero\/\">Carriero<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.berkeley.edu\/people\/detail\/619\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.berkeley.edu\/people\/detail\/619\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"167\" class=\"wp-image-2670\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_95CE9BA0-A331-4D8E-A913-382E9E76EC4C.png\" alt=\"A color photographic headshot of John Carriero wearing a light brown jacket over a blue shirt used for identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_95CE9BA0-A331-4D8E-A913-382E9E76EC4C.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/SIX_95CE9BA0-A331-4D8E-A913-382E9E76EC4C-300x286.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, 216\u201334. Oxford: Blackwell, 2008. Also in <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/9780470696439.ch13\">Wiley&#8217;s Online Library<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbk.ac.uk\/our-staff\/profile\/8005982\/sarah-patterson\">Patterson<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/sarah-patterson\">Sarah<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Sarah-Patterson-9\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"170\" class=\"wp-image-3840\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_7E25FE37-B861-45DB-BF8D-1705F0A481D8.png\" alt=\"A reversed and enhanced  color photographic cutout of Sarah Patterson sitting in a gray swivel chair and wearing a dark shirt used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_7E25FE37-B861-45DB-BF8D-1705F0A481D8.png 282w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_7E25FE37-B861-45DB-BF8D-1705F0A481D8-264x300.png 264w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/royal-institute-of-philosophy-supplements\/article\/abs\/descartes-on-the-errors-of-the-senses1\/0E7C1D551E447B6442B62191F3792C01\">Descartes on the Errors of the Senses<\/a>.\u201d&nbsp;<em>Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement<\/em> 78 (2016): 73\u2013108.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/royal-institute-of-philosophy-supplements\/article\/abs\/descartes-on-the-errors-of-the-senses1\/0E7C1D551E447B6442B62191F3792C01\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> Descartes first invokes the errors of the senses in the&nbsp;<em>Meditations<\/em>&nbsp;to generate doubt; he suggests that because the senses sometimes deceive, we have reason not to trust them. This use of sensory error to fuel a sceptical argument fits a traditional interpretation of the&nbsp;<em>Meditations<\/em>&nbsp;as a work concerned with finding a form of certainty that is proof against any sceptical doubt. If we focus instead on Descartes&#8217;s aim of using the&nbsp;<em>Meditations<\/em>&nbsp;to lay foundations for his new science, his appeals to sensory error take on a different aspect. Descartes&#8217;s new science is based on ideas innate in the intellect, ideas that are validated by the benevolence of our creator. Appeals to sensory error are useful to him in undermining our na\u00efve faith in the senses and guiding us to an appreciation of innate ideas. However, the errors of the senses pose problems in the context of Descartes&#8217;s appeals to God&#8217;s goodness to validate innate ideas and natural propensities to belief. A natural tendency to sensory error is hard to reconcile with the benevolence of our creator. This paper explores Descartes&#8217;s responses to the problems of theodicy posed by various forms of sensory error. It argues that natural judgements involved in our visual perception of distance, size and shape pose a problem of error that resists his usual solutions. <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/elliot-samuel-paul\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/elliot-samuel-paul\">Paul<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.queensu.ca\/philosophy\/people\/elliot-samuel-paul\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.queensu.ca\/philosophy\/people\/elliot-samuel-paul\">Elliot Samuel<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/consc.net\/pics\/kelvin\/apartment.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"171\" class=\"wp-image-3902\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_07560DD9-AF91-45F5-80F3-017FCDEC59A5.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced  photographic cutout headshot of Elliot Samuel Paul facing forward and wearing a white v-neck t-shirt under a black jacket used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_07560DD9-AF91-45F5-80F3-017FCDEC59A5.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_07560DD9-AF91-45F5-80F3-017FCDEC59A5-300x293.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/consc.net\/pics\/kelvin\/apartment.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"110\" height=\"201\" class=\"wp-image-3899\" style=\"width: 110px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_8C24C9A9-C673-4B6B-ADB0-3E825511E773.jpeg\" alt=\"A reversed nuanced colorized photographic cutout headshot of Elliot Samuel Paul turning towards his left and wearing a white v-neck shirt used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_8C24C9A9-C673-4B6B-ADB0-3E825511E773.jpeg 175w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_8C24C9A9-C673-4B6B-ADB0-3E825511E773-164x300.jpeg 164w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 110px) 100vw, 110px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/quod.lib.umich.edu\/cgi\/p\/pod\/dod-idx\/cartesian-clarity.pdf?c=phimp;idno=3521354.0020.019;format=pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/quod.lib.umich.edu\/cgi\/p\/pod\/dod-idx\/cartesian-clarity.pdf?c=phimp;idno=3521354.0020.019;format=pdf\">Cartesian Clarity<\/a>.&#8221; <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/asearch.pl?pub=771\">Philosophers Imprint<\/a><\/em>&nbsp;20, no. 19 (June 2020): 1\u201328.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/elliot-samuel-paul\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/elliot-samuel-paul\">Paul<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.queensu.ca\/philosophy\/people\/elliot-samuel-paul\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.queensu.ca\/philosophy\/people\/elliot-samuel-paul\">Elliot Samuel<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amherst.edu\/academiclife\/departments\/philosophy\/events\/archive\/2017-2017\/elliot-samuel-paul\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"172\" class=\"wp-image-3905\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6241.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout headshot of a glasses adorned smiling Elliot Samuel Paul wearing a black shirt with rounded collar under a white sports coat used for visually identifying a him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6241.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6241-300x258.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/can01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FPAUCI&amp;data=05%7C01%7C16oc4%40queensu.ca%7C2c5b8a7c78f04362dfe208db2b8de26d%7Cd61ecb3b38b142d582c4efb2838b925c%7C1%7C0%7C638151660611907091%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=lDL6N0pyNWohiq8yK6ea%2FVAfk3jJLdQxdBYdHi4H2h4%3D&amp;reserved=0\">Cartesian Intuition<\/a>.&#8221; <em>British Journal of the History of Philosophy<\/em>, 31, no. 4 (2022): 693\u2013723.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/elliot-samuel-paul\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/elliot-samuel-paul\">Paul<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.queensu.ca\/philosophy\/people\/elliot-samuel-paul\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.queensu.ca\/philosophy\/people\/elliot-samuel-paul\">Elliot Samuel<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/elliot-samuel-paul\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-3907\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6242.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout headshot of a smiling and full bearded Elliot Samuel Paul without glasses facing forward and wearing a blue collared shirt with white buttons used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6242.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6242-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6242-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/archive\/PAUDAA-2.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/archive\/PAUDAA-2.pdf\">Descartes\u2019s Anti-Transparency and the Need for Radical Doubt<\/a>.\u201d&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/PAUDAA-2\"><em>Ergo<\/em>,&nbsp;5, no. 41 (2018)<\/a>: 1083\u2013129. Also available <a href=\"https:\/\/quod.lib.umich.edu\/e\/ergo\/12405314.0005.041\/--descartes-x2019s-anti-transparency-and-the-need-for-radical?rgn=main;view=fulltext\">ERGO<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/elliot-samuel-paul\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/elliot-samuel-paul\">Paul<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.queensu.ca\/philosophy\/people\/elliot-samuel-paul\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.queensu.ca\/philosophy\/people\/elliot-samuel-paul\">Elliot Samuel<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/elliot-samuel-paul\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-16920\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0832.png\" alt=\"This is a reversed enhanced color photographic cutout headshot of a smiling, full-bearded Elliot Samuel Paul without glasses facing forward, wearing a blue collared shirt with white buttons used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0832.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0832-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0832-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0832-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. Forthcoming. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/philarchive.org\/archive\/PAUDCF-2\">Descartes\u2019s Clarity First Epistemology<\/a>.\u201d In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SYLTBC-2\">The Blackwell Companion to Epistemology<\/a><\/em>, 3rd Edition, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kurtlsylvan.com\">Kurt<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/kurt-sylvan\">Sylvan<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kurtlsylvan.com\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"185\" class=\"wp-image-17472\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG_1915.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Kurt Sylvan wearing glasses, a closed-mouth smirk, and a dark blue shirt under a black sweater under a dark suit coat is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG_1915.png 518w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG_1915-243x300.png 243w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG_1915-121x150.png 121w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.rutgers.edu\/people\/regular-faculty\/regular-faculty-profile\/182-regular-faculty-full-time\/631-sosa-ernest\">Ernest<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.erniesosa.com\/\">Sosa<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.erniesosa.com\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"129\" class=\"wp-image-16923\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/SIX_614B61E0-0057-4E79-85B9-57B10704BE45.png\" alt=\"An enhanced, colorized closeup photographic headshot cutout of Ernest Sosa in a right profile is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/SIX_614B61E0-0057-4E79-85B9-57B10704BE45.png 496w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/SIX_614B61E0-0057-4E79-85B9-57B10704BE45-233x300.png 233w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/SIX_614B61E0-0057-4E79-85B9-57B10704BE45-116x150.png 116w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/liberalarts.utexas.edu\/philosophy\/faculty\/jpd346\">Jonathan<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jonathan_Dancy\">Dancy<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/utexas.academia.edu\/JonathanDancy\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-16927\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0842.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Jonathan Dancy wearing rimless glasses and a blue collared shirt is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0842.png 400w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0842-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0842-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.colorado.edu\/philosophy\/people\/faculty\/matthias-steup\">Matthias<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/matthias-steup\">Steup<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.colorado.edu\/philosophy\/people\/faculty\/matthias-steup\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-17476\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG_1918.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Matthias Steup wearing glasses and an unbuttoned at-the-neck white shirt with a grid pattern under a black suit coat is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG_1918.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG_1918-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG_1918-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG_1918-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?client=safari&amp;sca_esv=4dc0f076ae9218b7&amp;hl=en-us&amp;q=Hoboken&amp;si=ACC90nyvvWro6QmnyY1IfSdgk5wwjB1r8BGd_IWRjXqmKPQqm4BR4dH3nw_ATYXA1ZmMr4uQb7QOlO6xrYKPGALbqzl1M4XY41CrdygBbiQxo68pia60PTtAhOTs4Nv4FHL31BFwfvVM0Trf7qycCynjpqKw4smkF2bnQaOHIU0rKOxnDRIhilupbSFQ_uGf1bY_acG0c0BC&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiouqX3rcKJAxXCJEQIHQKqD8EQmxMoAHoECDgQAg\">Hoboken, NJ<\/a>: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wiley-Blackwell\">Wiley Blackwell<\/a>, 2025. All chapters are listed below in the screen capture from <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SYLTBC-2\">PhilPapers<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SYLTBC-2\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"315\" class=\"wp-image-16909\" style=\"width: 800px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0827-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color screenshot of the bibliographical entry for &quot;The Blackwell Companion to Epistemology,&quot; 3rd edition, edited by Kurt Sylvan, Ernest Sosa, Jonathan Dancy &amp; Matthias Steup (Wiley- Blackwell) (forthcoming).\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0827-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0827-300x118.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0827-1024x404.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0827-150x59.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0827-768x303.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0827-1536x605.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0827-2048x807.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SYLTBC-2\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"900\" class=\"wp-image-16912\" style=\"width: 900px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0822-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color screenshot of the Table of Content's Chapter's in &quot;The Blackwell Companion to Epistemology,&quot; 3rd edition, edited by Kurt Sylvan, Ernest Sosa, Jonathan Dancy &amp; Matthias Steup (Wiley- Blackwell) (forthcoming).\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0822-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0822-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0822-1024x1024.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0822-150x150.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0822-768x768.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0822-1536x1536.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0822-2048x2048.jpeg 2048w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0822-600x600.jpeg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Ray%20Scott%20Percival\">Percival<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Ray%20Scott%20Percival\">Ray Scott<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/ANHqo9TR4wL8nZdE6\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"170\" class=\"wp-image-4696\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7759.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Ray Scott Perceival wearing a dark blue hat with colorful headbands and an outerwear jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7759.png 188w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7759-176x300.png 176w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/ray-scott-percival\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"135\" height=\"135\" class=\"wp-image-4699\" style=\"width: 135px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7758.png\" alt=\"An artificial intelligence recreation of the top of his head and enhanced and colorized photographic headshot cutout of Ray Scott Percival with a shaved bald head wearing a light gray shirt not looking at viewer and his head and should turned mildly to his left used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7758.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7758-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7758-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 135px) 100vw, 135px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/ji1TsQhGCJFMay7u8\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"135\" height=\"166\" class=\"wp-image-4701\" style=\"width: 135px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7760.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of a white mustache and goateed Ray Scott Perceival wearing a white shirt with a black hat looking at viewer used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7760.png 261w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7760-245x300.png 245w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 135px) 100vw, 135px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/zdT5ffwsQhw?feature=shared\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"147\" class=\"wp-image-4668\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7757.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized video cutout of Ray Scott Perceival wearing a green vest over a light yellow shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7757.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7757-300x251.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> . &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/archive\/PERDMO.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/archive\/PERDMO.pdf\">Descartes\u2019 Model of Mind<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/CAUTEO-2\">The Encyclopedia<\/a> of <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Encyclopedia_of_Clinical_Psychology.html?id=_D-nCgAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Clinical Psychology<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wiley.com\/en-us\/The+Encyclopedia+of+Clinical+Psychology%2C+5+Volume+Set-p-9780470671276\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"213\" class=\"wp-image-10261\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1767.png\" alt=\"An enhanced dark blue five volume photographic cutout of &quot;The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology&quot; with a gold band towards the bottom edited by Robin L. Cautin and Scott O. Lilienfeld used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1767.png 526w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1767-247x300.png 247w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1767-123x150.png 123w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/works.bepress.com\/robin-cautin\/\">Robin L. Cautin<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.academicimpressions.com\/instructor\/robin-cautin\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-10263\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1770.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Robin L. Cautin with shoulder length dark brown hair and wearing a colorful shirt under a dark gray jacket used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1770.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1770-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1770-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1770-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scott_Lilienfeld\">Scott O. Lilienfeld<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-10265\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1772.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Scott O. Lilienfeld wearing a light green shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1772.png 500w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1772-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1772-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>.&nbsp;New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell (2015): 852\u201358.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/archive\/PERDMO.pdf\">Abstract<\/a><strong>:<\/strong> Ren\u00e9 Descartes was an advocate of a particular form of dualist interactionism, in which the influential materialism of his day played a large role. Descartes argued that there was both mind and body and that these interacted with one another. Materialism, which had received a boost in the seventeenth century with the rise of Galileo&#8217;s (1564\u20131642) approach to science, is the doctrine that everything is composed of matter or body and that this fills parts or perhaps the whole of space. Different parts of the world interact by one body pushing another body, making the whole world a clockwork mechanism in which all explanation is based on action by contact and push. Descartes&#8217; model of mind was an answer to the question how does the mind fit into such a machinelike world.<br><strong>KEYWORDS:<\/strong> Aristotle; Galileo; history of science; materialism; self and identity; dualism; hallucinations; interactionism; methodology; mind.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dominik_Perler\">Perler<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.philosophie.hu-berlin.de\/en\/sections\/theorie\/mitarbeiter\/perler\/index.html\">Dominik<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"350\" height=\"151\" class=\"wp-image-1200\" style=\"width: 350px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_761B0A0B-A85A-4C14-8C5E-03D2FBEDD0C2.jpg\" alt=\"Three transparent color headshots of Dominik Perler.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_761B0A0B-A85A-4C14-8C5E-03D2FBEDD0C2.jpg 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_761B0A0B-A85A-4C14-8C5E-03D2FBEDD0C2-300x129.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/media.proquest.com\/media\/preview\/pdf?docId=752080847&amp;orig=\/media\/hms\/ORIG\/1\/aSNWC&amp;pages=1&amp;minSrcCount=5&amp;_a=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%2FyAgD6AgFOggMDV2ViigMcQ0lEOjIwMjQwNzA5MDQwNjA3MDY2OjkyNTA0NA%3D%3D&amp;_s=xNj%2FWLALyf6TJwVZEHSFotu2ZOs%3D#view=fitH&amp;statusbar=1\">Essentialism and Direct Realism: Some Late Medieval Perspectives<\/a>.&#8221;&nbsp;<em>Topoi<\/em>&nbsp;19, no. 2 (2000): 111\u201322.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">See his <a href=\"https:\/\/www.philosophie.hu-berlin.de\/en\/sections\/theorie\/mitarbeiter\/perler\/dominik-perler-2013-publications-5.pdf\/@@download\/file\/Dominik%2520Perler%2520%E2%80%93%2520Publications.pdf\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">publications updated June 2024<\/span><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/3703512-reprasentation-bei-descartes?from_search=true&amp;from_srp=QsoHRc2dMf&amp;qid=10\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Dominik Perler<\/span><\/a> is a Swiss philosopher. He was born in Freiburg in \u00dcechtland. Perler studied philosophy at the Universitys of Fribourg, University of Bern and University of G\u00f6ttingen. After finishing his PhD thesis at the University of Fribourg in 1991, Perler was a visiting scholar at Cornell University and at UCLA.<br><br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dominik_Perler\">Perler<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.philosophie.hu-berlin.de\/en\/sections\/theorie\/mitarbeiter\/perler\/index.html\">Dominik<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.discogs.com\/artist\/1048017-Dominik-Perler\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"110\" height=\"163\" class=\"wp-image-11003\" style=\"width: 110px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2886.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Dominik Perlerr with rimless glasses and wearing a yellow polo shirt under a brown and dark gray outerwear jacket with an upturned right collar used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2886.png 1382w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2886-202x300.png 202w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2886-691x1024.png 691w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2886-101x150.png 101w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2886-768x1138.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2886-1037x1536.png 1037w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 110px) 100vw, 110px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/PERIAO-3\">Inside and Outside the Mind: Cartesian Representations Reconsidered<\/a>.&#8221; In&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SCHPAR-3\">Perception and Reality: From Descartes to the Present<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SCHPAR-3\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SCHPAR-3\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"259\" class=\"wp-image-1210\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_9117.jpeg\" alt=\"The book cover for &quot;Perception and Reality: From Descartes to the Present.&quot;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_9117.jpeg 216w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_9117-203x300.jpeg 203w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scientowiki.com\/Ralph_Schumacher\">Ralph<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Ralph%20Schumacher\">Schumacher<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/educ.ethz.ch\/lernzentren\/mint-lernzentrum\/ueber-das-mint-lernzentrum\/mitarbeiter-und-projekte\/ralph-schumacher.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"146\" class=\"wp-image-6790\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3164.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic torso and headshot cutout of Ralph Schumaker with glasses wearing a collared white shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3164.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3164-300x292.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> 69\u201387. Paderborn, Deutschland: Mentis, 2004.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dominik_Perler\">Perler<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.philosophie.hu-berlin.de\/en\/sections\/theorie\/mitarbeiter\/perler\/index.html\">Dominik<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/vincentblondel\/status\/530798120809267200\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"216\" class=\"wp-image-11005\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2889.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of a smiling Dominik Perlerr with rimless glasses with his head bent down looking to his left and wearing a yellow collared shirt with a gray tie under a black suit coat with a blue and white sash over his left shoulder used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2889.png 519w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2889-243x300.png 243w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2889-122x150.png 122w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.klostermann.de\/Perler-Repraesent-bei-Descartes-Ln\">Repr\u00e4sentation bei Descartes<\/a><\/em> [<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/translate.google.com\/?sl=de&amp;tl=en&amp;text=Repr\u00e4sentation%20bei%20Descartes&amp;op=translate\">GT<\/a>:<\/strong> <em>Representation in Descartes<\/em>] <a href=\"https:\/\/www.klostermann.de\/Perler-Repraesent-bei-Descartes-Ln\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"260\" class=\"wp-image-3251\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4202.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced book cover for Dominik Perler's &quot;Repr\u00e4sentation bei Descartes&quot; used to identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4202.jpeg 215w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4202-202x300.jpeg 202w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Frankfurt am Main: Klostermann, 1996.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.klostermann.de\/Perler-Repraesent-bei-Descartes-Ln\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.klostermann.de\/Perler-Repraesent-bei-Descartes-Ln\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">Publisher&#8217;s Abstract<\/mark><\/a><\/strong>: Descartes&#8217; theory of ideas has repeatedly been presented in recent research as the starting point of the modern &#8220;way of ideas,&#8221; which leads to a fateful representationalism because Cartesian ideas seem to be something like mental objects in an &#8220;inner arena.&#8221; Since we only have immediate access to these mental objects, we can only infer the existence of external objects, but we can never recognize them directly. We are always trapped in our inner arena.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Against this widespread view, this study argues that Descartes&#8217;s theory of ideas is to be understood within the framework of a theory of intentionality: ideas are nothing more than intentional acts, which are normally directed at external objects and have these objects as their content. In Cartesian ontology, there is no place for mysterious inner objects that slide, as it were, between the mind and the outer objects. Of course, the questions immediately arise (i) how mental acts can be directed at objects at all, (ii) how the content of these acts is to be determined and (iii) how we can gain a correct knowledge of the outside world by means of intentional acts. [Translated from German to English by <a href=\"https:\/\/translate.google.com\/?sl=de&amp;tl=en&amp;op=translate\">Google Translate<\/a> with minor editing]<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Read <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Erwin-Tegtmeier\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Erwin<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/docview\/1293464410?parentSessionId=4RXqs0InLc3ZsnLt9VKvlSI%2FhH8mKPOcjWFnpFz%2BjTQ%3D#\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Tegtmeier\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=LwZ8AlVhljs\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"183\" class=\"wp-image-16285\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_9098.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of Erwin Tegtmeier wearing a brown overcoat while holding a black wireless microphone in his right hand and lecture pages in his left hand are used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_9098.png 613w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_9098-287x300.png 287w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_9098-144x150.png 144w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/uni-mannheim.academia.edu\/ErwinTegtmeier\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-16286\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_9097.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color  shoulders and headshot photographic cutout of an unsmiling Erwin Tegtmeier wearing a browns and tans cross-hatched pullover jacket is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_9097.png 400w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_9097-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_9097-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/media.proquest.com\/media\/ch\/pao\/doc\/0045-1998-052-01-000009\/doc.pdf?hl=&amp;cit%3Aauth=Tegtmeier%2C+Erwin&amp;cit%3Atitle=Dominik+Perler%3A+Repr\u00e4sentation+bei+Descartes+%28Book+Review%29&amp;cit%3Apub=Zeitschrift+f\u00fcr+Philosophische+Forschung&amp;cit%3Avol=52&amp;cit%3Aiss=1&amp;cit%3Apg=149&amp;cit%3Adate=Jan+1%2C+1998&amp;ic=true&amp;cit%3Aprod=ProQuest&amp;_a=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%3D%3D&amp;_s=COaEm%2BaBeZGmMlKY%2BCLiD%2B2cmqs%3D#view=fitH&amp;statusbar=1\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Dominik Perler: Repr\u00e4sentation bei Descartes (Book Review)<\/span><\/a>\u201d in German. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/docview\/1293464410?parentSessionId=4RXqs0InLc3ZsnLt9VKvlSI%2FhH8mKPOcjWFnpFz%2BjTQ%3D#\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Philosophische Forschung<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/indexingvolumeissuelinkhandler\/1817901\/Zeitschrift+f$fcr+Philosophische+Forschung\/01998Y01Y01$23Jan+1,+1998$3b++Vol.+52+$281$29\/52\/1?accountid=10853\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\"> 52,&nbsp;no.&nbsp;1,&nbsp;<\/span><\/a>&nbsp;(January 1, 1998): 149\u201353.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dominik_Perler\">Perler<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.philosophie.hu-berlin.de\/en\/sections\/theorie\/mitarbeiter\/perler\/index.html\">Dominik<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.discogs.com\/artist\/1048017-Dominik-Perler\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"110\" height=\"163\" class=\"wp-image-11003\" style=\"width: 110px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2886.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Dominik Perlerr with rimless glasses and wearing a yellow polo shirt under a brown and dark gray outerwear jacket with an upturned right collar used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2886.png 1382w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2886-202x300.png 202w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2886-691x1024.png 691w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2886-101x150.png 101w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2886-768x1138.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2886-1037x1536.png 1037w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 110px) 100vw, 110px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40694271?read-now=1#page_scan_tab_contents\">Spiegeln Ideen die Natur? Zum Begriff der Repr\u00e4sentation bei Descartes<\/a>\u201d [\u201dDo ideas reflect nature? On the concept of representation in Descartes\u201d]. <a class=\"  \" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/journal\/studialeib\">Studia Leibnitiana<\/a> 26, no. 2 (1994): 187\u2013209. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40694271.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dominik_Perler\">Perler<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.philosophie.hu-berlin.de\/en\/sections\/theorie\/mitarbeiter\/perler\/index.html\">Dominik<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni-paderborn.de\/nachricht\/86980\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"237\" class=\"wp-image-11007\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2893.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic upper thigh to headshot cutout of a smiling Dominik Perlerr with rimless glasses with his head bent down looking to his left with his left arm on a support (unseen) and wearing a white open collared shirt with no tie under a gray  suit coat and darker gray pants used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2893.png 1080w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2893-158x300.png 158w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2893-540x1024.png 540w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2893-79x150.png 79w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2893-768x1456.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2893-810x1536.png 810w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/41963577?read-now=1#page_scan_tab_contents\">Things in the Mind: Fourteenth-Century Controversies over &#8216;Intelligible Species&#8217;<\/a>.&#8221;&nbsp;<em>Vivarium<\/em>&nbsp;34, no. 2 (1996): 251\u201363.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:28px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dominik_Perler\">Perler<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.philosophie.hu-berlin.de\/en\/sections\/theorie\/mitarbeiter\/perler\/index.html\">Dominik<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.morphomata.uni-koeln.de\/en\/events\/dominik-perler1571004000498\/index.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"198\" class=\"wp-image-11009\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2891.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic upper torso to headshot cutout of an unsmiling Dominik Perler with rimless glasses with his shoulders turned to his left while grasping his hands together at his solar plexus while wearing a dark maroon open collared shirt with no tie under a black suit coat used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2891.png 485w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2891-227x300.png 227w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2891-114x150.png 114w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/42569898?read-now=1#page_scan_tab_contents\">What Am I Thinking About? John Duns Scotus and Peter Aureol on Intentional Objects<\/a>.&#8221;&nbsp;<em>Vivarium<\/em>&nbsp;32, no. 1 (1994): 72\u201389.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:31px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dominik_Perler\">Perler<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.philosophie.hu-berlin.de\/en\/sections\/theorie\/mitarbeiter\/perler\/index.html\">Dominik<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinestores.2024fashions.com\/content?c=dominik+perler&amp;id=16\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"142\" class=\"wp-image-11011\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2890.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic upper torso to headshot cutout of an spesking Dominik Perler with rimless glasses and a white shirt with his hands up on either side making a point used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2890.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2890-300x243.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2890-150x121.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/web.dfc.unibo.it\/buzzetti\/sfmcorso2009-10lm\/materiali\/perler.pdf\">What Are Intentional Objects?&#8221; A Controversy among Early Scotists<\/a>\u201d. In&nbsp;<em>Ancient and Medieval Theories of Intentionality<\/em>, edited by Dominik Perler. Leiden: Brill (2001): 203\u201326.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dominik_Perler\">Perler<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.philosophie.hu-berlin.de\/en\/sections\/theorie\/mitarbeiter\/perler\/index.html\">Dominik<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"350\" height=\"151\" class=\"wp-image-1200\" style=\"width: 350px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_761B0A0B-A85A-4C14-8C5E-03D2FBEDD0C2.jpg\" alt=\"Three transparent color headshots of Dominik Perler.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_761B0A0B-A85A-4C14-8C5E-03D2FBEDD0C2.jpg 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_761B0A0B-A85A-4C14-8C5E-03D2FBEDD0C2-300x129.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/> and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni-potsdam.de\/de\/phi\/professuren-und-forschung\/professur-fuer-theoretische-philosophie\/prof-dr-johannes-haag\">Johannes<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/johannes-haag\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/johannes-haag\">Haag<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni-potsdam.de\/de\/phi\/professuren-und-forschung\/professur-fuer-theoretische-philosophie\/prof-dr-johannes-haag\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"163\" class=\"wp-image-3160\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2626.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Johannes Haag used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2626.png 294w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2626-276x300.png 276w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=AWL0PrM3UiYC&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=en&amp;source=gb_mobile_entity\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=AWL0PrM3UiYC&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=en&amp;source=gb_mobile_entity\">Ideen. Repr\u00e4sentationalismus in der fr\u00fchen Neuzeit<\/a><\/em>. 2 vols. <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"247\" class=\"wp-image-1116\" style=\"width: 250px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_9070.png\" alt=\"The dark black book cover of &quot;Ideen. Repr\u00e4sentationalismus in der fr\u00fchen Neuzeit. Texte und Kommentare.&quot;\"> Berlin and New York: de Gruyter, 2010.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.conncoll.edu\/directories\/faculty-profiles\/andrew-pessin\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.conncoll.edu\/directories\/faculty-profiles\/andrew-pessin\/\"><strong>Pessin, Andrew<\/strong><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/tikvahfund.org\/faculty\/andrew-pessin\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"207\" class=\"wp-image-3426\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5107.png\" alt=\"A reversed, colorized,  and enhanced photographic cutout of Andr\u00e9 Pessin used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5107.png 232w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5107-218x300.png 218w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/37615\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/37615\">Descartes&#8217;s Nomic Concurrentism: Finite Causation and Divine Concurrence<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Journal of the History of Philosophy<\/em> 41, no. 1 (January 2003): 25\u201349.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.conncoll.edu\/directories\/faculty-profiles\/andrew-pessin\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.conncoll.edu\/directories\/faculty-profiles\/andrew-pessin\/\"><strong>Pessin, Andrew<\/strong><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/tikvahfund.org\/faculty\/andrew-pessin\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"207\" class=\"wp-image-3426\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5107.png\" alt=\"A reversed, colorized,  and enhanced photographic cutout of Andr\u00e9 Pessin used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5107.png 232w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5107-218x300.png 218w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/spr2007\/entries\/descartes-ideas\">Descartes\u2019s Theory of Ideas<\/a>.\u201d <em>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy<\/em>, edited by by <a href=\"https:\/\/mally.stanford.edu\/zalta.html\">Edward N<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edward_N._Zalta\">Zalta<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/2UbNi2XMZUTijv4NA\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"149\" class=\"wp-image-11375\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_CEF2A145-CE25-4AFB-ABAA-3401DB29CC8D.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Edward N. Zalta, wearing glasses, a full white beard and mustache, and a vertically striped shirt with a lanyard around his neck, looking to his left, was used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_CEF2A145-CE25-4AFB-ABAA-3401DB29CC8D.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_CEF2A145-CE25-4AFB-ABAA-3401DB29CC8D-300x255.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_CEF2A145-CE25-4AFB-ABAA-3401DB29CC8D-150x128.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, 2007. http:\/\/plato.Stanford.edu\/archives\/spr2007\/entries\/descartes-ideas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.conncoll.edu\/directories\/faculty-profiles\/andrew-pessin\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.conncoll.edu\/directories\/faculty-profiles\/andrew-pessin\/\">Pessin, Andrew<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/tikvahfund.org\/faculty\/andrew-pessin\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"207\" class=\"wp-image-3426\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5107.png\" alt=\"A reversed, colorized, and enhanced photographic cutout of Andr\u00e9 Pessin used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5107.png 232w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5107-218x300.png 218w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/227144652_Mental_Transparency_Direct_Sensation_and_the_Unity_of_the_Cartesian_Mind\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/227144652_Mental_Transparency_Direct_Sensation_and_the_Unity_of_the_Cartesian_Mind\">Mental Transparency, Direct Sensation, and the Unity of the Cartesian Mind<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1007\/978-90-481-2381-0#toc\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1007\/978-90-481-2381-0#toc\">Topics in Early Modern Philosophy of Mind<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1007\/978-90-481-2381-0#toc\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"268\" class=\"wp-image-9516\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0739.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced gray, orange, and blue book cover of &quot;Topics in Early Modern Philosophy of mind&quot; edited by Jon Miller used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0739.jpeg 418w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0739-196x300.jpeg 196w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0739-98x150.jpeg 98w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.queensu.ca\/philosophy\/people\/jon-miller\">Jon<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/jon-a-miller\">Miller<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/uniweb.time.queensu.ca\/members\/1718\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-9517\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0742.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced upper torso and headshot photographic cutout of a glasses wearing Jon Miller with an off-white turtleneck used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0742.png 500w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0742-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0742-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, 1\u201337. Dordrecht: Springer Verlag, 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Read <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/bfm:978-90-481-2381-0\/1?pdf=chapter%20toc\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/bfm:978-90-481-2381-0\/1?pdf=chapter%20toc\"><strong><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Jon Miller&#8217;s Introduction<\/span><\/strong><\/a> by clicking on .pdf button on right side. Miller&#8217;s first paragraph gives an overview of Pessin&#8217;s arguments.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.harvard.edu\/files\/alisonsimmons\/files\/phil_223_short_syllabus.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.philosophy.rutgers.edu\/joomlatools-files\/docman-files\/syllabi\/630_Seminar_Descartes_FA2015.pdf\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">Alison Simmon&#8217;s overview (2011)<\/mark><\/strong><\/a>: Nice treatment of other positions, and then argues that sensations do represent, and do so intrinsically (not based on, e.g., their causal or functional relations to the environment); they represent in virtue of their objective reality, but don&#8217;t reveal to us from the inside what they represent because of their obscurity and confusion.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\" id=\"Q-neon-ivy-drop-cap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"232\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0949.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2189\" style=\"width:109px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0949.jpeg 232w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0949-218x300.jpeg 218w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 232px) 100vw, 232px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\" id=\"R-neon-ivy-drop-cap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"239\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0953.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2192\" style=\"width:117px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0953.jpeg 239w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0953-224x300.jpeg 224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 239px) 100vw, 239px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/daisie%20radner\">Radner<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Daisie%20M.%20Radner\">Daisie M<\/a>.<\/strong> (no known photo). &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/226597\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/226597\">Thought and Consciousness in Descartes<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Journal of the History of Philosophy<\/em> 26, no. 3 (July 1988): 439\u201352.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/samrickless.com\/aboutme.html\">Rickless<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/samrickless.com\/files\/Cv-scr-8-28-2023.pdf\">Samuel C<\/a>.<\/strong> <a href=\"http:\/\/samrickless.com\/aboutme.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"190\" class=\"wp-image-3558\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5527.png\" alt=\"A colorized and enhanced photographic cutout of Samuel C. Rickless used to visually  identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5527.png 253w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5527-237x300.png 237w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/3506095\">The Cartesian Fallacy Fallacy<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Nous<\/em> 39 (2005): 315\u201317.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/about\/\">Ring<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophyofjazz.net\/about\/\">David<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/dr-david-c-ring\">Carleton<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/dr-david-c-ring\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-4541\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_A250244E-EBF6-4BD5-AEFD-45F12F14A085.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced blemishes removed color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Dr. David C. Ring wearing a blue t-shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_A250244E-EBF6-4BD5-AEFD-45F12F14A085.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_A250244E-EBF6-4BD5-AEFD-45F12F14A085-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_A250244E-EBF6-4BD5-AEFD-45F12F14A085-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophyofjazz.net\/about\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"163\" class=\"wp-image-4542\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/8e738f25-a5b0-405c-9fbb-6273bc09d2c8.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot and torso cutout of a smiling and glasses adorned Dr. David C. Ring wearing a lighter blue patterned shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/8e738f25-a5b0-405c-9fbb-6273bc09d2c8.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/8e738f25-a5b0-405c-9fbb-6273bc09d2c8-300x279.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/RINMFO\">Material Falsity, Objective Reality, and Representation in Descartes&#8217;s Theory of Ideas<\/a>.&#8221; PhD diss., University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1987. Downloadable from <a href=\"https:\/\/booksclub.online\/book\/ikDSAAAAMAAJ\/material-falsity-objective-reality-and-representation-in-descartes-s-theory-of-ideas\/david-carleton-ring\/unknown\/418\/1987\/\/\">BooksClub.Online<\/a>, although never authorized by the author. <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/terry-penner\/publications?order=added\">Dissertation director<\/a>: <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/terry-penner\">Terry<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.wisc.edu\/staff\/penner-terry\/\">Penner<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.wisc.edu\/staff\/penner-terry\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"156\" class=\"wp-image-12524\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5241.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot of Terry Penner, smiling with his glasses pushed down his nose and wearing a collared blue shirt, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5241.png 512w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5241-240x300.png 240w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5241-120x150.png 120w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/RINMFO\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/RINMFO\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">Author&#8217;s Abstract<\/mark><\/strong><\/a><strong>:<\/strong> Descartes introduces the theory of the material falsity of an idea in the Third Meditation. What is the purpose of this theory? Descartes also claims that his ideas of the secondary quality sensations are obscure and confused ideas. What justifies this claim and what is its significance? The dissertation focuses on the problem of explaining the constraints on any possible interpretation of the theory of material falsity as well as defending the view that what makes the secondary quality sensations materially false is their lack of what Descartes calls objective reality. In order to orient the reader to the concerns of Descartes as well as the historical and philosophical assumptions made both by Descartes and his opponents, the dissertation has an extensive number of appendices that supply this essential contextual information. In the Appendices, I discuss Descartes&#8217;s goals in philosophy as well as the historical context in which he worked out his solutions. The appendices also consider in detail the Cartesian theory of substance, Descartes&#8217;s theory of ideas, and the theory of objective reality. The theory of ideas is the keystone to understanding Descartes&#8217;s philosophy. In the Third Meditation Descartes maintains that the sensations of heat and of cold &#8220;are so little clear and distinct that [he] cannot say regarding them whether cold is only a privation of heat, or whether it is a real quality, or neither.&#8221; I argue that as a consequence, the secondary quality sensations, like those of coolness, can have no objective reality. A secondary quality sensation lacks objective reality because otherwise the person who had it would be able to tell, contrary to Descartes&#8217;s assertion, what that sensation represents. That these sensations lack objective reality explains why Descartes believes that such ideas are materially false. This interpretation can also be used to explain why Descartes is justified in believing that such ideas are obscure and confused. My interpretation of the theory of material falsity has major ramifications for many areas of Descartes&#8217;s philosophy but especially for understanding: How Descartes can justifiably reject Aristotelian physics, the theory of clear and distinct versus that of obscure and confused ideas, his theory of error, and the foundations of Cartesian physics and knowledge of the physical world.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.escavador.com\/sobre\/7339414\/ethel-menezes-rocha\">Rocha<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/ethel-menezes-rocha\">Ethel<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/ppglm.wordpress.com\/corpo_docente\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"229\" class=\"wp-image-9520\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0745.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Ethel Rocha turned towards her left wearing a scarf wrapped around her neck and a tan outer coat used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0745.png 312w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0745-229x300.png 229w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0745-115x150.png 115w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/oraprdnt.uqtr.uquebec.ca\/portail\/docs\/GSC3790\/F331576857_CSQPM_WPQSEMP_No1_2015_Rocha.pdf\">Innate Ideas and the idea of God in Descartes\u2019s Fifth Meditation<\/a>.&#8221; <em><a href=\"https:\/\/oraprdnt.uqtr.uquebec.ca\/portail\/docs\/GSC3790\/F569504904_CSQPM_WPQSEMP_No1_2015.pdf\">Cahiers du S\u00e9minaire qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois en philosophie moderne \/ Working Papers of the Quebec Seminar in Early Modern Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/oraprdnt.uqtr.uquebec.ca\/portail\/docs\/GSC3790\/F569504904_CSQPM_WPQSEMP_No1_2015.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"230\" class=\"wp-image-8786\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9640.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced dull maroon cover with white font for the title &quot;Cahiers du S\u00e9minaire qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois en philosophie moderne \/ Working Papers of the Quebec Seminar in Early Modern Philosophy, no. 1, 2015 used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9640.jpeg 486w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9640-228x300.jpeg 228w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9640-114x150.jpeg 114w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, no. 1 (2015): 46\u201351.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/oraprdnt.uqtr.uquebec.ca\/portail\/docs\/GSC3790\/F331576857_CSQPM_WPQSEMP_No1_2015_Rocha.pdf\">Author&#8217;s Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> In this article I examine the concept of innate idea as present in Descartes&#8217;s argument in the Fifth Meditation in order to show its fundamental role in enabling the distinction between ideas of essences produced by the mind and ideas of true and immutable essences. Besides showing that, this analysis has, I suggest, the advantage of avoiding difficulties concerning the whole of the Cartesian system, since it harmonizes the Fifth Meditation with the Meditations as a whole, in considering it as possessing not only an ontological dimension, as traditionally understood, but also, and essentially, an epistemic dimension like all the others.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.escavador.com\/sobre\/7339414\/ethel-menezes-rocha\">Rocha<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/ethel-menezes-rocha\">Ethel<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=9Zjkz6Ag7TU\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"147\" class=\"wp-image-9522\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_9712.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Ethel Rocha turned towards her left with her head slightly. bent down wearing a blue shirt. with. a round opening partially revealing her collarbones used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_9712.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_9712-300x253.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_9712-150x126.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cle.unicamp.br\/eprints\/index.php\/cadernos\/article\/download\/561\/441\/1064\">Id\u00e9ias dos Sentidos Segundo Descartes<\/a>.&#8221; <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/asearch.pl?pub=5078\">Cadernos de Hist\u00f3ria E Filosofia da Ci\u00e9ncia<\/a><\/em>&nbsp;19, no. 1 (2009): 115\u201329. [&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cle.unicamp.br\/eprints\/index.php\/cadernos\/article\/download\/561\/441\/1064\">Ideas of the Senses According to Descartes<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Notebooks of History and Philosophy of Science<\/em> 19, no. 1 (2009): 115\u201329.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cle.unicamp.br\/eprints\/index.php\/cadernos\/article\/download\/561\/441\/1064\">Author&#8217;s Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> The purpose of this article is to examine the concept of material falsity of ideas introduced by Descartes in the Third Meditation of Metaphysical Meditations. The hypothesis to be defended is that what determines the material falsity of the ideas is the fact that they involve a contradiction in their representative content. That is, in place of the traditional interpretation according to which what characterizes materially false ideas is the fact that they involve a categorical error when displaying modes of the soul as if they were modes of extension, it will be argued that what characterizes certain ideas as materially false is the fact that they intend to exhibit something that at the same time is a mode of the soul and a mode of extension, that is, something that is a mode of two distinct substances that therefore exclude each other, thus engendering a contradiction<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genevi%C3%A8ve_Rodis-Lewis\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/fr.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genevi%C3%A8ve_Rodis-Lewis\">Rodis-Lewis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Genevi%C3%A8ve%20Rodis-Lewis\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Genevi%C3%A8ve%20Rodis-Lewis\">Genevi\u00e8ve<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bridgemanimages.com\/en-US\/louis-monier\/genevieve-rodis-lewis-1995\/photograph\/asset\/2767688\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"170\" class=\"wp-image-3573\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5551.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced, and colorized photographic cutout of Genieveve Rodis-Lewis used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5551.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5551-300x292.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vrin.fr\/livre\/9782711613014\/le-developpement-de-la-pensee-de-descartes\">Le d\u00e9veloppement de la pens\u00e9e de Descartes<\/a>&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vrin.fr\/livre\/9782711613014\/le-developpement-de-la-pensee-de-descartes\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"283\" class=\"wp-image-10281\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1850.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced and filter book cover of &quot;Le Developpement de la Pensee de Descartes&quot; by Genevieve Rodis-Lewis with a black font title and a blue stamp of a building with a copula used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1850.jpeg 396w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1850-186x300.jpeg 186w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1850-93x150.jpeg 93w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> [<em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=FvEBN6uaj8YC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=FvEBN6uaj8YC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">The Development of the Thought of Descartes<\/a><\/em>] . Paris: Librarie Philosophique J. Vrin, 1997.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genevi%C3%A8ve_Rodis-Lewis\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/fr.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genevi%C3%A8ve_Rodis-Lewis\">Rodis-Lewis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Genevi%C3%A8ve%20Rodis-Lewis\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Genevi%C3%A8ve%20Rodis-Lewis\">Genevi\u00e8ve<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.babelio.com\/auteur\/Genevieve-Rodis-Lewis\/13710\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"135\" height=\"181\" class=\"wp-image-3575\" style=\"width: 135px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5549.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and colorized photographic headshot cutout of Genieveve Rodis-Lewis used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5549.png 239w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5549-224x300.png 224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 135px) 100vw, 135px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/descarteshislife00rodi\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes.html?id=KrR-5EKLSQMC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Descartes: His Life and Thought<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/AhsLFY1u86EJvCUS9\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"262\" class=\"wp-image-10270\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1773.jpeg\" alt=\"The yellow book cover with the Frans Hals portrait of Descartes centered on cover in black and white with the title in black font used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1773.jpeg 427w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1773-200x300.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1773-100x150.jpeg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Translated by <a href=\"https:\/\/frenchamerican.org\/jane-marie-todd\/\">Jane Marie Todd<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/waggfuneralhome.com\/tribute\/details\/1288\/Jane-Marie-Todd\/condolences.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"238\" class=\"wp-image-10283\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1857.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Jane Marie Todd with glasses and drop earring and wearing a bright red and white top partially visible used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1857.png 471w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1857-221x300.png 221w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1857-110x150.png 110w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1998. Originally published in French under the title <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/RODDB\">Descartes, Biographie<\/a><\/em>. Paris: Calmann-Levy, 1995. <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes.html?id=KrR-5EKLSQMC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Partially available<\/a> from Google Books.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genevi%C3%A8ve_Rodis-Lewis\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/fr.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genevi%C3%A8ve_Rodis-Lewis\">Rodis-Lewis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Genevi%C3%A8ve%20Rodis-Lewis\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Genevi%C3%A8ve%20Rodis-Lewis\">Genevi\u00e8ve<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bridgemanimages.com\/en-US\/louis-monier\/genevieve-rodis-lewis-1995\/photograph\/asset\/2767665\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"177\" class=\"wp-image-3576\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5550.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced, and colorized photographic cutout of Genieveve Rodis-Lewis used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5550.png 316w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5550-296x300.png 296w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vrin.fr\/livre\/9782711604920\/loeuvre-de-descartes\">L\u2019Oeuvre de Descartes<\/a><\/em> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"295\" class=\"wp-image-3566\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5528.png\" alt=\"The color book cover for &quot;Oeuvres de Descartes&quot; by Genevieve Rodis-Lewis.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5528.png 217w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5528-203x300.png 203w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/>. Vrin: Paris, 1971.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Am%C3%A9lie_Rorty\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Am%C3%A9lie_Rorty\">Rorty<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/amelierorty.blogspot.com\/2008\/03\/amelie-oksenberg-rorty.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/amelierorty.blogspot.com\/2008\/03\/amelie-oksenberg-rorty.html\">Am\u00e9lie<\/a> Oksenberg<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/Cg6SMAxCMUnM934A8\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"181\" class=\"wp-image-4544\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c4efe5d-5496-4afe-a43a-0d759a1f94b1.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot and upper torso cutoff a smiling Amelie O. Rory with her head turned to her left and not facing the camera wearing a white cowl neck and dark blue sweater ensemble with an ovoid metal brooch pin on her right and wearing a name tag on her left used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c4efe5d-5496-4afe-a43a-0d759a1f94b1.png 309w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c4efe5d-5496-4afe-a43a-0d759a1f94b1-290x300.png 290w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1525\/9780520907836-025\/html\">Cartesian Passions and the Union of Mind and Body<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ucpress.edu\/book\/9780520055094\/essays-on-descartes-meditations\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.ucpress.edu\/book\/9780520055094\/essays-on-descartes-meditations\">Essays on Descartes\u2019 Meditations<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Essays_on_Descartes_Meditations\/WnZQVOrfDaMC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"263\" class=\"wp-image-5144\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/SIX_65211643-BC7A-4CEC-ACE5-BEFEC6FE8C7E.png\" alt=\"The enhanced dark green book cover with white font in titles for &quot;Essays on Descartes' Meditations&quot; edited by Amelie Oksenberg Rorty used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/SIX_65211643-BC7A-4CEC-ACE5-BEFEC6FE8C7E.png 213w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/SIX_65211643-BC7A-4CEC-ACE5-BEFEC6FE8C7E-200x300.png 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"http:\/\/amelierorty.blogspot.com\/2008\/03\/amelie-oksenberg-rorty.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/amelierorty.blogspot.com\/2008\/03\/amelie-oksenberg-rorty.html\">Am\u00e9lie<\/a> Oksenberg <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Am%C3%A9lie_Rorty\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Am%C3%A9lie_Rorty\">Rorty<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Am%C3%A9lie_Rorty\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"200\" class=\"wp-image-4549\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/878ff53d-551c-4b4c-aa16-57c21635c157.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color  photographic headshot and shoulders cutout of a smiling glasses adorned Amelie O. Rorty with her head tilted to her right facing the camera wearing a black cowl neck under a autumn colored jacket used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/878ff53d-551c-4b4c-aa16-57c21635c157.png 240w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/878ff53d-551c-4b4c-aa16-57c21635c157-225x300.png 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, 513\u201334. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Am%C3%A9lie_Rorty\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Am%C3%A9lie_Rorty\">Rorty<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/amelierorty.blogspot.com\/2008\/03\/amelie-oksenberg-rorty.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/amelierorty.blogspot.com\/2008\/03\/amelie-oksenberg-rorty.html\">Am\u00e9lie<\/a> Oksenberg<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/rxLVHYqfPTRTfUj18\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"165\" class=\"wp-image-4547\" style=\"width: 225px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/0e49cd1c-1747-432e-b0cc-8f931199dc3b.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot and shoulders cutoff of a smiling Amelie O. Rory with her head facing the camera wearing a light blue knitted sweater and cowl used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/0e49cd1c-1747-432e-b0cc-8f931199dc3b.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/0e49cd1c-1747-432e-b0cc-8f931199dc3b-300x219.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a>, ed. <em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ucpress.edu\/book\/9780520055094\/essays-on-descartes-meditations\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.ucpress.edu\/book\/9780520055094\/essays-on-descartes-meditations\">Essays on Descartes&#8217; Meditations<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Essays_on_Descartes_Meditations\/WnZQVOrfDaMC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"263\" class=\"wp-image-5144\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/SIX_65211643-BC7A-4CEC-ACE5-BEFEC6FE8C7E.png\" alt=\"The enhanced dark green book cover with white font in titles for &quot;Essays on Descartes' Meditations&quot; edited by Amelie Oksenberg Rorty used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/SIX_65211643-BC7A-4CEC-ACE5-BEFEC6FE8C7E.png 213w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/SIX_65211643-BC7A-4CEC-ACE5-BEFEC6FE8C7E-200x300.png 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/marleen-rozemond\">Rozemond<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/marleenhrozemond.weebly.com\/\">Marleen<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/marleenhrozemond.weebly.com\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"130\" height=\"201\" class=\"wp-image-3552\" style=\"width: 130px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5509.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of Marleen Rozemond used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5509.png 207w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5509-194x300.png 194w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 130px) 100vw, 130px\" \/><\/a> . <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/j.ctv1qdr03x\">Descartes&#8217;s Dualism<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/ZcMDbGDBJXHHMwAw6\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"262\" class=\"wp-image-10284\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1858.jpeg\" alt=\"An orange \u2013 maroon book cover of &quot;Descartes's Dualism&quot; by Marleen Rozemond used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1858.jpeg 427w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1858-200x300.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1858-100x150.jpeg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/marleen-rozemond\">Rozemond<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/marleenhrozemond.weebly.com\/\">Marleen<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.utoronto.ca\/directory\/marleen-rozemond\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-3555\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5511.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of Marleen Rozemond wearing a gray open collared shirt with white buttons used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5511.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5511-150x150.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/ROZDOM\">Descartes on Mind-Body Interaction: What&#8217;s the Problem?<\/a>.\u201d <em>Journal of the History of Philosophy<\/em>&nbsp;37, no. 3 (1999): 435\u201367.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/marleen-rozemond\">Rozemond<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/marleenhrozemond.weebly.com\/\">Marleen<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.utoronto.ca\/directory\/marleen-rozemond\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-3555\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5511.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of Marleen Rozemond wearing a gray open collared shirt with white buttons used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5511.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5511-150x150.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/ndl.ethernet.edu.et\/bitstream\/123456789\/8564\/1\/28.pdf.pdf\">The Nature of the Mind<\/a>.\u201d In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/ndl.ethernet.edu.et\/bitstream\/123456789\/8564\/1\/28.pdf.pdf\">The Blackwell Guide to Descartes&#8217; Meditations<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Blackwell_Guide_to_Descartes_Meditat.html?id=nCnhVM7SPuwC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"257\" class=\"wp-image-9492\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0728.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced purple book cover of &quot;The Blackwell Guide to Descartes's Meditations&quot; edited by Stephen Gaukroger used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0728.jpeg 435w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0728-204x300.jpeg 204w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0728-102x150.jpeg 102w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger\">Stephen Gaukroger<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"163\" class=\"wp-image-4088\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized  photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of a glasses adorned Stephen Gaukroger wearing a white shirt with dark blue and white striped tie under a dark blue sweater with a dark gray wool suit jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721-300x279.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, 48\u201388. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2006.  See basic information at &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/9780470776476.ch4\">The Nature of the Mind<\/a>&#8221; in <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_Blackwell_Guide_to_Descartes_Meditat.html?id=nCnhVM7SPuwC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">The Blackwell Guide to Descartes&#8217; Meditation<\/a><\/em>I.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ndl.ethernet.edu.et\/bitstream\/123456789\/8564\/1\/28.pdf.pdf\">https:\/\/ndl.ethernet.edu.et\/bitstream\/123456789\/8564\/1\/28.pdf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1100\" height=\"748\" class=\"wp-image-212\" style=\"width: 1100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_CF821941-86EC-4500-82DC-44F1EBE38FBAb.jpeg\" alt=\"An advertising banner of a framed color graphic of a radiological 3D picture of a brain in left profile  with various concepts found prominently in Descartes's theory of ideas circulating around inside the brain.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_CF821941-86EC-4500-82DC-44F1EBE38FBAb.jpeg 2142w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_CF821941-86EC-4500-82DC-44F1EBE38FBAb-300x204.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_CF821941-86EC-4500-82DC-44F1EBE38FBAb-1024x696.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_CF821941-86EC-4500-82DC-44F1EBE38FBAb-768x522.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_CF821941-86EC-4500-82DC-44F1EBE38FBAb-1536x1044.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_CF821941-86EC-4500-82DC-44F1EBE38FBAb-2048x1392.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, 1100px\" \/><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\" id=\"S-neon-ivy-drop-cap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"270\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0956.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2194\" style=\"width:126px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0956.jpeg 270w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0956-253x300.jpeg 253w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 270px) 100vw, 270px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/anat-schechtman\/publications?app=phileventspage\">Schectman<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/u\/0\/d\/13mo3uOct4yzdivpkqkbJ9sK_YMsqkjfs\/view?usp=share_link&amp;pli=1\">Anat<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/liberalarts.utexas.edu\/philosophy\/faculty\/as224483\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"130\" height=\"187\" class=\"wp-image-4555\" style=\"width: 130px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7386.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot and torso cutout of a mildly smiling standing Anat Schectman facing viewer with arms crossed at waist wearing a purple patterned dress under a beige sweater used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7386.png 222w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7386-208x300.png 208w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 130px) 100vw, 130px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/anat-schechtman\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"191\" class=\"wp-image-4559\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_38734810-7C02-4244-A8AC-6541C1067858.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of a mildly smiling standing Anat Schectman facing viewer with arms crossed at waist (barely visible) wearing a purple patterned dress under a beige sweater used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_38734810-7C02-4244-A8AC-6541C1067858.png 293w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_38734810-7C02-4244-A8AC-6541C1067858-275x300.png 275w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/550262\">Descartes\u2019 Argument for the Existence of the Idea of an Infinite Being<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Journal of the History of Philosophy<\/em> 52, no. 3 (July 2014): 487\u2013517.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/author\/Schmal%2C+Daniel\">Schmal<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/ppke.academia.edu\/DanielSchmal\/CurriculumVitae\">D\u00e1niel<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.abtk.hu\/hirek\/az-mta-uj-doktorait-koszontottek-a-magyar-tudomanyos-akademia-szekhazaban\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"188\" class=\"wp-image-28020\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3610.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot and upper chest cutout of a barely smiling slightly bearded Daniel Schmal wearing a blue shirt under a dark gray suit coat is used as a bullet point .\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3610.png 213w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3610-200x300.png 200w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3610-100x150.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/09608788.2019.1684238\">Virtual reflection: Antoine Arnauld on Descartes&#8217; Concept of&nbsp;<em>Conscientia<\/em><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/journals\/rbjh20\">British Journal for the History of Philosophy<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/toc\/rbjh20\/28\/4\">  28, no. 4  (2020)<\/a>: 714\u201334.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SCHVRA-3\">Abstract<\/a><\/strong>: Although Descartes has often been portrayed as the father of the modern concept of mind, his approach to consciousness is notoriously problematic. What makes it particularly hard to assess his role in the development of the theories of consciousness is the difficulty of clarifying the kind of consciousness he might have in mind when using the associated Latin terms (conscius, cogitatio, conscium esse, etc.). In this article, I analyse Antoine Arnauld\u2019s early interpretation of the passages in Descartes that refer to the issue of consciousness. I argue for two separate but interconnected claims. Firstly, I show that when Arnauld sets out to make a case for Descartes\u2019 concept of cogitatio, he reads the central passages in light of some scholastic theories of cognition, in particular, the concept of \u2018reflexio virtualis\u2019 which, far from being a Cartesian invention, comes from the late scholastic discourse. Secondly, I argue that by talking about virtual reflection Arnauld provides an interpretation of Descartes\u2019 views in terms of the intrinsic structure of the first-order thought\u2014a reading which is still plausible, even by our contemporary standards.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/author\/Schmal%2C+Daniel\">Schmal<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/ppke.academia.edu\/DanielSchmal\/CurriculumVitae\">D\u00e1niel<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/mta.hu\/koztestuleti_tagok?PersonId=10050923\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"202\" class=\"wp-image-28024\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3609.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot and upper chest cutout of an unsmiling barely bearded Daniel Schmal wearing a medium gray collared shirt is used as visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3609.png 238w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3609-223x300.png 223w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3609-112x150.png 112w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/socpol.uvvg.ro\/docs\/2018-2\/3Schmal.pdf\">Intellectual Memory and Consciousness in Descartes&#8217;s Philosophy of Mind<\/a>.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scopus.com\/pages\/publications\/85063202618#\">Societate si Politica<\/a> (2018): 28\u201349. Also, readable at <a href=\"https:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/42638769\">Academia.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/socpol.uvvg.ro\/docs\/2018-2\/3Schmal.pdf\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> Although Descartes&#8217;s ideas regarding consciousness and memory have been studied extensively, few attempts have been made to address their systemic relations. In order to redress this deficiency, I argue in favor of three interrelated theses. The first is that intellectual memory has a crucial role to play in Descartes&#8217;s concept of consciousness, especially when it comes to explaining higher forms of consciousness. Second, the connection between memory and consciousness has been obscured by the fact that intellectual memory, taken as a subject in its own right, was relatively neglected in Descartes&#8217;s philosophy: By and large, his views on the matter remained within the limits of late scholastic Scotism. Third, what makes the question of intellectual memory so fascinating in Descartes is not some ground-breaking insight into its nature; rather, it is his gradual recognition of the role that intellectual memory plays in the constitution of higher forms of consciousness. With these arguments, and relying on Descartes&#8217;s 1648 correspondence with Antoine Arnauld, where he progressed beyond the substance-based approach to the self, I try to show that he deserves to be credited with a more prominent status in the history of the self and personhood than has previously been the case.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tad_Schmaltz\">Schmaltz<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/fds.duke.edu\/db\/aas\/Philosophy\/faculty\/tad.schmaltz\">Tad<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/lsa.umich.edu\/content\/dam\/michigan-lsa\/people-update\/cv\/tschmalt-08012023-070946-SchmaltzCV-8-1-2023.pdf\">M<\/a>.<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/alchetron.com\/Tad-Schmaltz\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"245\" class=\"wp-image-4108\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6720.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of glasses adorned Tad Schmaltz with a goatee wearing a collar blue shirt with the top button unfastened used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6720.png 196w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6720-184x300.png 184w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> . &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/53344\/chapter-abstract\/422045491?redirectedFrom=fulltext\">Deflating Descartes&#8217;s Causal Axiom<\/a>.&#8221; <em><a href=\"https:\/\/global.oup.com\/academic\/product\/oxford-studies-in-early-modern-philosophy-9780199203949?cc=us&amp;lang=en&amp;#\">Oxford Studies in Early Modern Philosophy<\/a><\/em> 3 <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/GAROSI-17\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"271\" class=\"wp-image-7601\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4615.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced mostly black book cover with a tan rectangle at bottom containing &quot;Volume III&quot; with the title just above in the black of &quot;Oxford Studies in Early Modern Philosophy&quot; edited by Daniel Garber and Steven Nadler used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4615.jpeg 207w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4615-194x300.jpeg 194w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> , Ch. 1, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/daniel-garber\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/daniel-garber\">Daniel<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Garber_(philosopher)\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Garber_(philosopher)\">Garber<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"185\" class=\"wp-image-8745\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9551.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of a full bearded and mustached Daniel Garber with glasses wearing a blue shirt and dark colored tie under a maroon v-neck sweater and dark gray suit jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9551.jpeg 432w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9551-203x300.jpeg 203w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9551-101x150.jpeg 101w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/> and <a href=\"https:\/\/714e4411-e80d-40da-9ac0-7d90e1d26dce.filesusr.com\/ugd\/4ee4bc_d1226add7c3640bab41d87b484723073.pdf\">Steven<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steven_Nadler\">Nadler<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jewishbookcouncil.org\/steven-nadler\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-9504\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0732.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic cutout of a smiling Steven Nadler wearing glasses and a black colored shirt with one white button showing under a black sweater used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0732.png 600w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0732-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0732-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, 1\u201331. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tad_Schmaltz\">Schmaltz<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/fds.duke.edu\/db\/aas\/Philosophy\/faculty\/tad.schmaltz\">Tad<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/lsa.umich.edu\/content\/dam\/michigan-lsa\/people-update\/cv\/tschmalt-08012023-070946-SchmaltzCV-8-1-2023.pdf\">M<\/a>.<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/tad-schmaltz-47668774\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"190\" height=\"172\" class=\"wp-image-4111\" style=\"width: 190px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/15c6692f-1efa-4901-8ed3-ff77403d38cc.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of dark sunglasses adorned Tad Schmaltz with a white goatee wearing a ball cap and a dark blue collared  shirt with black patterning and the top button unfastened used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/15c6692f-1efa-4901-8ed3-ff77403d38cc.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/15c6692f-1efa-4901-8ed3-ff77403d38cc-300x271.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 190px) 100vw, 190px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_on_Causation.html?id=II30fZf5H4sC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Descartes on Causation<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Descartes_on_Causation\/II30fZf5H4sC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;pg=PA3&amp;printsec=frontcover\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"260\" class=\"wp-image-7605\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4617.jpeg\" alt=\"The yellow with brown frame book cover for &quot;Descartes on Causation&quot; by Tad Schmaltz used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4617.jpeg 215w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4617-202x300.jpeg 202w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tad_Schmaltz\">Schmaltz<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/fds.duke.edu\/db\/aas\/Philosophy\/faculty\/tad.schmaltz\">Tad<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/lsa.umich.edu\/content\/dam\/michigan-lsa\/people-update\/cv\/tschmalt-08012023-070946-SchmaltzCV-8-1-2023.pdf\">M<\/a>.<\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"245\" class=\"wp-image-4108\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6720.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of glasses adorned Tad Schmaltz with a goatee wearing a collar blue shirt with the top button unfastened used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6720.png 196w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6720-184x300.png 184w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/49546\/chapter-abstract\/422020135?redirectedFrom=fulltext\">Descartes on Innate Ideas, Sensation, and Scholasticism: the Response to Regius<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/global.oup.com\/academic\/product\/studies-in-seventeenth-century-european-philosophy-9780198239406?lang=en&amp;cc=us#\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/global.oup.com\/academic\/product\/studies-in-seventeenth-century-european-philosophy-9780198239406?lang=en&amp;cc=us#\">Studies in Seventeenth-Century European Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/STESIS\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"275\" class=\"wp-image-4736\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7977.jpeg\" alt=\"The powder blue book cover of &quot;Studies in Seventeenth Century European Philosophy&quot; edited by Michael A. Stewart used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7977.jpeg 204w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7977-191x300.jpeg 191w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> <em>Oxford Studies in the History of Philosophy<\/em>, vol. 2, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/collection\/show?id=hume_2022_0047_0001_0005_0006&amp;file_type=pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/collection\/show?id=hume_2022_0047_0001_0005_0006&amp;file_type=pdf\">Michael<\/a> A. <a href=\"https:\/\/prabook.com\/web\/michael_alexander.stewart\/302633\">Stewart<\/a> (no known photo), 33\u201373. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tad_Schmaltz\">Schmaltz<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/fds.duke.edu\/db\/aas\/Philosophy\/faculty\/tad.schmaltz\">Tad<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/lsa.umich.edu\/content\/dam\/michigan-lsa\/people-update\/cv\/tschmalt-08012023-070946-SchmaltzCV-8-1-2023.pdf\">M<\/a>.<\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"190\" height=\"172\" class=\"wp-image-4111\" style=\"width: 190px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/15c6692f-1efa-4901-8ed3-ff77403d38cc.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of dark sunglasses adorned Tad Schmaltz with a white goatee wearing a ball cap and a dark blue collared shirt with black patterning and the top button unfastened used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/15c6692f-1efa-4901-8ed3-ff77403d38cc.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/15c6692f-1efa-4901-8ed3-ff77403d38cc-300x271.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 190px) 100vw, 190px\" \/>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/27744677?read-now=1#page_scan_tab_contents\">Malebranche&#8217;s Cartesianism and Lockean Colors<\/a>.&#8221; <em>History of Philosophy Quarterly<\/em> 12 (1995): 387\u2013403.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tad_Schmaltz\">Schmaltz<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/fds.duke.edu\/db\/aas\/Philosophy\/faculty\/tad.schmaltz\">Tad<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/lsa.umich.edu\/content\/dam\/michigan-lsa\/people-update\/cv\/tschmalt-08012023-070946-SchmaltzCV-8-1-2023.pdf\">M<\/a>.<\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"245\" class=\"wp-image-4108\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6720.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of glasses adorned Tad Schmaltz with a goatee wearing a collar blue shirt with the top button unfastened used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6720.png 196w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6720-184x300.png 184w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Malebranche_s_Theory_of_the_Soul.html?id=-sTnCwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Malebranche&#8217;s Theory of the Soul: A Cartesian Interpretation<\/a><\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Malebranche_s_Theory_of_the_Soul.html?id=-sTnCwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"265\" class=\"wp-image-10152\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1568.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced gray book cover of &quot;Malebranche's Thriry of the Soul: A Cartesian Interpretation&quot; by Tad M. Scmaltz used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1568.jpeg 423w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1568-198x300.jpeg 198w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1568-99x150.jpeg 99w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tad_Schmaltz\">Schmaltz<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/fds.duke.edu\/db\/aas\/Philosophy\/faculty\/tad.schmaltz\">Tad<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/lsa.umich.edu\/content\/dam\/michigan-lsa\/people-update\/cv\/tschmalt-08012023-070946-SchmaltzCV-8-1-2023.pdf\">M<\/a>.<\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"190\" height=\"172\" class=\"wp-image-4111\" style=\"width: 190px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/15c6692f-1efa-4901-8ed3-ff77403d38cc.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of dark sunglasses adorned Tad Schmaltz with a white goatee wearing a ball cap and a dark blue collared shirt with black patterning and the top button unfastened used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/15c6692f-1efa-4901-8ed3-ff77403d38cc.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/15c6692f-1efa-4901-8ed3-ff77403d38cc-300x271.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 190px) 100vw, 190px\" \/>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Radical_Cartesianism.html?id=pIYcUBCOrNgC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Radical Cartesianism: The French Reception of Descartes<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/ZcMDbGDBJXHHMwAw6\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"278\" class=\"wp-image-10532\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2593.jpeg\" alt=\"The dark blue and silver book cover of &quot;Radical Cartesianism: The French Reception of Descartes&quot; used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2593.jpeg 403w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2593-189x300.jpeg 189w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2593-94x150.jpeg 94w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tad_Schmaltz\">Schmaltz<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/fds.duke.edu\/db\/aas\/Philosophy\/faculty\/tad.schmaltz\">Tad<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/lsa.umich.edu\/content\/dam\/michigan-lsa\/people-update\/cv\/tschmalt-08012023-070946-SchmaltzCV-8-1-2023.pdf\">M<\/a>.<\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"245\" class=\"wp-image-4108\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6720.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of glasses adorned Tad Schmaltz with a goatee wearing a collar blue shirt with the top button unfastened used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6720.png 196w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6720-184x300.png 184w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SCHSOA\">Sensation, Occasionalism and Descartes\u2019 Causal Principles<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Minds_Ideas_and_Objects\/DlANAQAAMAAJ?hl=en\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Minds_Ideas_and_Objects\/DlANAQAAMAAJ?hl=en\">Minds, Ideas and Objects: Essays on the Theory of Representation in Modern Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Minds_Ideas_and_Objects\/DlANAQAAMAAJ?hl=en\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"299\" class=\"wp-image-3748\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5676.jpeg\" alt=\"The enhanced dark blue book cover for &quot;Minds, Ideas, and Objects&quot; edited by Phillip D. Cummins and Gunther Zoeller.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5676.jpeg 214w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5676-201x300.jpeg 201w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/clas.uiowa.edu\/philosophy\/people\/phillip-d-cummins\">Phillip<\/a> D. <a href=\"https:\/\/clas.uiowa.edu\/philosophy\/people\/phillip-d-cummins\">Cummins<\/a> (no known photo) and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.philosophie.uni-muenchen.de\/lehreinheiten\/philosophie_2\/personen\/zoeller\/zoeller_publications_0623.pdf\">G\u00fcnter<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.philosophie.uni-muenchen.de\/lehreinheiten\/philosophie_2\/personen\/zoeller\/zoeller_publications_0623.pdf\">Z\u00f6ller<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.philosophie.lmu.de\/de\/personen\/kontaktseite\/guenter-zoeller-a77930ef.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-9420\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0553.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Gunther Zoeller with glasses and wearing a collared white shirt and light green tie under a black sports coat used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0553.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0553-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0553-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0553-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, 37\u201355. Atascadero, CA: Ridgeview, 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/apps.ualberta.ca\/directory\/person\/as24\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/apps.ualberta.ca\/directory\/person\/as24\">Schmitter<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/action\/doBasicSearch?Query=au%3A%22Amy%20Morgan%20Schmitter%22\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/action\/doBasicSearch?Query=au%3A%22Amy%20Morgan%20Schmitter%22\">Amy<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Amy%20Morgan%20Schmitter\">Morgan<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.ualberta.ca\/~as24\/homepage.htm\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"156\" class=\"wp-image-3875\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_4B80F9D3-ADA0-42B6-84A4-34CB3914B8FE.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of a young adult Amy M. Schmitter with lipstick wearing a black top facing forward with her left hand supporting her chin with rolled up fingers on her left cheek used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_4B80F9D3-ADA0-42B6-84A4-34CB3914B8FE.png 307w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_4B80F9D3-ADA0-42B6-84A4-34CB3914B8FE-288x300.png 288w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> . &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/consc.net\/event\/neh\/papers\/schmitter.htm#_ednref27\">Descartes, Representation and the Intelligibility of Sense-Perception<\/a>.&#8221; Preliminary draft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Read her <a href=\"https:\/\/ualberta.academia.edu\/AmySchmitter\/CurriculumVitae\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">C.V. to September 2016<\/span><\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/apps.ualberta.ca\/directory\/person\/as24\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/apps.ualberta.ca\/directory\/person\/as24\">Schmitter<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/action\/doBasicSearch?Query=au%3A%22Amy%20Morgan%20Schmitter%22\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/action\/doBasicSearch?Query=au%3A%22Amy%20Morgan%20Schmitter%22\">Amy<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Amy%20Morgan%20Schmitter\">Morgan<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/consc.net\/pics\/kelvin\/apartment.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"176\" class=\"wp-image-3889\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6191.png\" alt=\"An enhanced full body photographic headshot cutout of a young adult Amy M. Schmitter turned to her left in profile wearing a full length golden yellow velvet floral patterned tapestry long coat with white floral embroidery patterns used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6191.png 272w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6191-255x300.png 255w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SCHDRO-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Descartes&#8217;s Representation of the Self<\/a>. PhD diss.,&nbsp;University of Pittsburgh, 1993.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\"><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SCHDRO-3\">Author&#8217;s Abstract<\/a><\/mark>:<\/strong> While Descartes&#8217;s status as a &#8220;representationalist&#8221; is often a subject of vehement debate, what exactly he means by &#8220;representation&#8221; is not. I look to Descartes&#8217;s early work to show that he first conceives of representation through signification, in which the sign and the signified are isomorphic; on this view, relations of representation can be arbitrary and are to be distinguished from relations of resemblance. I then examine images to show the possibility of an image constructing a relation to its viewer, or &#8220;subject-position,&#8221; in which that subject-position fails to display the attributes of extended things. Such a construction might be applied to the &#8220;I&#8221; of the Meditations&#8211;distinct from all extended substances, it nonetheless has direct access to them through its non-objectified sense-ideas. On this basis, I propose a &#8220;model&#8221; of representation for ideas: an idea represents its object O to a subject-position S through a vehicle of representation X under some relation R. I argue that this model can explain the uses Descartes makes of &#8220;represent,&#8221; particularly for ideas. But it must be understood properly: Descartes comes to conceive of the vehicle of representation simply as the form taken by the direct interaction of the mind and the things objectively present to it&#8211;but a form that can take on a life of its own, giving rise to the possibilities of clarity and distinctness or of confusion in ideas. But what is truly novel about Descartes&#8217;s conception is the mind&#8217;s ability to form higher-order representations that represent the conditions of representation itself, thereby achieving certainty for some mental representations without starting from any incorrigible, immediate perceptions. This possibility is realized most clearly in the understanding of my nature as a thinking and representing being, where I can represent myself as the subject-position distinct from all extended things, but also can represent myself as joyfully and representatively united with a body all my own.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/apps.ualberta.ca\/directory\/person\/as24\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/apps.ualberta.ca\/directory\/person\/as24\">Schmitter<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/action\/doBasicSearch?Query=au%3A%22Amy%20Morgan%20Schmitter%22\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/action\/doBasicSearch?Query=au%3A%22Amy%20Morgan%20Schmitter%22\">Amy<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Amy%20Morgan%20Schmitter\">Morgan<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/consc.net\/pics\/kelvin\/apartment.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"282\" class=\"wp-image-3879\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_7313088D-6C38-48E2-A767-606C4A655D97.png\" alt=\"An enhanced full body photographic cutout of a young adult Amy M. Schmitter turned to her left wearing a full length golden yellow velvet floral patterned tapestry long coat with white floral embroidery patterns used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_7313088D-6C38-48E2-A767-606C4A655D97.png 142w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_7313088D-6C38-48E2-A767-606C4A655D97-133x300.png 133w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/27903489?read-now=1#page_scan_tab_contents\">Formal Causation and the Explanation of Intentionality in Descartes<\/a>.&#8221; <a class=\"  \" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/journal\/themonist\"><em>The Monist<\/em><\/a> 79, no. 3, Causality Before Hume (July 1996): 368\u201387.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/apps.ualberta.ca\/directory\/person\/as24\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/apps.ualberta.ca\/directory\/person\/as24\">Schmitter<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/action\/doBasicSearch?Query=au%3A%22Amy%20Morgan%20Schmitter%22\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/action\/doBasicSearch?Query=au%3A%22Amy%20Morgan%20Schmitter%22\">Amy<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Amy%20Morgan%20Schmitter\">Morgan<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/consc.net\/cgi-bin\/picsearch.pl?keyw=best\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"201\" class=\"wp-image-3883\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6195.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic cutout of a smiling Amy M. Schmitter wearing a brown coat over a white shirt with her left hand raised under her neck used for identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6195.png 239w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6195-224x300.png 224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SCHTPI-10\">The Passionate Intellect: Reading the (Non-) Opposition of Intellect and Emotion in Descartes<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/JENPAP\">Persons and Passions: Essays in Honor of Annette Baier<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/f63uQns3jAPXenwaA\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"252\" class=\"wp-image-10290\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1859.jpeg\" alt=\"A mostly maroon with  orange in part of the title font of the book cover of &quot;Persons and Passions: Essays in Honor of Annette Baier&quot; edited by Joyce Jenkins, Jennifer Whiting, and Christopher Williams used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1859.jpeg 444w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1859-208x300.jpeg 208w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1859-104x150.jpeg 104w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/umanitoba.ca\/faculties\/arts\/departments\/philosophy\/facstaff\/jenkins.html\">Joyce<\/a> L. <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Joyce%20L.%20Jenkins\">Jenkins<\/a> (no known photo), <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jennifer_Whiting\">Jennifer Whiting<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Jennifer-Whiting-4\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-10293\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1865.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Jennifer Whiting with glasses wearing an academic robe over a black v-neck shirt and a blue sash around her neck used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1865.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1865-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1865-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1865-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unr.edu\/philosophy\/people\/christopher-williams\">Christopher Williams<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unr.edu\/philosophy\/people\/christopher-williams#:~:text=Christopher%20Williams%2C%20Ph.&amp;text=Professor%20Williams%20is%20the%20author,(Notre%20Dame%2C%202005).\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-10294\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1868.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Christopher Williams with glasses and wearing a mauve collared shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1868.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1868-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1868-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press (2005): 48\u201382.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/apps.ualberta.ca\/directory\/person\/as24\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/apps.ualberta.ca\/directory\/person\/as24\">Schmitter<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/action\/doBasicSearch?Query=au%3A%22Amy%20Morgan%20Schmitter%22\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/action\/doBasicSearch?Query=au%3A%22Amy%20Morgan%20Schmitter%22\">Amy<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Amy%20Morgan%20Schmitter\">Morgan<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/aesthetics-online.org\/page\/202111SalishSeaPhotos\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-3886\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6172.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic cutout of a middle aged Amy M. Schmitter in profile facing left turned to her right with long dangling straight metal earrings wearing a black hoody with the back of her left hand under her chin used for identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6172.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6172-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_6172-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/20129675\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/20129675\">Representation, Self-Representation, and the Passions in Descartes<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Review of Metaphysics<\/em> 48 (1994): 331\u201358.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/apps.ualberta.ca\/directory\/person\/as24\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/apps.ualberta.ca\/directory\/person\/as24\">Schmitter<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/action\/doBasicSearch?Query=au%3A%22Amy%20Morgan%20Schmitter%22\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/action\/doBasicSearch?Query=au%3A%22Amy%20Morgan%20Schmitter%22\">Amy<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Amy%20Morgan%20Schmitter\">Morgan<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/woegoshow.com\/with-philosophy-ep-73\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"159\" class=\"wp-image-3888\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_7A7D3939-7984-4998-81AF-D4B12372B53D.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic cutout headshot of a middle aged Amy M. Schmitter facing forward wearing a gray top and with  heavy black headset on ears and a large black microphone extension out of the black headset used for identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_7A7D3939-7984-4998-81AF-D4B12372B53D.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_7A7D3939-7984-4998-81AF-D4B12372B53D-300x272.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/ualberta.scholaris.ca\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/53b44a43-e243-47cc-8587-f20f50b2f8cd\/content\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/era.library.ualberta.ca\/items\/e921a58b-c8fd-4ea6-8d4d-9a3bffc249c4\/download\/fd9e953d-122f-4486-a74e-00f13706a669\">The Third Meditation on Objective Being: Representation and Intentional Content<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/CUNTCC-2\">The Cambridge Companion to Descartes\u2019 Meditations<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/The_Cambridge_Companion_to_Descartes_Med\/ixpiAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;printsec=frontcover\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"225\" class=\"wp-image-8157\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7935.jpeg\" alt=\"The book cover in a dirty yellow color with a painting of a dark alcove with light streaming in from a window on the right of &quot;A Cambridge Companion to Descartes' Meditations&quot; edited by David Cunning used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7935.jpeg 427w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7935-200x300.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7935-100x150.jpeg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/david-cunning\">David<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.uiowa.edu\/sites\/philosophy.uiowa.edu\/files\/2026-03\/Updated-Cunning-cv-2024.pdf\">Cunning<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/myweb.uiowa.edu\/cunni\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"169\" class=\"wp-image-3758\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_7A8F6609-F2B5-4703-A7BD-2B53A90319C0.png\" alt=\"A reversed and enhanced color photographic cutout of David Cunning used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_7A8F6609-F2B5-4703-A7BD-2B53A90319C0.png 284w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_7A8F6609-F2B5-4703-A7BD-2B53A90319C0-266x300.png 266w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press (2014): 149\u201367. <a href=\"http:\/\/era.library.ualberta.ca\/items\/e921a58b-c8fd-4ea6-8d4d-9a3bffc249c4\/download\/fd9e953d-122f-4486-a74e-00f13706a669\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/era.library.ualberta.ca\/items\/e921a58b-c8fd-4ea6-8d4d-9a3bffc249c4\/download\/fd9e953d-122f-4486-a74e-00f13706a669\">Download it directly here<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Peter%20A.%20Schouls\">Schouls<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ubc.ca\/profile\/peter-schouls\/\">Peter Arthur<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/tamiro.massey.ac.nz\/nodes\/view\/2504\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"189\" class=\"wp-image-6787\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3158.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of a glasses adorned smiling Peter A. Schouls wearing a light green shirt and dark blue tie under a dark blue jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3158.png 254w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3158-238x300.png 238w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/j.ctt80dw9\">Descartes and the Enlightenment<\/a><\/em> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"270\" class=\"wp-image-4563\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7398.png\" alt=\"The black book cover of &quot;Descartes and the Enlightenment&quot; by Peter A. Schouls used for visually identifying it.\">. Montreal: McGill-Queen&#8217;s University Press, 1989.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/educ.ethz.ch\/lernzentren\/mint-lernzentrum\/ueber-das-mint-lernzentrum\/mitarbeiter-und-projekte\/ralph-schumacher.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/educ.ethz.ch\/lernzentren\/mint-lernzentrum\/ueber-das-mint-lernzentrum\/mitarbeiter-und-projekte\/ralph-schumacher.html\">Schumacher<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Ralph%20Schumacher\">Ralph<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/educ.ethz.ch\/lernzentren\/mint-lernzentrum\/ueber-das-mint-lernzentrum\/mitarbeiter-und-projekte\/ralph-schumacher.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"170\" class=\"wp-image-6790\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3164.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic torso and headshot cutout of a glasses adorned Ralph Schumaker wearing  a collared white shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3164.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3164-300x292.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> , ed. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SCHPAR-3\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SCHPAR-3\">Perception and Reality: From Descartes to the Present<\/a><\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SCHPAR-3\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SCHPAR-3\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"296\" class=\"wp-image-1210\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_9117.jpeg\" alt=\"The book cover for &quot;Perception and Reality: From Descartes to the Present.&quot;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_9117.jpeg 216w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_9117-203x300.jpeg 203w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a> Paderborn: Mentis, 2004.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/emanuela-scribano\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/emanuela-scribano\"><strong>Scribano, Emanuela<\/strong><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/481230\/publication_attributions?page=1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-3284\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4606.png\" alt=\"A mirror reversed  enhanced colorized photographic cutout of Emanuela Scribano used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4606.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4606-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4606-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amacad.org\/person\/m-emanuela-scribano\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-3296\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4607.png\" alt=\"A mirror reversed enhanced colorized photographic cutout of Emanuela Scribano used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4607.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4607-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4607-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> . <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-archives-de-philosophie-2001-2-page-259.htm\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-archives-de-philosophie-2001-2-page-259.htm\">Descartes et les vraies et fausses id\u00e9es<\/a>.&#8221; <a href=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SCRDEL-2\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SCRDEL-2\"><em>Archives de Philosophie<\/em><\/a> 64, no. 2 (2001): 259\u201378.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/journal-archives-de-philosophie-2001-2-page-259.htm\">Author&#8217;s Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> In the Third Meditation (TM), Descartes introduces the doctrine of the &#8220;material falsehood&#8221; of ideas. In the Fourth Objections, Arnauld criticizes this doctrine which later disappears from Descartes\u2019s works. Recent interpretations have focussed on the coherence of the theory and compatibility between the wording of the TM and the Replies. Here, the topic is picked up again, bringing in the Scholastic debate on truth and falsehood. The presentation of Descartes\u2019s doctrine in the TM proves to be incompatible with that of the replies to Arnauld, suggesting an incompatibility of the two formulations of the doctrine of the &#8220;material falsehood&#8221; of ideas. Yet, the reason for Descartes\u2019s change of mind cannot be explained by the sole power of this criticism, since the conceptual framework of the Scholastic doctrine of representation offers Descartes the tools to defend his own doctrine without modifying it. Hence, the suggestion to look for the reasons of that change elsewhere, namely in Descartes\u2019s will to avoid the dangerous consequences for the foundations of science implied by the TM\u2019s formulation of the doctrine of the &#8220;material falsehood&#8221; of ideas.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/emanuela-scribano\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/emanuela-scribano\"><strong>Scribano, Emanuela<\/strong><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sofrphilo.fr\/editer-descartes-aujourdhui-table-ronde\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"172\" class=\"wp-image-3293\" style=\"width: 225px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4605.png\" alt=\"A mirror reversed enhanced colorized photographic cutout of a glasses wearing Emanuela Scribano with a mottled blue and green jacket with a rounded neck black collarless shirt under white pearls.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4605.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4605-300x230.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_in_Context.html?id=ITWAEAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_in_Context.html?id=ITWAEAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Descartes in Context: Essays<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_in_Context.html?id=ITWAEAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"338\" class=\"wp-image-3299\" style=\"width: 225px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4556.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced and colorized book cover for &quot;Descartes in Context: Essays&quot; (2023) by Emanuela Scribano used for displaying the book. \" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4556.jpeg 213w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4556-200x300.jpeg 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a>. New York: Oxford University Press, 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/jorge-secada\">Secada<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/latinamerican.virginia.edu\/jorge-secada\">Jorge<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/virginia.academia.edu\/JorgeSecada\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"148\" class=\"wp-image-4567\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7408.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and partially constructed image of a full white beard and mustache Jorge Secada smiling and wearing a black hat with a brown strap and a black leather jacket used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7408.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7408-300x254.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/latinamerican.virginia.edu\/jorge-secada\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"165\" height=\"165\" class=\"wp-image-4569\" style=\"width: 165px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_05D7D229-65A1-4CD9-9AF4-E2F73C120A5F.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of a full white beard and mustache Jorge Secada seated and leaning to his left wearing a black suit jacket and brown tie used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_05D7D229-65A1-4CD9-9AF4-E2F73C120A5F.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_05D7D229-65A1-4CD9-9AF4-E2F73C120A5F-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_05D7D229-65A1-4CD9-9AF4-E2F73C120A5F-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 165px) 100vw, 165px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Cartesian_Metaphysics.html?id=Ee1-w4F0qv8C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Cartesian_Metaphysics.html?id=Ee1-w4F0qv8C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Cartesian Metaphysics: The Scholastic Origins of Modern Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/us\/universitypress\/subjects\/philosophy\/early-modern-philosophy\/cartesian-metaphysics-scholastic-origins-modern-philosophy?format=AR&amp;isbn=9780511037597#contentsTabAnchor\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"257\" class=\"wp-image-5392\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/IMG_9312.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced aqua colored book cover for &quot;Cartesian Metaphysics: The Scholastic Origins of Modern Philosophy&quot; by Jorge Secada with a cartoon drawing of Descartes's head used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/IMG_9312.jpeg 218w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/IMG_9312-204x300.jpeg 204w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/jorge-secada\">Secada<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/latinamerican.virginia.edu\/jorge-secada\">Jorge<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/virginia.academia.edu\/JorgeSecada\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"148\" class=\"wp-image-4567\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7408.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and partially constructed image of a full white beard and mustache Jorge Secada smiling and wearing a black hat with a brown strap and a black leather jacket used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7408.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7408-300x254.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/latinamerican.virginia.edu\/jorge-secada\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"165\" height=\"165\" class=\"wp-image-4569\" style=\"width: 165px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_05D7D229-65A1-4CD9-9AF4-E2F73C120A5F.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of a full white beard and mustache Jorge Secada seated and leaning to his left wearing a black suit jacket and brown tie used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_05D7D229-65A1-4CD9-9AF4-E2F73C120A5F.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_05D7D229-65A1-4CD9-9AF4-E2F73C120A5F-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_05D7D229-65A1-4CD9-9AF4-E2F73C120A5F-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 165px) 100vw, 165px\" \/><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/travis-tanner\">Travis<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/TANDOT-2\">Tanner<\/a>  <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"141\" class=\"wp-image-39299\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_7077.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of Dr. Travis Tanner, wearing a lavender shirt with a blue necktie under a red sleeveless sweater with blue piping, is used to identify him visually.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_7077.png 2370w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_7077-300x282.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_7077-1024x961.png 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_7077-150x141.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_7077-768x721.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_7077-1536x1441.png 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_7077-2048x1922.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>, and   <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Cecilia%20Wee\">Cecilia<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/sandbox02-na.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/discovery\/search?query=creator,exact,Wee,%20Cecilia,AND&amp;tab=Everything&amp;search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&amp;vid=01CACCL_CC:scc&amp;facet=creator,exact,Wee,%20Cecilia&amp;mode=advanced&amp;offset=0\">Wee<\/a><\/strong> (no known photo), eds.&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-store-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\/9780429345487\/9fc0d462-ebbb-4738-9071-7655ee27b4f7\/preview.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=ASIAQFVOSJ57V7B5GUKM&amp;Expires=1759611400&amp;Signature=TycQ7sCR3cbj4M33LZ7SycX6p3g%3D&amp;response-content-disposition=attachment%3B%20filename%3D%229780429345487_previewpdf.pdf%22&amp;x-amz-security-token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEMr%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJGMEQCIB8G0UZjMZEznwTEc6wLWwyKKqcxMdoPE3XA7CHtGd7aAiACRhe5yWctV9DMG%2FzuMumk3QpU1fRDQpqjt2MloncDSiqNBAhiEAQaDDAxMjE3NzI2NDUxMSIMYIaRzuQECvkmhcc1KuoD8W3%2BCYbsJtuu6RTGz1GAvqbFn5SA%2FPyKs2m5qkZzNx3mw5xionVVMMeT4hIeTCmSsGZfGTNF3KH2uLNl05PSZERJqwRvr3xPGa8UGhvDHT%2BcKJURog7z3EGYFfts%2FRxv0tGLRMHzY59DbaxVxw9UCaWvxRsOauuXZBC4PR5TWoI%2FpC0gbPP2NRXjRgodud20j%2BgplsXYjfO5hSTU9Vwe1mIdp9pR9hEEHzWK0U01Kqu80IeK2Fh8MXzonhz%2F6MtOnm7yEuqssfnIcMNIZ944e2WiKCOoW5nxOx0qIyxsXLFJOcBkLjBuK2iLxdM9EQwpVLtqoFJbXkvP9lnKYQCsmoM28IAmrSR2tNG%2Fd%2BfAQxwt0NAWmEU3XW7p5%2FC5YcKxnNJ0MeRcDj3yyQ4scdOfPUV7g2ik9z12CPSk6yhbPC44vnWghnX%2BNzHftjmWydmWRln4XqYf2aeytQpcyfHkpeu0aTn%2FHBxe5o0n86IUf43MmA8UHhSY0S9NKw9r4AHskWobitcLd7FfcFOeSUsVC1mB%2F0BJjhG6CIte7Ssba8Mi%2Fg27USyzx7gxLooEBUyVjKFYnlxIuaBMe0MAK3ZDJwKxHXnrgYyEdh3hkj2ZFsur734CHgcsoQPz0IbhunJvRYM%2BvMRpGR70izDlrIXHBjqmAeT%2FKRpgEnre%2BSwp19IKU9U93XbnYS%2BsbNSMimRkfX9MCMWLFvFw6u6RTGBCUbkyCcMJNkO8dfDwLx%2B7JKCnSDbOPX%2Fr6HvEdogaUlCZjtYdW9oJoYdDtWHkc6u7tVL9KdNOdrAmM7B3z92ScIC7yUN6ZV2jqB3S7NDeGpxeBt9nZQbvDlVT9MQ3sIicP%2BuRpnME0VaDMy3c01KPd0yUskgN2M4o9Do%3D\">The Cartesian Mind<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/The_Cartesian_Mind\/4HmNEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"214\" class=\"wp-image-33073\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced cutout of the yellow orchre book cover of \u201cThe Cartesian Mind\u201d (2025), edited by Jorge Secada, Travis Tanner, and Cecilia Wee, with the Frans Hals painting of Ren\u00e9 Descartes on the left-hand side, is used to identify it visually.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image.jpeg 224w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-210x300.jpeg 210w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-105x150.jpeg 105w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. London: Taylor &amp; Francis, September 3, 2025.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><th>Publisher:<\/th><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.barnesandnoble.com\/s\/%22Taylor+%26+Francis%22?Ntk=Publisher&amp;Ns=P_Sales_Rank&amp;Ntx=mode+matchall\">Taylor &amp; Francis<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><th>Publication date:<\/th><td>09\/03\/2025<\/td><\/tr><tr><th>Series:<\/th><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.barnesandnoble.com\/s\/%22Routledge+Philosophical+Minds%22?Ntk=P_Series_Title&amp;Ns=P_Series_Number&amp;Ntx=mode+matchall\">Routledge Philosophical Minds<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.barnesandnoble.com\/w\/the-cartesian-mind-jorge-secada\/1122551610?ean=9781138847422\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"925\" class=\"wp-image-19688\" style=\"width: 1200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7164.jpeg\" alt=\"The book's contents are shown in an enhanced diptych of the Table of Contents for \u201cThe Cartesian Mind\u201d (2025), edited by Jorge Secada and Cecilia Wee.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7164.jpeg 1843w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7164-300x231.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7164-1024x789.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7164-150x116.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7164-768x592.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7164-1536x1183.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wilfrid_Sellars\">Sellars<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/sellars\/\">Wilfrid<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/muwcRVgprErWGw699\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"174\" class=\"wp-image-4574\" style=\"width: 225px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7439.jpeg\" alt=\"A reversed colorized enhanced photographic headshot cutout of Wilfrid Sellars wearing a dark suit jacket over a light blue shirt and dark red and blue tie used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7439.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7439-300x233.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/uberty.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/Wilfrid-Sellars-Kevin-Scharp-Robert-B.-Brandom-In-the-Space-of-Reasons_-Selected-Essays-of-Wilfrid-Sellars-Harvard-University-Press-2007.pdf\">Being and Being Known<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Proceedings of the American; Catholic Philosophical Association<\/em> 34 (1960): 28\u201349.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">See &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/25170911\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">The Philosophical Works of Wilfrid Sellars<\/span><\/a>&#8221; compiled by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/pedro-amaral\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Pedro Amaral<\/span><\/a><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-10411\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2247.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Pedro V. Amaral with rimless glasses and wearing a tan collared shirt under a gray\/greenish sport coat used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2247.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2247-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2247-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2247-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/> and <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Jeffrey%20F.%20Sicha\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Jeffrey Sicha<\/span><\/a> (no known photo) in <em>Journal for General Philosophy of Science \/ Zeitschrift f\u00fcr allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie <\/em><a class=\"  \" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/i25170894\"> <span style=\"color:#2271B1\"> 22, no. 1 (1991)<\/span><\/a>: 187\u2013193.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">See &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ditext.com\/sellars\/bib-s.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Bibliography of Wilfrid Sellars<\/span><\/a>&#8221; (in alphabetical order of abbreviations) compiled by <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophynow.org\/issues\/21\/Much_Ado_About_Consciousness\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Andrew Chrucky<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/ditext.com\/wordpress\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"110\" height=\"138\" class=\"wp-image-11230\" style=\"width: 110px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3268.png\" alt=\"This is an enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Andrew Chrucky, who has a full gray beard and mustache and is wearing a dark v-neck T-shirt, which is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3268.png 368w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3268-240x300.png 240w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3268-120x150.png 120w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 110px) 100vw, 110px\" \/><\/a> with numerous hyperlinked articles.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">See <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/browse\/wilfrid-sellars\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">seven hundred twenty-one (721) papers<\/span><\/a> written on Sellars, edited by&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/willem-a-devries\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Willem A. DeVries<\/span><\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"147\" class=\"wp-image-11229\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3267.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Willem A. Decries with a gray goatee and mustache and wearing a grided white shirt and dark blue suit coat is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3267.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3267-300x252.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3267-150x126.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:31px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wilfrid_Sellars\">Sellars<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/sellars\/\">Wilfrid<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.azquotes.com\/author\/76607-Wilfrid_Sellars\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"178\" class=\"wp-image-4582\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/475b4a1d-bde8-4e57-87fa-f798d77d665f.png\" alt=\"A colorized enhanced photographic headshot cutout of Wilfrid Sellars wearing a dark suit jacket over a light blue shirt with his head slightly tilted and turned to his left used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/475b4a1d-bde8-4e57-87fa-f798d77d665f.png 270w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/475b4a1d-bde8-4e57-87fa-f798d77d665f-253x300.png 253w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/digital.library.pitt.edu\/islandora\/object\/pitt%3A31735062217769\/viewer#page\/1\/mode\/2up\">Berkeley and Descartes: Reflections on the Theory of Ideas<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.abebooks.com\/9780814202449\/Studies-Perception-Interrelations-History-Philosophy-0814202446\/plp\">Studies in Perception: Interpretation in the History of Philosophy and Science<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/hUYzX3JFW2BwZp5dA\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"219\" class=\"wp-image-10534\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2595.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced bright green and black book cover of &quot;Studies in Perception: Interrelationships in the History of Philosophy and Science&quot; with the cover showing bright green mountains and black valleys viewed from high up looking down edited by Peter K. Machamer and Robert G. Turnbull used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2595.jpeg 438w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2595-205x300.jpeg 205w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2595-103x150.jpeg 103w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peter_K._Machamer\">Peter K. Machamer<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/pitt.academia.edu\/PeterMachamer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-10296\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1872.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color  photographic headshot cutout of Peter K. Machamer turned to his left with glasses and wearing a purple collared shirt under a dark gray suit coat used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1872.png 400w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1872-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1872-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/apapa\/content\/apapa_2013_0541_0543_277?file_type=pdf\">Robert G. Turnbull<\/a> (no known photo), 259\u2013311. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1977.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wilfrid_Sellars\">Sellars<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/sellars\/\">Wilfrid<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/iep.utm.edu\/sellars\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"214\" class=\"wp-image-4583\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/7de713d4-9d5b-4d45-827e-d6ee455b2b94.png\" alt=\"A colorized enhanced photographic headshot cutout of Wilfrid Sellars wearing a dark blue suit jacket over a white shirt and medium blue tie used for visually identifying him.\"><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ditext.com\/sellars\/epm.html\">Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind<\/a>.&#8221; In <a href=\"https:\/\/www.upress.umn.edu\/book-division\/books\/the-foundations-of-science-and-the-concepts-of\"><em>Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science<\/em>, Vol. I<\/a>., edited by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.browsebiography.com\/bio-herbert_feigl.html\">Herbert<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herbert_Feigl\">Feigl<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/ia601300.us.archive.org\/16\/items\/PaulFeyerabend\/Paul%20K.%20Feyerabend%20and%20Grover%20Maxwell%20Mind%2C%20Matter%2C%20and%20Method-%20Essays%20in%20Philosophy%20and%20Science%20in%20Honor%20of%20Herbert%20Feigl.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"218\" class=\"wp-image-10402\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2241.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of a glasses wearing Herbert Feigl blue tie, white shirt, and a dark gray suit coat used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2241.png 514w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2241-241x300.png 241w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2241-120x150.png 120w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/encyclopaedia.herdereditorial.com\/wiki\/Autor:Feigl,_Herbert\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"227\" class=\"wp-image-10409\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2240.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of Herbert Feigl with a dark blue tie, light blue or white shirt, and a dark gray suit coat with his head held up used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2240.png 494w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2240-232x300.png 232w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2240-116x150.png 116w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_Scriven\">Michael Scriven<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/fi.pinterest.com\/pin\/796785359077995998\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"250\" class=\"wp-image-10400\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2239.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Michael Scriven wearing a white open collared shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2239.png 448w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2239-210x300.png 210w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2239-105x150.png 105w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, 253\u2013329. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1956.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wilfrid_Sellars\">Sellars<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/sellars\/\">Wilfrid<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ditext.com\/sellars\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"189\" class=\"wp-image-4589\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/0e42f3a0-fd0c-492a-9152-ba1e4a7e62f1.png\" alt=\"A non-reversed colorized enhanced photographic headshot cutout of Wilfrid Sellars with a blonde mustache and wearing a tan suit jacket over an off-white shirt and dark tie used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/0e42f3a0-fd0c-492a-9152-ba1e4a7e62f1.png 297w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/0e42f3a0-fd0c-492a-9152-ba1e4a7e62f1-278x300.png 278w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/476926191\/Kant-And-Pre-Kantian-Themes-Lectures-By-Wilfrid-Sellars-2002-Ridgeview-Pub-Co-1-pdf\">Kant and Pre-Kantian Themes: Lectures by Wilfrid Sellars<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/3CCCsmmRTN8Rt8nv5\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"279\" class=\"wp-image-10404\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2243.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color dark. brown book cover of &quot;Kant and Pre-Kantian Themes: Lectures by Wilfrid Sellars&quot; edited by Pedro Amaral with a black and white drawing of Sellers's head centered inside of a white square on the cover used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2243.jpeg 402w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2243-188x300.jpeg 188w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2243-94x150.jpeg 94w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/pedro-amaral\">Pedro<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Pedro%20Amaral\">V<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/pedro-amaral\">Amaral<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/pedro-amaral-ba3b7720\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-10411\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2247.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Pedro V. Amaral with rimless glasses and wearing a tan collared shirt under a gray\/greenish sport coat used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2247.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2247-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2247-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2247-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Atascadero, CA: Ridgeview, 2002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wilfrid_Sellars\">Sellars<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/sellars\/\">Wilfrid<\/a>.<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.azquotes.com\/author\/76607-Wilfrid_Sellars\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"178\" class=\"wp-image-4582\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/475b4a1d-bde8-4e57-87fa-f798d77d665f.png\" alt=\"A colorized enhanced photographic headshot cutout of Wilfrid Sellars wearing a dark suit jacket over a light blue shirt with his head slightly tilted and turned to his left used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/475b4a1d-bde8-4e57-87fa-f798d77d665f.png 270w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/475b4a1d-bde8-4e57-87fa-f798d77d665f-253x300.png 253w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/ebin.pub\/kants-transcendental-metaphysics-sellars-cassirer-lectures-notes-and-other-essays-0922924893.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/ebin.pub\/kants-transcendental-metaphysics-sellars-cassirer-lectures-notes-and-other-essays-0922924893.html\">Kant\u2019s Transcendental Metaphysics: Sellars\u2019 Cassirer Lectures Notes and Other Essays<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/GCfoUXmSR5fkD7WSA\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"278\" class=\"wp-image-10413\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_0553B93D-6E33-482C-89C7-A17E3C739D81.png\" alt=\"An enhanced rich dark blue book cover with black font title of &quot;Kant's Transcendental Metaphysics: Sellars' Cassirer Lectures Notes And Other Essays&quot; edited and introduced by Jeffrey F. Sicha used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_0553B93D-6E33-482C-89C7-A17E3C739D81.png 403w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_0553B93D-6E33-482C-89C7-A17E3C739D81-189x300.png 189w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_0553B93D-6E33-482C-89C7-A17E3C739D81-94x150.png 94w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.csun.edu\/academics\/phil\/faculty\/sicha-jeffrey-f\/\">Jeffrey F<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Jeffrey%20F.%20Sicha\">Sicha<\/a> (no known photo). Atascadero, CA: Ridgeview, 2002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wilfrid_Sellars\">Sellars<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/sellars\/\">Wilfrid<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ditext.com\/sellars\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"189\" class=\"wp-image-4589\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/0e42f3a0-fd0c-492a-9152-ba1e4a7e62f1.png\" alt=\"A non-reversed colorized enhanced photographic headshot cutout of Wilfrid Sellars with a blonde mustache and wearing a tan suit jacket over an off-white shirt and dark tie used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/0e42f3a0-fd0c-492a-9152-ba1e4a7e62f1.png 297w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/0e42f3a0-fd0c-492a-9152-ba1e4a7e62f1-278x300.png 278w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ditext.com\/sellars\/psim.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.ditext.com\/sellars\/psim.html\">Philosophy and the Scientific Image of Man<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Frontiers_of_Science_and_Philosophy.html?id=sHO8cQbqOa8C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Frontiers of Science and Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Frontiers_of_Science_and_Philosophy\/sHO8cQbqOa8C?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;printsec=frontcover\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"262\" class=\"wp-image-10415\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2256.jpeg\" alt=\"The dark gray with maroon, blue, and yellow book cover of &quot;Frontiers of Science and Philosophy&quot; edited by Robert G. Colodny used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2256.jpeg 427w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2256-200x300.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2256-100x150.jpeg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Robert%20Garland%20Colodny\">Robert G. Colodny<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newspapers.com\/article\/pittsburgh-post-gazette\/15360560\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"177\" class=\"wp-image-10417\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2263.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of a glasses wearing Robert G. Colodny with a sport coat and tie used to visually identify him. \" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2263.png 452w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2263-212x300.png 212w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2263-106x150.png 106w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>, 35\u201378. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1962. Reprinted in&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.pitt.edu\/~rbrandom\/Courses\/2023%20Sellars\/Sellars%20texts\/Sellars-Wilfrid-Science-Perception-and-reality.pdf\">Science, Perception and Reality<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/scienceperceptio0000sell\/page\/n5\/mode\/2up\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"253\" class=\"wp-image-10420\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2266.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color yellow and dark green photographic cutout of &quot;Science, Perception and Reality&quot; by Wilfrid Sellars used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2266.png 442w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2266-207x300.png 207w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2266-104x150.png 104w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1963. A collection of some of Sellars&#8217;s lectures and articles from 1951 to 1962. See screen capture for reproduced titles. Also <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/scienceperceptio0000sell\/page\/n5\/mode\/2up\">available at Internet Archive<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"512\" class=\"wp-image-1488\" style=\"width: 1000px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_EC8DC7B9-753F-4CB6-82B9-CAC8593F7992.png\" alt=\"A screen capture of the Table of Contents for &quot;Science, Perception, and Reality&quot; by Wilfrid Sellars.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_EC8DC7B9-753F-4CB6-82B9-CAC8593F7992.png 1320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_EC8DC7B9-753F-4CB6-82B9-CAC8593F7992-300x154.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_EC8DC7B9-753F-4CB6-82B9-CAC8593F7992-1024x524.png 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_EC8DC7B9-753F-4CB6-82B9-CAC8593F7992-768x393.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wilfrid_Sellars\">Sellars<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/sellars\/\">Wilfrid<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wilfrid_Sellars_Faculty_Photo.jpg#\/media\/File:Wilfrid_Sellars_Faculty_Photo.jpg\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wilfrid_Sellars_Faculty_Photo.jpg#\/media\/File:Wilfrid_Sellars_Faculty_Photo.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"234\" class=\"wp-image-5998\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_0989.png\" alt=\"A reversed colorized enhanced photographic cutout of Wilfrid Sellars wearing a dark blue suit jacket over a white shirt and dark red and blue tie holding an open book in his lap used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_0989.png 205w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_0989-192x300.png 192w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/sciencemetaphysi0000sell\/page\/n3\/mode\/2up\">Science and Metaphysics: Variations on Kantian Themes<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/YamtCLy2pV2KTUxP8\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"233\" class=\"wp-image-10299\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1878.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of the book cover of &quot;Science and Metaphysics: Variations on Kantian Themes&quot; by Wilfrid Sellars used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1878.png 480w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1878-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1878-113x150.png 113w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. The John Locke Lectures for 1965\u201366. London: Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul, 1968.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Stefan-Sencerz\">Sencerz, Stefan S<\/a>.<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/foxthepoet.blogspot.com\/2011\/01\/where-am-i-from-by-stefan-s-sencerz.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"124\" class=\"wp-image-4635\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_53771793-8553-4A01-9050-1E518CBD1B2D.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a mustached Stefan S. Sencerz looking to his left wearing  a mottled gray shirt used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_53771793-8553-4A01-9050-1E518CBD1B2D.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_53771793-8553-4A01-9050-1E518CBD1B2D-300x298.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_53771793-8553-4A01-9050-1E518CBD1B2D-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/x4i6aGiMhRDy6xfy6\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"161\" class=\"wp-image-4637\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_71B6C419-BFD1-4D05-BE32-F4C07F7BB996.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a mustached Stefan S. Sencerz leaning to his right looking out at the viewer wearing an orange t-shirt under an official major league baseball with patch dark blue sleeveless Texas vest jacket used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_71B6C419-BFD1-4D05-BE32-F4C07F7BB996.png 249w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_71B6C419-BFD1-4D05-BE32-F4C07F7BB996-233x300.png 233w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/n4z7QiQetHiWLVfE7\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"178\" class=\"wp-image-4640\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_BB686845-4451-4B48-BF61-66FB1AE7E2E3.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of a mustached and glasses adorned Stefan S. Sencerz pointing his left hand with index finger extended wearing a purple shirt with rounded neck under a black racing jacket used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_BB686845-4451-4B48-BF61-66FB1AE7E2E3.png 269w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_BB686845-4451-4B48-BF61-66FB1AE7E2E3-252x300.png 252w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/05568649009506333\">Descartes on Sensations and Animal Minds<\/a>.&#8221;&nbsp;<em>Philosophical Papers<\/em> 9 (1990): 119\u201341.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/udallas.edu\/constantin\/academics\/programs\/philosophy\/faculty\/sepper-dennis.php\">Sepper, Dennis L<\/a>.<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/independent.academia.edu\/DennisSepper\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-10074\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1353.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a glasses wearing Dennis L. Sepper with a. full beard and mustache and wearing a white collared  shirt with thin gray vertical stripes and a light blue paisley tie used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1353.png 400w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1353-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1353-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/junkyardofthemind.com\/blog\/2018\/1\/22\/imagination-and-neo-aristotelian-epistemology\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\" class=\"wp-image-10076\" style=\"width: 225px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1352.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of a glasses wearing Dennis L. Sepper with a. full beard and mustache and wearing a white collared shirt with thin gray vertical stripes and a light blue paisley tie used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1352.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1352-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1352-150x113.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_s_Imagination.html?id=bDS1cCdw7oEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_s_Imagination.html?id=bDS1cCdw7oEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Descartes&#8217;s Imagination: Proportion, Images, and the Activity of Thinking<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/3QoWUDdw9YtW61p17\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"329\" class=\"wp-image-10072\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1347.png\" alt=\"An enhanced mostly black book cover of &quot;Descartes's Imagination: Proportion, Images and the Activity of Thinking&quot; by Dennis L. \nSepper used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1347.png 340w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1347-159x300.png 159w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1347-80x150.png 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1996.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:31px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/profile\/Dmytro-Sepetyi\">Septeyi, Dymtro<\/a> <\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.geocities.ws\/sepety\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"185\" class=\"wp-image-39303\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_7085.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced, colorized photographic cutout of Dmytro Sepetyi wearing a blue shirt with a white collar beneath a blue sport coat, looking slightly to his left, is used to identify him visually.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_7085.png 928w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_7085-243x300.png 243w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_7085-831x1024.png 831w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_7085-122x150.png 122w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_7085-768x947.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> .    &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/journal.kdpu.edu.ua\/apd\/article\/view\/7624\/7084\">Mind-body Interaction, Physical Causation, and the Natures of Substances in Descartes\u2019s philosophy<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/journal.kdpu.edu.ua\/apd\">Actual Problems of Mind\/Spirituality<\/a><\/em> 23 &nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/journal.kdpu.edu.ua\/apd\/issue\/view\/173\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"252\" class=\"wp-image-10154\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1355.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced very bright yellows journal cover for he 2022 issue of &quot;Actual States of Mind&quot; used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1355.jpeg 444w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1355-208x300.jpeg 208w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1355-104x150.jpeg 104w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> , edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com.ua\/citations?user=MQInB6sAAAAJ&amp;hl=en\">Yaroslav<\/a> V. <a href=\"https:\/\/kdpu.edu.ua\/shramko\/yse.htm\">Shramko<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/kdpu.edu.ua\/shramko\/yse.htm\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"184\" class=\"wp-image-12727\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5415.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Yaroslav V. Shramko, wearing glasses, a gray suit, a light blue shirt, and a red tie is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5415.png 520w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5415-285x300.png 285w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5415-142x150.png 142w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, 64\u201383. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kryvyi_Rih\">Kryvyi Rih<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ukraine\">UKR(aine)<\/a>: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kryvyi_Rih_State_Pedagogical_University\">KDPU<\/a>, 2022.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/journal.kdpu.edu.ua\/apd\/article\/view\/7624\/7084\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> The article discusses the problem of the compatibility of Descartes\u2019s doctrine of interactionist substance dualism with his claims about the law of the conservation of the quantity of motion, about the way God maintains the world in existence, and about minds and bodies having only properties that are modes of thinking or extension respectively. The case is made that although there seem to be <em>prima facie<\/em> conflicts, they can be neutralised as merely apparent. The position that mental states cause some motions in the brain is consistent with Descartes\u2019s postulation of the existence of the law of conservation of the quantity of motion, insofar as it derives from God\u2019s immutability whereas souls are not immutable, as well as with the laws of conservation established by Newtonian physics, insofar as they don\u2019t prohibit purely redistributive changes and are established only for physical interactions. Descartes\u2019s interactionism does not conflict with his statements about the way God maintains the world in existence, if the latter are construed in the sense that God preserves motion in the world by preserving the laws of nature, and the conservation of the world by God is a continuation of the initial act of creation. The principle that all properties of a substance are modes of its main attribute agrees with substance dualism and interactionism, if we admit that Descartes\u2019s ontology of the world includes, besides substances of two kinds with their main attributes and modes of those attributes, something more\u2014irreducible <em>sui generis<\/em> entities, such as the substantial union of body and soul and\/or psychophysical laws of nature.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/profile\/Dmytro-Sepetyi\">Septeyi, Dymtro<\/a> <\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.geocities.ws\/sepety\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"185\" class=\"wp-image-39303\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_7085.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced, colorized photographic cutout of Dmytro Sepetyi wearing a blue shirt with a white collar beneath a blue sport coat, looking slightly to his left, is used to identify him visually.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_7085.png 928w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_7085-243x300.png 243w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_7085-831x1024.png 831w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_7085-122x150.png 122w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_7085-768x947.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Dmytro-Sepetyi\/publication\/350566722_The_problem_of_mind-body_interaction_and_the_causal_principle_of_Descartes's_Third_Meditation\/links\/610e7ecd1e95fe241ab73463\/The-problem-of-mind-body-interaction-and-the-causal-principle-of-Descartess-Third-Meditation.pdf?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIn19\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Dmytro-Sepetyi\/publication\/350566722_The_problem_of_mind-body_interaction_and_the_causal_principle_of_Descartes's_Third_Meditation\/links\/610e7ecd1e95fe241ab73463\/The-problem-of-mind-body-interaction-and-the-causal-principle-of-Descartess-Third-Meditation.pdf?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIn19\">The Problem of Mind\u2013Body Interaction in the Causal Principle of Descartes&#8217;s Third Meditation<\/a>.&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/journal\/Sententiae-2308-8915\"><em>Sententiae<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;40, no. 1 (April 2021): 28\u201343.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/350566722_The_problem_of_mind-body_interaction_and_the_causal_principle_of_Descartes's_Third_Meditation\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> The article analyses recent English publications in Cartesian studies that deal with two problems: (1) the problem of the intrinsic coherence of Descartes\u2019s doctrine of the real distinction and interaction between mind and body and (2) the problem of the consistency of this doctrine with the causal principle formulated in the Third Meditation. The principle at issue is alternatively interpreted by different Cartesian scholars either as the Hierarchy Principle, that the cause should be at least as perfect as its effects, or the Containment Principle, that the cause should contain all there is in its effects. The author argues that Descartes\u2019s claim (in his argument against the scholastic doctrine of substantial forms) that it is inconceivable how things of different natures can interact does not conflict with the acknowledgement of interaction between things of different natures in the case of soul and body. The case is made that Cartesian mind-body interaction can agree with both the Hierarchy Principle and the Containment Principle, because the Principle is about total and efficient cause, whereas in the interaction, mental and brain states are only partial (and plausibly, in the case of brains states, occasional) causes. In particular, in the case of the causality in the brain-to-mind direction, the mind is conditioned by brain states to form the corresponding specific ideas on the basis of its innate general ideas of movements, forms, colours, etc. Eventually, for Descartes, the most natural way to deal with worries about the possibility of mind-brain interaction is to rely on God\u2019s omnipotence, which certainly enables Him to arrange for such interaction.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/profile\/Dmytro-Sepetyi\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/shapiro.philosophy.uconn.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/541\/2014\/06\/WebCV.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/shapiro.philosophy.uconn.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/541\/2014\/06\/WebCV.pdf\"><strong>Shapiro, Lionel<\/strong><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/QrpLt9p23ijRidAh9\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"155\" class=\"wp-image-4597\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/f26a62b8-c0ff-4be7-b6d5-cd1e48bb75e7.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot and torso cutout of a smiling glasses adorned Lionel Shapiro wearing a gray collared shirt with his head turned away from viewer towards his left used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/f26a62b8-c0ff-4be7-b6d5-cd1e48bb75e7.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/f26a62b8-c0ff-4be7-b6d5-cd1e48bb75e7-300x266.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/philarchive.org\/archive\/SHAIBA\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philarchive.org\/archive\/SHAIBA\">Intentionality Bifurcated: A Lesson from Early Modern Philosophy?<\/a>. In <em><a href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1007\/978-94-007-6241-1\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1007\/978-94-007-6241-1\">Contemporary Perspectives on Early Modern Philosophy: Nature and Norms in Thought<\/a><\/em>&#8221; (Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, Vol. 29), edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/rug.academia.edu\/MartinLenz\">Martin Lenz<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/going_loopy\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-10084\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1360.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced  photographic headshot cutout of a gray bearded and mustached and unsmiling Martin Lenz wearing a white collared shirt under a dark gray suit jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1360.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1360-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1360-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1360-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sydney.edu.au\/arts\/about\/our-people\/academic-staff\/anik-waldow.html\">Anik Waldow<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/66bHBsCt93haHYGg6\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"225\" class=\"wp-image-10086\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1367.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of an unsmiling Snik Waldow with shoulder length hair wearing a red necklace with a white uncollared shirt under a dark jacket used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1367.png 426w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1367-200x300.png 200w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1367-100x150.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, 39\u201351. Dordrecht: Springer, June, 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/shapiro.philosophy.uconn.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/541\/2014\/06\/WebCV.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/shapiro.philosophy.uconn.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/541\/2014\/06\/WebCV.pdf\"><strong>Shapiro, Lionel<\/strong><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/logic.uconn.edu\/person\/lionel-shapiro\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"187\" class=\"wp-image-4591\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7479.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot and torso cutout of a smiling glasses adorned Lionel Shapiro wearing a dark jacket over a dark blue shirt used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7479.png 257w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7479-241x300.png 241w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> . &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/23210082\">Objective Being and &#8216;Ofness&#8217; in Descartes<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Philosophy and Phenomenological Research<\/em> 84, no. 2 (2012): 378\u2013418.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lisa%20Shapiro\">Shapiro<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/lisacshapiro.org\/papers\/\">Lisa<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/lisacshapiro.files.wordpress.com\/2022\/04\/shapirocv202111-redacted.pdf\">Caryn<\/a><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mcgill.ca\/philosophy\/lisa-shapiro\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-4037\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ce27e6b0-5158-411b-b5a5-429a96f62737.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of Lisa. Shapiro wearing a collared dark blue shirt under a black jacket and a silver necklace with a pearl pendant around her neck used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ce27e6b0-5158-411b-b5a5-429a96f62737.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ce27e6b0-5158-411b-b5a5-429a96f62737-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ce27e6b0-5158-411b-b5a5-429a96f62737-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/lisacshapiro.files.wordpress.com\/2012\/05\/shapiropassionsrepresentation2draft.pdf\">Cartesian Passions as Representational Mental States<\/a>.&#8221; Unpublished draft manuscript. Do not cite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Available at <a href=\"https:\/\/lisacshapiro.org\/draftsworks-in-progress\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Lisa Shapiro\u2019s personal website<\/span><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">See her <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sfu.ca\/philosophy\/people\/faculty\/profiles\/lisa-shapiro.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Simon Frazier University Philosophy department website<\/span><\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lisa%20Shapiro\">Shapiro<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/lisacshapiro.org\/papers\/\">Lisa<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sfu.ca\/philosophy\/people\/faculty\/profiles\/lisa-shapiro.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"135\" height=\"174\" class=\"wp-image-4038\" style=\"width: 135px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6585.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot  cutout of Lisa Shapiro wearing a floral shirt under a tan jacket used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6585.png 248w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6585-233x300.png 233w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 135px) 100vw, 135px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/LISDPO\">Descartes\u2019s Passions of the Soul<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Philosophy Compass<\/em>&nbsp;1, no. 3 <a href=\"https:\/\/compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/journal\/17479991\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"252\" class=\"wp-image-12012\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_4318.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced yellow cover of the journal \u201cPhilosophy Compass\u201d with a bust of Socrates in the lower right corner was used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_4318.jpeg 445w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_4318-209x300.jpeg 209w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_4318-104x150.jpeg 104w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> (2006): 268\u201378.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1747-9991.2006.00022.x\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Abstract<\/span><\/a>:<\/strong> While Descartes&#8217;s&nbsp;<em>Passions of the Soul<\/em>&nbsp;has been taken to hold a place in the history to human physiology, until recently philosophers have neglected the work. In this research summary, I set Descartes&#8217;s last published work in context and then sketch out its philosophical significance. From it, we gain further insight into Descartes&#8217;s solution to the Mind\u2013Body Problem\u2014that is, to the problem of the ontological status of the mind\u2013body union in a human being, to the nature of body\u2013mind causation, and to the way body-caused thoughts represent the world. In addition, the work contains Descartes&#8217;s developed ethics, in his account of virtue and of the passion of&nbsp;<em>g\u00e9n\u00e9rosit\u00e9<\/em>&nbsp;in particular. Through his taxonomy of the passions and the account of their regulation, we also learn more about his moral psychology.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lisa%20Shapiro\">Shapiro<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/lisacshapiro.org\/papers\/\">Lisa<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/mulheresfilosofiamoderna.wordpress.com\/2019\/05\/16\/lisa-shapiro\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"203\" class=\"wp-image-15497\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8205.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of Lisa Shapiro, with big hair and wearing a salmon-colored floppy turtleneck sweater under a colorful shawl tied at her chest, is used to identify her visually.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8205.png 472w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8205-221x300.png 221w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8205-111x150.png 111w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SHADPO\">Descartes&#8217; Passions of the Soul and the Union of Mind and Body<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Archiv f\u00fcr Geschichte der Philosophie<\/em>&nbsp;85, no. 3 (2003): 211\u201348.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lisa%20Shapiro\">Shapiro<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/lisacshapiro.org\/papers\/\">Lisa<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fmsh.fr\/en\/researchers\/lisa-shapiro\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"135\" height=\"180\" class=\"wp-image-4040\" style=\"width: 135px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6586.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Lisa Shapiro wearing a tight rounded neck black shirt used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6586.png 240w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6586-225x300.png 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 135px) 100vw, 135px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/289941009_How_We_Experience_the_World_Passionate_Perception_in_Descartes_and_Spinoza\">How We Experience the World: Passionate Perception in Descartes and Spinoza<\/a>.&#8221; In <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/584439240\/Martin-Pickave-Lisa-Shapiro-eds-Emotion-and-Cognitive-Life-in-Medieval-and-Early-Modern-Philosophy-2012-Oxford-University-Press-libgen-lc\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/global.oup.com\/academic\/product\/emotion-and-cognitive-life-in-medieval-and-early-modern-philosophy-9780199579914?cc=us&amp;lang=en&amp;\">Emotion and Cognitive Life in Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/584439240\/Martin-Pickave-Lisa-Shapiro-eds-Emotion-and-Cognitive-Life-in-Medieval-and-Early-Modern-Philosophy-2012-Oxford-University-Press-libgen-lc\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"226\" class=\"wp-image-12055\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4497.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced brown book cover with a painting of robed or partially nude women of \u201cEmotion &amp; Cognitive Life in Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy,\u201d edited by Martin Pickave and Lisa Shapiro, was used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4497.jpeg 496w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4497-233x300.jpeg 233w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4497-116x150.jpeg 116w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.utoronto.ca\/directory\/martin-pickave\/\">Martin<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/individual.utoronto.ca\/martinpickave\/home\/Welcome.html\">Pickav\u00e9<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.utoronto.ca\/directory\/martin-pickave\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"165\" class=\"wp-image-11287\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_A6609A79-6CB8-4350-948F-7401ED5E6A47.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Martin Pickav\u00e9 with glasses and wearing a light purple shirt under a dark blue jacket is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_A6609A79-6CB8-4350-948F-7401ED5E6A47.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_A6609A79-6CB8-4350-948F-7401ED5E6A47-300x284.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_A6609A79-6CB8-4350-948F-7401ED5E6A47-150x142.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lisa%20Shapiro\">Lisa<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lisa%20Shapiro\">Shapiro<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sfu.ca\/sfunews\/stories\/2020\/07\/major-award-seeks-to-revive-and-recognise-hidden-philosophers--v.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"179\" class=\"wp-image-10095\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1482.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic headshot cutout of Lisa Shapiro with big hair and wearing a gray string necklacewith a single large pearl over a black round neck shirt under a blue multi-colored jacket used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1482.png 448w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1482-210x300.png 210w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1482-105x150.png 105w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>, 193\u2013216. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lisa%20Shapiro\">Shapiro<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/lisacshapiro.org\/papers\/\">Lisa<\/a> <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sfu.ca\/philosophy\/people\/faculty\/profiles\/lisa-shapiro.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"135\" height=\"174\" class=\"wp-image-4038\" style=\"width: 135px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6585.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot  cutout of Lisa Shapiro wearing a floral shirt under a tan jacket used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6585.png 248w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6585-233x300.png 233w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 135px) 100vw, 135px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/go.pl?id=SHAMIT-6&amp;proxyId=&amp;u=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.11612%2Fresphil.2015.92.1.3\">Memory in the Meditations<\/a>.&#8221; <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/asearch.pl?pub=4534\">Res Philosophica<\/a><\/em>&nbsp;92, no. 1 (2015): 41\u201360.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SHAMIT-6\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SHAMIT-6\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">Author&#8217;s Abstract<\/mark><\/a>:<\/strong> This paper considers just how memory works throughout the Meditations to adduce Descartes\u2019s conception of memory. Examining the meditator\u2019s memory at work raises some questions about the nature of Cartesian memory and its epistemic role. What is the distinction between remembering and repeating a thought? If remembering is not simply repeating a thought, then what is involved in properly remembering? Can we remember properly while adding or shifting content, say, in virtue of articulating relations between ideas? If so, what is the relation between remembering and reasoning, since both would then involve relations of ideas? These questions become salient in considering the meditator\u2019s creative recollections in the Third and especially the Sixth Meditations. After briefly considering what Descartes does say about memory, I consider two other strategies for addressing those questions: an analogy with innate ideas, and attending to the role that other thinkers play in one\u2019s own recollections.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lisa%20Shapiro\">Shapiro<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/lisacshapiro.org\/papers\/\">Lisa<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sfu.ca\/sfunews\/stories\/2020\/07\/major-award-seeks-to-revive-and-recognise-hidden-philosophers--v.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"179\" class=\"wp-image-10095\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1482.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic headshot cutout of Lisa Shapiro with big hair and wearing a gray string necklacewith a single large pearl over a black round neck shirt under a blue multi-colored jacket used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1482.png 448w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1482-210x300.png 210w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1482-105x150.png 105w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/lisacshapiro.files.wordpress.com\/2012\/04\/shapiropassionsmeditations.pdf\">What are Passions Doing in the Meditations<\/a>?&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/ndpr.nd.edu\/reviews\/persons-and-passions-essays-in-honor-of-annette-baier\/\">Persons and Passions: Essays in Honor of Annette Baier<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/mjGCwK7v4DW6mNeS7\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"255\" class=\"wp-image-12039\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4430.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced purple and upper left white quadrant book cover using purple and orange fonts for the title of \u201cPersons &amp; Passions: Essays in Honor of Annette Baier,\u201d edited by Joyce Jenkins, Jennifer Whiting, and Christopher Williams, and is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4430.jpeg 439w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4430-206x300.jpeg 206w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4430-103x150.jpeg 103w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/christopher-williams\">Christopher<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unr.edu\/philosophy\/people\/christopher-williams#:~:text=Christopher%20Williams%2C%20Ph.&amp;text=Professor%20Williams%20is%20the%20author,(Notre%20Dame%2C%202005).\">Williams<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unr.edu\/philosophy\/people\/christopher-williams#:~:text=Christopher%20Williams%2C%20Ph.&amp;text=Professor%20Williams%20is%20the%20author,(Notre%20Dame%2C%202005).\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-12049\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4474.png\" alt=\"To visually identify him, a reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Christopher Williams with round glasses and a mauve collared shirt was used.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4474.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4474-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4474-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4474-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.philosophy.pitt.edu\/people\/jwhiting\">Jennifer<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jennifer_Whiting\">Whiting<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.philosophy.pitt.edu\/people\/jwhiting\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"171\" class=\"wp-image-12052\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4475-1.png\" alt=\"A reversed colorized photographic headshot cutout of Jennifer Whiting wearing a green shirt with white writing on it and her right hand upraised making a point was used for visual identification. \" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4475-1.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4475-1-300x256.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4475-1-150x128.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Joyce%20L.%20Jenkins\">Joyce<\/a> Lynn <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Joyce%20L.%20Jenkins\">Jenkins<\/a> (no known photo), 14\u201332. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2005.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/donald-sievert\">Sievert<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.missouri.edu\/people\/sievert\">Donald<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.missouri.edu\/people\/sievert\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"196\" class=\"wp-image-3631\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5614.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and blended colorize color photographic cutout of Donald Sievert used for identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5614.png 286w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5614-268x300.png 268w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/vdocuments.mx\/sellars-and-descartes-on-the-fundamental-form-of-the-mental.html?page=1\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/vdocuments.mx\/sellars-and-descartes-on-the-fundamental-form-of-the-mental.html?page=1\">Sellars and Descartes on the Fundamental Form of the Mental<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Philosophical Studies<\/em> 37, no. 3 (1980): 251\u201357.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/alison-simmons\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/alison-simmons\">Simmons<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.fas.harvard.edu\/people\/alison-simmons\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philosophy.fas.harvard.edu\/people\/alison-simmons\">Alison<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/soar.suny.edu\/bitstream\/handle\/20.500.12648\/3265\/phil_ex\/vol41\/iss1\/2\/fulltext%20(1).pdf?sequence=1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"221\" class=\"wp-image-11674\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_4033.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of Alison Simmons with rose red lipstick, two-inch-long dangle earrings, and a black open-neck shirt under a black fabric jacket is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_4033.png 434w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_4033-203x300.png 203w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_4033-102x150.png 102w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2671991\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2671991\">Are Cartesian Sensations Representational?<\/a>,&#8221; <em>No\u00fbs<\/em> 33, no. 3 (1999): 347\u201369.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.harvard.edu\/alisonsimmons\/research\">Abstract<\/a><em>:&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong>Takes on the question whether, what and how secondary quality sensations and bodily sensations represent anything in the corporeal world in the context of Descartes\u2019 theory of sensory perception. I argue that Descartes has pressing philosophical motivation to argue that these sensations do indeed represent something in the corporeal world; they are more than mere window dressing of the mind. In response to the pressure, Descartes offers the beginnings of what I call a \u201cbio-functional\u201d account of sensory representation that builds on his claim in the Sixth Meditation that the senses are directed to self-preservation.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2671991?seq=1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"662\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2563-662x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-27445\" style=\"width:899px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2563-662x1024.jpeg 662w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2563-194x300.jpeg 194w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2563-97x150.jpeg 97w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2563-768x1187.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2563-994x1536.jpeg 994w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2563-1325x2048.jpeg 1325w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2563.jpeg 1630w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 662px) 100vw, 662px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:0px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/alison-simmons\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/alison-simmons\">Simmons<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.fas.harvard.edu\/people\/alison-simmons\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philosophy.fas.harvard.edu\/people\/alison-simmons\">Alison<\/a><\/strong> <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"183\" class=\"wp-image-2705\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1894.png\" alt=\"A color photographic cutout used for identifying Alison Simmons with a slight smile and clutching her black and white shoulder strap bag.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1894.png 262w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1894-246x300.png 246w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/quod.lib.umich.edu\/cgi\/p\/pod\/dod-idx\/cartesian-consciousness-reconsidered.pdf?c=phimp;idno=3521354.0012.002;format=pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/quod.lib.umich.edu\/cgi\/p\/pod\/dod-idx\/cartesian-consciousness-reconsidered.pdf?c=phimp;idno=3521354.0012.002;format=pdf\">Cartesian Consciousness Reconsidered<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Philosopher&#8217;s Imprint<\/em> 12, no. 2 (January 2012): 1\u201321. Also readable at <a href=\"https:\/\/quod.lib.umich.edu\/p\/phimp\/3521354.0012.002\/1\/--cartesian-consciousness-reconsidered?page=root;rgn=publications;size=150;view=image;q1=dlps#pagenav\">Michigan Publishing<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.harvard.edu\/alisonsimmons\/research\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong>&nbsp;Descartes (in)famously revolutionized our conception of the mind by identifying consciousness as the mark of the mental: all and only thoughts are conscious. Today the idea that all thoughts are conscious seems hopelessly na\u00efve or blindly dogmatic. Empirical psychologists, psychiatrists, and zombie-loving philosophers all embrace the existence, or at least the possibility, of unconscious thoughts. But Descartes faces a problem more serious than being snubbed by today\u2019s intellectuals: in his own work on the mind, Descartes himself seems to posit a whole host of unconscious thoughts. Something is not as it seems. Either Descartes is remarkably inconsistent, or his claim that all thought is conscious is more nuanced than it appears. In this paper I argue that while Descartes was indeed unwavering in his commitment to the conscious mark, he distinguished different types and degrees of consciousness that make for a rather rich cognitive psychology, one that is capable of accommodating a range of phenomena that others might be tempted to identify as unconscious.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:32px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/alison-simmons\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/alison-simmons\">Simmons<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.fas.harvard.edu\/people\/alison-simmons\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philosophy.fas.harvard.edu\/people\/alison-simmons\">Alison<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/berggruen.org\/people\/alison-simmons\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/berggruen.org\/people\/alison-simmons\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"178\" class=\"wp-image-2697\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1890.png\" alt=\"A color photographic cutout of Alison Simmons identifying her visually.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1890.png 270w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1890-253x300.png 253w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/chapters\/edit\/10.4324\/9781315146539-3\/descartes-causal-structure-cognition-alison-simmons\">Descartes on the Causal Structure of Cognition<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Causation-and-Cognition-in-Early-Modern-Philosophy\/Perler-Bender\/p\/book\/9781315146539\">Causation and Cognition: Perspectives on Early Modern Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Causation-and-Cognition-in-Early-Modern-Philosophy\/Perler-Bender\/p\/book\/9781315146539\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"264\" class=\"wp-image-11267\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3292.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced bluish-green book cover with a white middle section containing the all capital letters title in black font of \u201cCausation and Cognition in Early Modern Philosophy\u201d edited by Dominik Perler and Sebastian Bender, used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3292.jpeg 425w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3292-199x300.jpeg 199w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3292-100x150.jpeg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/hu-berlin.academia.edu\/SebastianBender\">Sebastian<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sebastianbender.net\">Bender<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sebastianbender.net\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"227\" class=\"wp-image-39319\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_7101.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Sebastian Bender, with a slightly open-mouthed smile, black beard and mustache, black-framed glasses, and a rounded-neck dark gray shirt, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_7101.png 676w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_7101-198x300.png 198w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/IMG_7101-99x150.png 99w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.philosophie.hu-berlin.de\/en\/sections\/theorie\/mitarbeiter\/perler\/index.html\">Dominik<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dominik_Perler\">Perler<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinestores.2024fashions.com\/content?c=dominik+perler&amp;id=16\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"162\" class=\"wp-image-11011\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2890.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic upper torso to headshot cutout of an spesking Dominik Perler with rimless glasses and a white shirt with his hands up on either side making a point used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2890.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2890-300x243.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2890-150x121.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>. New York: Routledge (2019\/2020): 39\u201360.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.harvard.edu\/alisonsimmons\/research\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong>&nbsp;The causal structure of Cartesian cognition involves the complex interplay of world, human bodies, and human minds. While Descartes explicitly overhauls the metaphysics of mind and body, he says little about the metaphysics of causation that allows these substances to interact with and change each other. What little he does say raises puzzles. This chapter explores the causal structure of Cartesian cognitoin in general and the causal structure of sensory cognition in particular.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/alison-simmons\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/alison-simmons\">Simmons<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.fas.harvard.edu\/people\/alison-simmons\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philosophy.fas.harvard.edu\/people\/alison-simmons\">Alison<\/a> <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecrimson.com\/flyby\/article\/2010\/4\/3\/flyby-harvard-students-nbsp\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"161\" class=\"wp-image-11353\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3460.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Alison Simmons with a gold metal bangle on a leather string around her neck and wearing a tan open-collared shirt with a round neck black t-shirt underneath it used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3460.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3460-300x241.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3460-150x121.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a><strong>.<\/strong> &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/20140627#\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/20140627#\">Descartes on the Cognitive Structure of Sensory Experience<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Philosophy and Phenomenological Research<\/em> 67, no. 3 (January 2003): 549\u201379.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/colab.ws\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1933-1592.2003.tb00308.x\">Abstract:<\/a><\/strong> Descartes is often thought to bifurcate sensory experience into two distinct cognitive components: the sensing of secondary qualities and the more or less intellectual perceiving of primary qualities. A closer examination of his analysis of sensory perception in the Sixth Replies and his treatment of sensory processing in the Dioptrics and Treatise on Man tells a different story. I argue that Descartes offers a unified cognitive account of sensory experience according to which the senses and intellect operate together to produce a fundamentally imagistic representation of the world in both its primary and secondary quality aspects. At stake here is not only our understanding of the cognitive structure of sensory experience but the relation of sense and intellect more generally in the Cartesian mind. The deep bifurcation in the Cartesian mind is not between the sensory perception of primary and secondary qualities but between sensory perception and purely intellectual perception.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.harvard.edu\/files\/alisonsimmons\/files\/phil_223_short_syllabus.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.philosophy.rutgers.edu\/joomlatools-files\/docman-files\/syllabi\/630_Seminar_Descartes_FA2015.pdf\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">Alison Simmon&#8217;s overview<\/mark><\/strong><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.harvard.edu\/files\/alisonsimmons\/files\/phil_223_short_syllabus.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.philosophy.rutgers.edu\/joomlatools-files\/docman-files\/syllabi\/630_Seminar_Descartes_FA2015.pdf\">(2011)<\/a>: Argues against the (then) prevailing view that primary quality perception is somehow more intellectual than secondary quality perception, and that, as a result, sensory experience is curiously &#8220;bifurcated&#8221; into an intellectual and sensory component. Explores along the way some of the details of Descartes&#8217; account of sensory processing.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/alison-simmons\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/alison-simmons\">Simmons<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.fas.harvard.edu\/people\/alison-simmons\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philosophy.fas.harvard.edu\/people\/alison-simmons\">Alison<\/a> <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/harvardfoundation.fas.harvard.edu\/people\/alison-simmons\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"260\" class=\"wp-image-11356\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3461.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of a smiling Alison Simmons wearing a dark orange jacket with black buttons, a black shirt underneath, and a black necklace are used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3461.png 369w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3461-173x300.png 173w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3461-86x150.png 86w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><strong>.<\/strong> &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4320476\">Explaining Sense Perception: A Scholastic Challenge<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Philosophical Studies<\/em> 73, no. 2\/3 (March 1994): 257\u201375.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.harvard.edu\/alisonsimmons\/research\">Abstract<\/a>:&nbsp;<\/strong>Explores the philosophical foundations of the \u201cspecies\u201d theory of sensory perception as develops in late scholastic (16th c.) Jesuit philosophers. I argue that the species theory is a philosophically and textually well-motivated interpretation (and development) of Aristotle\u2019s cryptic claim that sensory perception occurs by the \u201creception of form with its matter.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/alison-simmons\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/alison-simmons\">Simmons<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.fas.harvard.edu\/people\/alison-simmons\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philosophy.fas.harvard.edu\/people\/alison-simmons\">Alison<\/a> <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/DACHuySiXSxuoGRK6\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"210\" class=\"wp-image-11361\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3462.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Alison Simmons wearing an open v-neck blue shirt with her head turned to her left is used for visual identification. \" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3462.png 534w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3462-250x300.png 250w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3462-125x150.png 125w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a><strong>.<\/strong> &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Guarding-the-Body-%3A-A-Cartesian-Phenomenology-of-Simmons\/2f43a7788b4d74ade054020ab7dcba28e5353117\">Guarding the Body: A Cartesian Phenomenology of Perception<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=jhBbDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT7&amp;source=gb_mobile_entity&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1&amp;gl=US#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=jhBbDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT7&amp;source=gb_mobile_entity&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1&amp;gl=US#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Contemporary Perspectives on Early Modern Philosophy Essays in Honor of Vere Chappell<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/broadviewpress.com\/product\/contemporary-perspectives-on-early-modern-philosophy\/#tab-table-of-contents\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" class=\"wp-image-12017\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4410.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced white book cover of \u201cContemporary Perspectives on Early Modern Philosophy: \nEssays in Honor of Vere Chappell\u201d (2008), edited by Paul Hoffman, David Owen, and Gideon Yaff, with a grid pattern containing drawings if the faces of famous philosophers, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4410.jpeg 427w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4410-200x300.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4410-100x150.jpeg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\">Paul Hoffman<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"198\" class=\"wp-image-2687\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1860.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and colorized headshot of Paul Hoffman used for identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1860.png 243w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1860-228x300.png 228w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/david-w-d-owen\">David Owen<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/universityofarizona.academia.edu\/DavidOwen\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"178\" class=\"wp-image-12023\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4419.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of David Owens from the University of Arizona, wearing glasses and a gray with white vertical stripes collared shirt, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4419.png 450w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4419-211x300.png 211w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4419-105x150.png 105w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/gideon-yaffe\">Gideon Yaffe<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/casbs.stanford.edu\/people\/gideon-yaffe\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"190\" class=\"wp-image-12027\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4423.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of Gideon Yaffe wearing glasses and a purple rounded-neck shirt is used for visual identification. \" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4423.png 506w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4423-237x300.png 237w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4423-119x150.png 119w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, 81\u2013113. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press, 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.harvard.edu\/alisonsimmons\/research\">Abstract<\/a>:&nbsp;<\/strong>Although Descartes and Malebranche both routinely criticize the senses for misrepresenting the material world to us, they just as routinely insist that the senses represent the material world in a way that is especially conducive to self-preservation. What is it about sensory representation that is supposed to make it so conducive to self-preservation? And why do these thinkers suggest that the senses can do a better job of this than even their cherished intellects?<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/alison-simmons\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/alison-simmons\">Simmons<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.fas.harvard.edu\/people\/alison-simmons\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philosophy.fas.harvard.edu\/people\/alison-simmons\">Alison<\/a> <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/ethics.harvard.edu\/people\/alison-simmons\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"213\" class=\"wp-image-11363\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3463.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Alison Simmons wearing an open, rounded-neck brown shirt under a navy jacket with thin lapels is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3463.png 525w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3463-246x300.png 246w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3463-123x150.png 123w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a><strong>.<\/strong> &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SIMMST-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Making Sense: The Problem of Phenomenal Qualities in Late Scholastic Aristotelianism and Descartes<\/a>.&#8221; PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1994. Major advisor: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\">Gary Hatfield<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"164\" class=\"wp-image-11333\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3472.png\" alt=\"A reversed close colorized headshot of a rimless glasses wearing Gary Carl Hatfield with a full white beard and mustache and a dark shirt used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3472.png 488w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3472-229x300.png 229w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3472-114x150.png 114w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SIMMST-2\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> It is no surprise that the phenomenal qualities of our sensory experience pose recalcitrant philosophical problems for a physical materialist metaphysics. The colors of flowers as we experience them by sight, the taste of a ripe peach, and the smell of fresh-cut grass are undeniably part of the experienced world; yet in their phenomenal mode, they do not seem well-placed in the physicist&#8217;s world of particles and energy fields. It seems, prima facie, that the metaphysical programs found in earlier science and philosophy were better suited to accommodate these qualities: in the hylomorphic world of the Aristotelians, colors were &#8220;real qualities&#8221; existing as such in flowers; in the dualistic world of Descartes, colors were displaced from things like flowers to the immaterial mind of the perceiver. The dissertation argues that this intuition about our philosophical heritage is both philosophically confused and historically inaccurate. It betrays a misconception about phenomenal qualities and the problems they pose which results from a failure to distinguish phenomenal qualities from a special subset of sensible qualities that we have come to call &#8220;secondary&#8221; qualities. Disentangled from the primary-secondary quality distinction, phenomenal qualities include all sensible qualities insofar as they form the experiential contents of our sensory perceptions. So considered, phenomenal qualities invite difficult questions about the representational nature and ontological status of our sensory experience even within the Aristotelian and Cartesian metaphysics. By examining Descartes&#8217; and the Aristotelians&#8217; theories of sense perception with a focus on these questions we achieve a better understanding of &#8220;the problem&#8221; of phenomenal qualities, better interpretations of these historical theories of sense perception, and suggestions for reshaping the problem space within which we think philosophically about phenomenal qualities today<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:31px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/alison-simmons\">Simmons<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.fas.harvard.edu\/people\/alison-simmons\">Alison<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/alisonsimmons.scholars.harvard.edu\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"208\" class=\"wp-image-37271\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6018.png\" alt=\"A reversed color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Alison Simmons wearing an open-v-neck blue blouse with dangling earrings ending in a pearl is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6018.png 737w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6018-216x300.png 216w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6018-108x150.png 108w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/quod.lib.umich.edu\/cgi\/p\/pod\/dod-idx\/mind-body-union-and-the-limits-of-cartesian-metaphysics.pdf?c=phimp;idno=3521354.0017.014;format=pdf\">Mind-Body Union and the Limits of Cartesian Metaphysics<\/a>.\u201d <em>Philosophers\u2019&nbsp;Imprint<\/em> 17, no. 14 (July 2017), 1\u201336.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:31px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/alison-simmons\">Simmons<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/alisonsimmons.scholars.harvard.edu\/\">Alison<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/alisonsimmons.scholars.harvard.edu\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"208\" class=\"wp-image-37271\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6018.png\" alt=\"A reversed color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Alison Simmons wearing an open-v-neck blue blouse with dangling earrings ending in a pearl is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6018.png 737w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6018-216x300.png 216w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6018-108x150.png 108w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Cartesianism-and-Philosophy-of-Mind\/Lahteenmaki-Marrama-Sinokki\/p\/book\/9781032853079\">Modernizing the Mind<\/a>.&#8221; In<em><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Cartesianism-and-Philosophy-of-Mind\/Lahteenmaki-Marrama-Sinokki\/p\/book\/9781032853079\">Cartesianism and Philosophy of Mind<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Cartesianism-and-Philosophy-of-Mind\/Lahteenmaki-Marrama-Sinokki\/p\/book\/9781032853079\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"226\" class=\"wp-image-37259\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced book cover for \u201cCartesianism and Philosophy of Mind,\u201d edited by Vili L\u00e4hteenmaki, Oberto Marrama, and Jani Sinokki, with the title centered on the cover, on a white rectangular background with a top and bottom diamond pattern in various shades of washed-out reddish-brown is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image.jpeg 1639w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-199x300.jpeg 199w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-678x1024.jpeg 678w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-99x150.jpeg 99w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-768x1159.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-1018x1536.jpeg 1018w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-1357x2048.jpeg 1357w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-600x900.jpeg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/oulu.academia.edu\/ViliL%C3%A4hteenm%C3%A4ki?swp=tc-au-11103558\">Vili<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/oulu.academia.edu\/ViliL%C3%A4hteenm%C3%A4ki?swp=tc-au-11103558\">L\u00e4hteenm\u00e4ki<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/vili-lahteenmaki\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"140\" class=\"wp-image-16336\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_9226.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Vili L\u00e4hteenm\u00e4ki with his right hand cupped around the glasses on his head is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_9226.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_9226-300x210.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_9226-150x105.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.utu.fi\/en\/people\/jani-sinokki\">Jani<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/jani-sinokki\">Sinokki<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/share.google\/mqWcywf9auGf02ShE\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"141\" class=\"wp-image-37290\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6033.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of Jani Sinnoki, with a full beard and light brown, shoulder-length hair parted in the middle, wearing a white collared shirt with a red flower surround at the base, yellow flowers, and three green leaves, is used to identify him visually.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6033.png 2048w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6033-300x241.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6033-1024x824.png 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6033-150x121.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6033-768x618.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6033-1536x1236.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unive.it\/data\/people\/27736740\/curriculum\">Oberto<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/oberto-marrama\">Marrama<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unive.it\/data\/people\/27736740\/curriculum\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"146\" class=\"wp-image-37284\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6023.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of Obero Marrama, wearing glasses and a white-collared shirt, looking at the viewer, turning his head to the right, with his left shoulder turned back, is used to identify him visually.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6023.png 1754w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6023-257x300.png 257w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6023-877x1024.png 877w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6023-128x150.png 128w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6023-768x897.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6023-1316x1536.png 1316w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a> (London: Routledge, 2026). With Matthias Somers. You can read the first five pages of this paper by clicking on the hyperlink, then clicking on the publisher\u2019s webpage on Preview Book.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>Abstract:<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/em>It\u2019s often said that Descartes invented the modern mind.&nbsp;&nbsp;But what is&nbsp;the Cartesian mind?&nbsp;&nbsp;And how new or modern is it?&nbsp;&nbsp;The first question is harder to answer than you might think and so, therefore, is the second.&nbsp;&nbsp;Descartes tells us that the mind is a thinking thing.&nbsp;&nbsp;But what, exactly, is Cartesian thought? Against more popular interpretations, we argue that Cartesian thought is best understood as object consciousness.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/alison-simmons\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/alison-simmons\">Simmons<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.fas.harvard.edu\/people\/alison-simmons\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philosophy.fas.harvard.edu\/people\/alison-simmons\">Alison<\/a> <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/woYeJHPpmPB5Edfv5\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"166\" class=\"wp-image-11365\" style=\"width: 250px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3465.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of a lecturing Alison Simmons wearing lipstick with her right hand with open fingers gesticulating upwards around her right shoulder and wearing a black v-necked shirt used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3465.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3465-300x199.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3465-150x100.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/><\/a><strong>.<\/strong> &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/representation\/8E479549499D6B336D0650CC0F5D8BCB\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/representation\/8E479549499D6B336D0650CC0F5D8BCB\">Representation<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/the-cambridge-descartes-lexicon-0521193524-9780521193528.html\">The Cambridge Descartes Lexicon<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/dokumen.pub\/the-cambridge-descartes-lexicon-0521193524-9780521193528.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"252\" class=\"wp-image-6539\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2336.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color image of the cerulean blue book cover for &quot;The Cambridge Descartes Lexicon&quot; edited by Lawrence Nolan used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2336.jpeg 222w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_2336-208x300.jpeg 208w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/larry-nolan?app=530\">Lawrence Nolan<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucla.edu\/person\/larry-nolan\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-10251\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1744.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Lawrence Nolan with a mustache and goatee with sunglasses propped on the top of his head and wearing a dark gray polo style shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1744.png 560w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1744-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1744-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, 645\u201355. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.harvard.edu\/files\/alisonsimmons\/files\/phil_223_short_syllabus.pdf\"><strong>Alison Simmon\u2019s summary<\/strong><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/berggruen.org\/people\/alison-simmons\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/berggruen.org\/people\/alison-simmons\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"178\" class=\"wp-image-2697\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1890.png\" alt=\"A color photographic cutout of Alison Simmons identifying her visually.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1890.png 270w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1890-253x300.png 253w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> (2011): Provides an overview of the interpretive controversies concerning the nature of representation in Descartes\u2019 work, including sensory representation. Do sensory ideas represent anything? If so, what? And how (in virtue of what)? The standard line used to be that they don\u2019t represent anything at all (they are \u201cmere sensations\u201d), but today the majority interpretive view is that they do represent, though there is considerable controversy over what and how they represent. This topic gets into some thorny technical apparatus concerning ideas, objective reality, material falsity, and obscurity and confusion.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">[The plural of the singular \u2018apparatus\u2019 (sometimes spelled and pronounced <em>appar\u0101tus<\/em>) can be <a href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/apparatus\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">apparatuses<\/span><\/a>, or even just <a href=\"https:\/\/english.stackexchange.com\/questions\/147989\/what-is-the-proper-plural-form-of-apparatus\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">apparatus<\/span><\/a> (sometimes spelled and pronounced <em>appar\u0101t\u016bs<\/em>)!]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/alison-simmons\">Simmons<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.fas.harvard.edu\/people\/alison-simmons\">Alison<\/a> <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/mpmjBuAScRw?feature=shared\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"174\" class=\"wp-image-11368\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3466.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of a lecturing Alison Simmons with an open mouth, wearing lipstick with both hands with open fingers gesturing towards each other at her throat level while wearing a v-necked tan shirt used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3466.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3466-300x261.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_3466-150x131.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a><strong>.<\/strong> \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/43154420\">Spatial Perception from a Cartesian Point of View<\/a>.\u201d <em>Philosophical Topics<\/em> 31 (2003): 395\u2013423.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.harvard.edu\/alisonsimmons\/research\">Abstract<\/a>:&nbsp;<\/strong>Descartes\u2019 proposal in the Sixth Meditation that sensory perception serves as a guide for self-preservation is typically taken to be an ad hoc way of finding a place for secondary quality sensations and bodily sensations. Malebranche, I argue, understands the proposal to be a way of re-conceiving sensory experience as a whole, spatial perception included. This paper examines Malebranche\u2019s case for maintaining that spatial perception is directed to self-preservation. As I interpret it, his argument turns on the fact that spatial perception has a bodily phenomenology; that is, it represents the spatial properties of objects in a way that involves the perceiver\u2019s own body. First, it represents objects egocentrically, as they are spatially related to the perceiver\u2019s own body. Second, bodily awareness often figures into spatial perception. Third, the representational limits of spatial perception reflect the bodily processes on which it depends. All three of these facts about spatial representation through the senses pose problems, from a Cartesian point of view, for the natural philosopher seeking an accurate depiction of the material world. All three, however, prove advantageous to the human being trying to survive in that world.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/search?contributorName=Jani%20Sinokki&amp;contributorRole=author&amp;redirectFromPDP=true&amp;context=ubx\">Sinokki, Jani<\/a> and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/search?contributorName=Vili%20L%C3%A4hteenm%C3%A4ki&amp;contributorRole=author&amp;redirectFromPDP=true&amp;context=ubx\">Vili L\u00e4hteenm\u00e4ki<\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/chapters\/edit\/10.4324\/9781003517580-4\/representation-objective-reality-jani-sinokki-vili-l\u00e4hteenm\u00e4ki?context=ubx&amp;refId=1658a290-728a-4806-bc33-ea73dc98587b\">Representation and objective reality<\/a>.\u201d In <a href=\"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/mono\/10.4324\/9781003517580\/cartesianism-philosophy-mind?refId=8ee981e1-c5cc-4bc7-8b53-5f1cbcc2b600&amp;context=ubx\">Cartesianism and Philosophy of Mind<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Cartesianism-and-Philosophy-of-Mind\/Lahteenmaki-Marrama-Sinokki\/p\/book\/9781032853079\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"226\" class=\"wp-image-37259\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced book cover for \u201cCartesianism and Philosophy of Mind,\u201d edited by Vili L\u00e4hteenmaki, Oberto Marrama, and Jani Sinokki, with the title centered on the cover, on a white rectangular background with a top and bottom diamond pattern in various shades of washed-out reddish-brown is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image.jpeg 1639w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-199x300.jpeg 199w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-678x1024.jpeg 678w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-99x150.jpeg 99w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-768x1159.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-1018x1536.jpeg 1018w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-1357x2048.jpeg 1357w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-600x900.jpeg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/oulu.academia.edu\/ViliL%C3%A4hteenm%C3%A4ki?swp=tc-au-11103558\">Vili<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/oulu.academia.edu\/ViliL%C3%A4hteenm%C3%A4ki?swp=tc-au-11103558\">L\u00e4hteenm\u00e4ki<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/vili-lahteenmaki\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"140\" class=\"wp-image-16336\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_9226.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Vili L\u00e4hteenm\u00e4ki with his right hand cupped around the glasses on his head is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_9226.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_9226-300x210.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_9226-150x105.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.utu.fi\/en\/people\/jani-sinokki\">Jani<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/jani-sinokki\">Sinokki<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/share.google\/mqWcywf9auGf02ShE\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"141\" class=\"wp-image-37290\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6033.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of Jani Sinnoki, with a full beard and light brown, shoulder-length hair parted in the middle, wearing a white collared shirt with a red flower surround at the base, yellow flowers, and three green leaves, is used to identify him visually.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6033.png 2048w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6033-300x241.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6033-1024x824.png 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6033-150x121.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6033-768x618.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6033-1536x1236.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unive.it\/data\/people\/27736740\/curriculum\">Oberto<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/oberto-marrama\">Marrama<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unive.it\/data\/people\/27736740\/curriculum\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"146\" class=\"wp-image-37284\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6023.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of Obero Marrama, wearing glasses and a white-collared shirt, looking at the viewer, turning his head to the right, with his left shoulder turned back, is used to identify him visually.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6023.png 1754w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6023-257x300.png 257w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6023-877x1024.png 877w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6023-128x150.png 128w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6023-768x897.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/IMG_6023-1316x1536.png 1316w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a> (London: Routledge, 2026), 23\u201342.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>ABSTRACT:<\/strong>&nbsp;This chapter investigates Descartes\u2019 theory of ideas by focusing on the distinctions he draws between different functions. It argues that Descartes is committed to a dual function of ideas: unifying the mind with its object and providing psychological and epistemic access to that object. Drawing on an analysis of Descartes\u2019 terminology\u2014especially his use of the terms \u201cmaterial,\u201d \u201cobjective,\u201d and \u201cformal\u201d\u2014this chapter reconstructs a trichotomy underlying his conception of ideas. It aims to show how each term corresponds to a distinct perspective: ideas as mental operations, as unifications with objects, and as representations subject to truth and falsity. This framework is used to reinterpret Descartes\u2019 responses to critics such as Arnauld and Desgabets and to reassess Margaret Wilson\u2019s influential claim that Descartes\u2019 view collapses into incoherence. This chapter ultimately defends the coherence of Descartes\u2019 position by distinguishing misrepresentation from misattribution and by showing how the special status of the cogito reveals a case in which representation and objective reality converge, eliminating the possibility of error.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/justin-skirry\">Skirry<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nebrwesleyan.edu\/campus-directory\/justin-skirry\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.nebrwesleyan.edu\/campus-directory\/justin-skirry\">Justin<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nebrwesleyan.edu\/campus-directory\/justin-skirry\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"219\" class=\"wp-image-2708\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1895.png\" alt=\"A cutout of a color headshot of Justin Skirry used to identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1895.png 256w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1895-240x300.png 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/112090964\/Justin-Skirry-Descartes-Metaphysics-of-Human-Nature\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/112090964\/Justin-Skirry-Descartes-Metaphysics-of-Human-Nature\">Descartes and the Metaphysics of Human Nature<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/112090964\/Justin-Skirry-Descartes-Metaphysics-of-Human-Nature\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"277\" class=\"wp-image-12031\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4427.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced top half white and bottom half blue book cover of \u201cDescartes and the Metaphysics of Human Nature\u201d (2005) with a black font title written by Justin Skirry is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4427.jpeg 405w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4427-190x300.jpeg 190w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4427-95x150.jpeg 95w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. London: Thoemmes-Continuum Press, 2005.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Descartes-Metaphysics-Bloomsbury-Philosophy-2006-01-09\/dp\/B019NDP1VC\">Publisher\u2019s Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> The traditional account of mind\/body union attributed to Descartes supposes that the immaterial, thinking mind and the material, non-thinking body interact by means of efficient causation &#8211; that the mind causes events in the body, e.g., the voluntary raising of an arm, and vice versa, e.g., the visual sensation of a tree. But this gives rise to a notorious philosophical how can this causal interaction occur between the spiritual mind and the physical body since they have absolutely nothing in common and cannot come into contact with one another? Justin Skirry&#8217;s book shows how Descartes in fact avoids this enormous problem. Skirry argues, through a critical re-examination of Cartesian metaphysics, that the union of mind and body is not, as most scholars have always maintained, constituted by efficient causal interaction for Descartes, because this would not result in one, complete human nature but in an aggregate of two numerically distinct natures. Descartes argues in the 6th Meditation and elsewhere that mind\/body union is constituted by what the scholastics called a &#8216;substantial union&#8217;, i.e., the union that form (mind) has with matter (body). This substantial union produces a whole that is more than the sum of its parts; the capacity for modes of sensation and voluntary bodily movement are emergent properties of the whole, substantially united mind and body. Therefore, the &#8216;Cartesian&#8217; problem of mind-body efficient causal interaction is avoided altogether, since efficient causal occurrences between mind and body play no role in explaining the existence of these modes.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/9783111197586-012\/html\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aristoteliansociety.org.uk\/about\/the-officers\/lauren-slater\/#:~:text=Lauren%20Slater%20is%20a%20BSHP,London%20Cartesian%20Circle%20research%20network.\">Slater<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/lauren-slater\">Lauren<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/Z8FZKtkKUA9VBf1t8\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"225\" class=\"wp-image-10100\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1501.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a glasses wearing Lauren Slater with her head tipped up to her left wearing a white v-neck top used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1501.png 426w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1501-200x300.png 200w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1501-100x150.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/DcVY4f9BPNSxP4RMA\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"214\" class=\"wp-image-10103\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_7E600E5D-A16A-4CDD-9EFA-2E2159B33515.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color upper torso and head-shot photographic cutout of a glasses wearing Lauren Slater with her head leaning strongly to her right wearing a black turtleneck with long sleeves under a brown sweater with two large buttons showing used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_7E600E5D-A16A-4CDD-9EFA-2E2159B33515.png 523w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_7E600E5D-A16A-4CDD-9EFA-2E2159B33515-245x300.png 245w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_7E600E5D-A16A-4CDD-9EFA-2E2159B33515-123x150.png 123w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> . &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/9783111197586-012\/html\">Reading the Signs of my Body: Berkeley and Descartes on Signs and Sensations<\/a>.&#8221; In <a href=\"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/9783111197586\/html\">Berkeley\u2019s Doctrine of Signs<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/9783111197586\/html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"258\" class=\"wp-image-10115\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1517.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced blue and yellow book cover with a lone tree on the left center in a yellow\/orange field with a dark blue sky in the background of &quot;Berkeley's Doctrine of Signs&quot; edited by Manuel Fasko and Peter West used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1517.jpeg 434w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1517-203x300.jpeg 203w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1517-102x150.jpeg 102w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?as_q=&amp;as_epq=&amp;as_oq=&amp;as_eq=&amp;as_occt=any&amp;as_sauthors=Manuel%20Fasko&amp;as_publication=&amp;as_ylo=&amp;as_yhi=&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0%2C5\">Manuel<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophie.philhist.unibas.ch\/de\/personen\/manuel-fasko\/\">Fasko<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophie.philhist.unibas.ch\/de\/personen\/manuel-fasko\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"164\" class=\"wp-image-10110\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_F7F11C6E-E06C-4D96-8C8D-BE459ED052DD.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Manuel Fasko with dark framed glasses and a full beard wearing a light purple collared shirt with one button showing with his head turned slightly to his left used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_F7F11C6E-E06C-4D96-8C8D-BE459ED052DD.png 488w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_F7F11C6E-E06C-4D96-8C8D-BE459ED052DD-229x300.png 229w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_F7F11C6E-E06C-4D96-8C8D-BE459ED052DD-114x150.png 114w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/view\/peterwest\/research\">Peter<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/view\/peterwest\">West<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/peter-west\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-10111\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1514.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Peter west with a light bead and mustache and wearing a round necked dark maroon sweater used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1514.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1514-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1514-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1514-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. 161\u201383. Also <a href=\"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/9783111197586-012\/pdf\">downloadable from De Gruyter<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aristoteliansociety.org.uk\/about\/the-officers\/lauren-slater\/#:~:text=Lauren%20Slater%20is%20a%20BSHP,London%20Cartesian%20Circle%20research%20network.\">Slater<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/lauren-slater\">Lauren<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/2aUWbBFEwfrKRJWEA\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"206\" class=\"wp-image-10108\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1511.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color upper torso and head-shot photographic cutout of a no glasses wearing Lauren Slater with her head leaning slightly to her left wearing a gray tiny checkered patterned  shirt with the top of her head constructed by cloning used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1511.png 543w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1511-255x300.png 255w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1511-127x150.png 127w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/eprints.bbk.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/51022\/1\/Slater%20Thesis%20Final.pdf\">Word Made Flesh: Sensory Ideas as Meanings of Bodily Signs in Descartes<\/a>.&#8221; PhD diss., Birkbeck University of London, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:29px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Kurt%20Dwayne%20Smith\">Smith<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/kurt-smith\">Kurt<\/a> <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/simplycharly.com\/interviews\/discourse-on-cartesian-method-kurt-smiths-new-book-provides-an-understanding-of-rene-descartes-philosophy\/\"><strong>D<\/strong><\/a><strong>.<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/@kurtsmith_71127\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"199\" class=\"wp-image-10130\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6880.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and colorized photographic headshot cutout of a glasses wearing Kurt D. Smith with his hand folded up under his chin on his right side with a white sleeve showing used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6880.png 482w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6880-226x300.png 226w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6880-113x150.png 113w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/previewpdf\/display\/book\/edcoll\/9789004305922\/B9789004305922_007.xml\">A Defense of Cartesian Clarity and Distinctness<\/a>,\u201d in&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/edcollbook\/title\/32457\">The Battle of the Gods and Giants Redux<\/a><\/em>: Papers Presented to Thomas M. Lennon Series:&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/serial\/BSIH\">Brill&#8217;s Studies in Intellectual History, Volume: 248<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/edcollbook\/title\/32457\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"267\" class=\"wp-image-19641\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7119.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced book cover of \u201cThe Battle of the Gods and Giants Redux: Papers Presented to Thomas M. Lennon Series:  Brill\u2019s Studies in Intellectual History, Volume: 248\u201d (2015), edited by Patricia Easton and Kurt Smith is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7119.jpeg 420w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7119-197x300.jpeg 197w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7119-98x150.jpeg 98w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cgu.edu\/people\/patricia-easton\/\">Patricia<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Patricia-Easton?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIn19\">Easton<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cgu.edu\/people\/patricia-easton\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-19611\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7002.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced photographic cutout of Patricia Easton wearing a wide, rounded neck, deep dark blue shirt under a cool leather mottled jacket, and small round blue earring studs is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7002.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7002-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7002-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_7002-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>and <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/kurt-smith\">Kurt<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Kurt%20Dwayne%20Smith\">Smith<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-18829\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG_3319.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced color photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of a sunglasses-wearing, full-white bearded Kurt Smith with his arms crossed at his chest and wearing a black rounded-neck T-shirt is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG_3319.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG_3319-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG_3319-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/>. Leiden: Brill, 80\u2013105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Kurt%20Dwayne%20Smith\">Smith<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/kurt-smith\">Kurt<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/J6emiptLVioWsvky8\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"199\" class=\"wp-image-10130\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6880.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and colorized photographic headshot cutout of a glasses-wearing Kurt D. Smith with his hand folded up under his chin on his right side with a white sleeve showing used to identify him visually.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6880.png 482w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6880-226x300.png 226w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6880-113x150.png 113w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/descartes-r.-1946.-reglas-para-la-direccion-del-espiritu.-garcia-j-trad.-distrit\/kurt-smith-the-descartes-dictionary\/page\/115\/mode\/2up?q=Descartes+VIIIA\">The Descartes Dictionary<\/a>\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/355925383\/Descartes-Dictionary-Smith-pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"275\" class=\"wp-image-13274\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_6100.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced orange book cover of \u201cThe Descartes Dictionary\u201d by Kurt Smith with the outlines of a faint tree in the bottom half of the cover is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_6100.jpeg 408w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_6100-191x300.jpeg 191w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_6100-96x150.jpeg 96w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. London &amp; New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015. See the first 26 pages with missing pages 14\u201315 and 21\u201322.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[<strong>NOTE:<\/strong> See especially the below titles at the indicated page numbers.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">\u201cIdeas (as a component of the metaphysics)\u201d (10\u201312)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201dIdeas (as a component of the epistemology)\u201d (12\u201313)\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Material falsity of ideas at the second paragraph (15\u201316)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201dClarity and Distinctness \/ Obscurity and Confusion\u201d (56\u201364)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201dConscience\/Conscious\u201d (66)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201dEmotion (L. <em>affectus<\/em>, <em>commotiones<\/em>; F. <em>affection<\/em>, <em>commotion<\/em>, <em>\u00e9motion<\/em>)\u201d (72\u201374)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201dFaculty (L. <em>falcultatum<\/em>; F. <em>falculty<\/em>)\u201d (81\u201382)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201dFalsity, Formal\/ Material (L. <em>formalem falsitatem<\/em>, <em>formalizer falsa<\/em>\/<em>falsitatem materialem<\/em>, <em>materialiter falsa<\/em>; F. <em>formelle fausset\u00e9<\/em>\/<em>faussett\u00e9 materielle<\/em>)\u201d (82\u201385)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201dFormal\/Objective Reality (L. <em>realitatem formalem<\/em>\/<em>realitatem objectivam<\/em>; F. <em>realit\u00e9 formelle<\/em>)\u201c (85\u201387)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201dFormal\/Eminent\u201c (87\u201389)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201dIdea (L. <em>idea<\/em>; F. <em>id\u00e9e<\/em>)\u201c (92\u201396)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201dIdea, Adequate\/Inadequate\u201c (96\u201397)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201dIdea, Primary\u201c (97)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201dImagination\u201d (98\u201399)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201dInnate\u201c (100\u2013101)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201dIntellect\u201c (101\u2013103)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201dIntuition\u201c (103)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201dMaterial\/Objective\u201c (104\u2013106)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201dMind\/Soul (L. <em>mente<\/em>\/<em>anima<\/em>; F. <em>esprit\/fame<\/em>)\u201c (106\u2013108)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201dPassion\u201c (110\u2013111)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201dSensation (L. <em>sensus<\/em>; F. <em>sentimens<\/em>)\u201c (114\u2013115)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201dThought (L. <em>cogitationes<\/em>; F. <em>pens\u00e9e<\/em>)\u201c (116\u2013117)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201dUnderstanding, the (L. <em>intellectus<\/em>, <em>intellectionem<\/em>; F. [<em>facult\u00e9 de<\/em>] <em>conseuoir<\/em>)\u201c (119)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201dWill\u201c (121)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Read <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wlu.ca\/academics\/faculties\/faculty-of-arts\/faculty-profiles\/andreea-mihali\/index.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Andreea<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/wlu-ca.academia.edu\/AndreeaMihali\/CurriculumVitae\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Mihali\u2019s<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/wlu-ca.academia.edu\/AndreeaMihali?swp=rr-ac-14531129\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"181\" class=\"wp-image-12621\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5383.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Andreea Mihali wearing glasses and a wide-lapel white shirt under a black suit coat is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5383.png 618w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5383-290x300.png 290w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5383-145x150.png 145w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/14531129\/2015_Kurt_Smith_The_Descartes_Dictionary_Philosophy_in_Review_35_\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a> in <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.uvic.ca\/index.php\/pir\/article\/view\/13994\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Philosophy in Review 35, no. 4 (August 2015)<\/span><\/a>: <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.uvic.ca\/index.php\/pir\/article\/download\/13994\/5483\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">225\u201327<\/span><\/a>. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:29px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Kurt%20Dwayne%20Smith\">Smith<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/kurt-smith\">Kurt<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"198\" class=\"wp-image-14487\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6967.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Kurt D. Smith with glasses, a complete gray and brown mustache, a full gray beard, and wearing a black shirt is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6967.png 484w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6967-227x300.png 227w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6967-113x150.png 113w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.barnesandnoble.com\/w\/the-cartesian-mind-jorge-secada\/1122551610?ean=9781138847422\">Descartes on Ideas<\/a>.\u201d In&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-store-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\/9780429345487\/9fc0d462-ebbb-4738-9071-7655ee27b4f7\/preview.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=ASIAQFVOSJ57V7B5GUKM&amp;Expires=1759611400&amp;Signature=TycQ7sCR3cbj4M33LZ7SycX6p3g%3D&amp;response-content-disposition=attachment%3B%20filename%3D%229780429345487_previewpdf.pdf%22&amp;x-amz-security-token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEMr%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJGMEQCIB8G0UZjMZEznwTEc6wLWwyKKqcxMdoPE3XA7CHtGd7aAiACRhe5yWctV9DMG%2FzuMumk3QpU1fRDQpqjt2MloncDSiqNBAhiEAQaDDAxMjE3NzI2NDUxMSIMYIaRzuQECvkmhcc1KuoD8W3%2BCYbsJtuu6RTGz1GAvqbFn5SA%2FPyKs2m5qkZzNx3mw5xionVVMMeT4hIeTCmSsGZfGTNF3KH2uLNl05PSZERJqwRvr3xPGa8UGhvDHT%2BcKJURog7z3EGYFfts%2FRxv0tGLRMHzY59DbaxVxw9UCaWvxRsOauuXZBC4PR5TWoI%2FpC0gbPP2NRXjRgodud20j%2BgplsXYjfO5hSTU9Vwe1mIdp9pR9hEEHzWK0U01Kqu80IeK2Fh8MXzonhz%2F6MtOnm7yEuqssfnIcMNIZ944e2WiKCOoW5nxOx0qIyxsXLFJOcBkLjBuK2iLxdM9EQwpVLtqoFJbXkvP9lnKYQCsmoM28IAmrSR2tNG%2Fd%2BfAQxwt0NAWmEU3XW7p5%2FC5YcKxnNJ0MeRcDj3yyQ4scdOfPUV7g2ik9z12CPSk6yhbPC44vnWghnX%2BNzHftjmWydmWRln4XqYf2aeytQpcyfHkpeu0aTn%2FHBxe5o0n86IUf43MmA8UHhSY0S9NKw9r4AHskWobitcLd7FfcFOeSUsVC1mB%2F0BJjhG6CIte7Ssba8Mi%2Fg27USyzx7gxLooEBUyVjKFYnlxIuaBMe0MAK3ZDJwKxHXnrgYyEdh3hkj2ZFsur734CHgcsoQPz0IbhunJvRYM%2BvMRpGR70izDlrIXHBjqmAeT%2FKRpgEnre%2BSwp19IKU9U93XbnYS%2BsbNSMimRkfX9MCMWLFvFw6u6RTGBCUbkyCcMJNkO8dfDwLx%2B7JKCnSDbOPX%2Fr6HvEdogaUlCZjtYdW9oJoYdDtWHkc6u7tVL9KdNOdrAmM7B3z92ScIC7yUN6ZV2jqB3S7NDeGpxeBt9nZQbvDlVT9MQ3sIicP%2BuRpnME0VaDMy3c01KPd0yUskgN2M4o9Do%3D\">The Cartesian Mind<\/a><\/em>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/latinamerican.virginia.edu\/jorge-secada\">Jorge<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/jorge-secada\">Secada<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/virginia.academia.edu\/JorgeSecada\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"148\" class=\"wp-image-4567\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7408.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and partially constructed image of a full white beard and mustache Jorge Secada smiling and wearing a black hat with a brown strap and a black leather jacket used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7408.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7408-300x254.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/latinamerican.virginia.edu\/jorge-secada\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"165\" height=\"165\" class=\"wp-image-4569\" style=\"width: 165px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_05D7D229-65A1-4CD9-9AF4-E2F73C120A5F.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of a full white beard and mustache Jorge Secada seated and leaning to his left wearing a black suit jacket and brown tie used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_05D7D229-65A1-4CD9-9AF4-E2F73C120A5F.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_05D7D229-65A1-4CD9-9AF4-E2F73C120A5F-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_05D7D229-65A1-4CD9-9AF4-E2F73C120A5F-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 165px) 100vw, 165px\" \/><\/a> and<strong> <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Cecilia%20Wee\">Cecilia<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/sandbox02-na.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/discovery\/search?query=creator,exact,Wee,%20Cecilia,AND&amp;tab=Everything&amp;search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&amp;vid=01CACCL_CC:scc&amp;facet=creator,exact,Wee,%20Cecilia&amp;mode=advanced&amp;offset=0\">Wee<\/a> (no known photo). London: Routledge (August 1, 2025): Ch. 12.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Kurt%20Dwayne%20Smith\">Smith<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/kurt-smith\">Kurt<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"198\" class=\"wp-image-14487\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6967.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Kurt D. Smith with glasses, a complete gray and brown mustache, a full gray beard, and wearing a black shirt is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6967.png 484w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6967-227x300.png 227w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6967-113x150.png 113w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40232265?seq=1\">Descartes\u2019 Ontology of Sensation<\/a>,\u201d&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/i40008608\"><em>Canadian Journal of Philosophy<\/em>, 35, no. 4 (December 2005)<\/a>: 563\u201384.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Kurt%20Dwayne%20Smith\">Smith<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/kurt-smith\">Kurt<\/a> <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/simplycharly.com\/interviews\/discourse-on-cartesian-method-kurt-smiths-new-book-provides-an-understanding-of-rene-descartes-philosophy\/\"><strong>D(wayne)<\/strong><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/@kurtsmith_71127\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"206\" class=\"wp-image-10128\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6881.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced and colorized photographic cutout of a glasses wearing Kurt D. Smith with his hand folded up under his chin on his left side with a white sleeve showing used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6881.png 466w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6881-218x300.png 218w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6881-109x150.png 109w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/openview\/9e823daf5c986272e41e38672f5cdb56\/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=18750&amp;diss=y\">Descartes on Representation, Ideas, and Sensations<\/a> [see the TOC &amp; the first fourteen pages at ProQuest].&#8221; PhD diss., <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Claremont_Graduate_University\">The Claremont Graduate University<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Claremont_Graduate_University\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"77\" height=\"80\" class=\"wp-image-10136\" style=\"width: 77px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1566.png\" alt=\"An enhanced resized down logo for Claremont Graduate University established 1925 used to visually identify it.\"><\/a>, 1998.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SMIDOR-3\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> At the heart of Descartes&#8217;s philosophy lies his theory of ideas. It binds together his metaphysics and epistemology. The Cartesian theory of ideas explains the nature of representation and misrepresentation. It also supports Descartes&#8217;s accounts of truth and falsity, the external truths, and the true and immutable natures&#8211;all vital components of the Cartesian philosophical project. To misunderstand this theory is to misunderstand Cartesian thought. ;Important recent commentaries on Descartes&#8217;s thought have forwarded the view that the Cartesian theory of ideas as presented in the Third Meditation is internally inconsistent. This line of criticism follows a tradition of commentary initiated by Antoine Arnauld . Arnauld maintained that the notion of material falsity, the falsity of ideas, is inconsistent with certain foundational principles that underlie the theory, namely, the principles that something cannot come from nothing and that there can be no more objective reality in an idea than there is formal reality in its cause. If this long-standing tradition of criticism is correct, then the whole of Descartes&#8217;s philosophy is threatened. I take the problem of the notion of material falsity primarily as an occasion to re-evaluate the traditional interpretation of the Cartesian theory of ideas. I challenge the traditional view, and I offer a new interpretation of this theory. As developed in this essay, my new interpretation is primarily a response to Arnauld&#8217;s criticism. However, this new interpretation also provides solutions to problems raised by other recent commentators who have followed in Arnauld&#8217;s footsteps. I show not only that the notion of material falsity is consistent with the foundational principles that underlie the theory, but also that this notion is a vital part of the theory.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Kurt Smith is now an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomu.edu\/news\/commonwealth-university-trustees-hold-initial-meeting\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">emeritus professor (2022)<\/span><\/a> at <span style=\"color:#2271B1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bloomsburg_University_of_Pennsylvania\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Bloomsburg Commonwealth University<\/span><\/a><\/span> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"75\" height=\"75\" class=\"wp-image-12587\" style=\"width: 75px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5338.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized seal of Bloomsberg Commonwealth University.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5338.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5338-300x298.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5338-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 75px) 100vw, 75px\" \/>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">See his <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/kurt-smith\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">PhilPapers bibliography<\/span><\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Kurt%20Dwayne%20Smith\">Smith<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/kurt-smith\">Kurt<\/a> <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/simplycharly.com\/interviews\/discourse-on-cartesian-method-kurt-smiths-new-book-provides-an-understanding-of-rene-descartes-philosophy\/\"><strong>D<\/strong><\/a><strong>.<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/J6emiptLVioWsvky8\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"199\" class=\"wp-image-10130\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6880.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and colorized photographic headshot cutout of a glasses wearing Kurt D. Smith with his hand folded up under his chin on his right side with a white sleeve showing used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6880.png 482w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6880-226x300.png 226w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6880-113x150.png 113w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/descartes-ideas\/\">Descartes\u2019s Theory of Ideas<\/a>.\u201d In <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/\"><em>The<\/em> <em>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy<\/em><\/a> (Fall 2021 Edition), edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/mally.stanford.edu\/zalta.html\">Edward N<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edward_N._Zalta\">Zalta<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/2UbNi2XMZUTijv4NA\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"149\" class=\"wp-image-11375\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_CEF2A145-CE25-4AFB-ABAA-3401DB29CC8D.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Edward N. Zalta, wearing glasses, a full white beard and mustache, and a vertically striped shirt with a lanyard around his neck, looking to his left, was used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_CEF2A145-CE25-4AFB-ABAA-3401DB29CC8D.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_CEF2A145-CE25-4AFB-ABAA-3401DB29CC8D-300x255.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_CEF2A145-CE25-4AFB-ABAA-3401DB29CC8D-150x128.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. First published March 14, 2007; substantive revision August 3, 2021. Archived <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/fall2021\/entries\/descartes-ideas\/\">here<\/a>.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Kurt%20Dwayne%20Smith\">Smith<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/kurt-smith\">Kurt<\/a> <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/simplycharly.com\/interviews\/discourse-on-cartesian-method-kurt-smiths-new-book-provides-an-understanding-of-rene-descartes-philosophy\/\"><strong>D<\/strong><\/a><strong>.<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/1FArjW8S7KwC2Ubu5\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"204\" class=\"wp-image-10140\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1559.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and colorized photographic headshot cutout of a clear plastic glasses wearing Kurt D. Smith staring straight ahead with window reflections seen in his lenses and wearing a black athletic shirt with white stripes horizontally on his shoulders used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1559.png 548w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1559-257x300.png 257w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1559-128x150.png 128w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/dialogue-canadian-philosophical-review-revue-canadienne-de-philosophie\/article\/abs\/general-theory-of-cartesian-clarity-and-distinctness-based-on-the-theory-of-enumeration-in-the-rules\/7360C15E4C774121319240AD53DE6F73#\">A General Theory of Cartesian Clarity and Distinctness Based on the Theory of Enumeration in the Rules<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review \/ Revue canadienne de philosophie<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/dialogue-canadian-philosophical-review-revue-canadienne-de-philosophie\/article\/abs\/general-theory-of-cartesian-clarity-and-distinctness-based-on-the-theory-of-enumeration-in-the-rules\/7360C15E4C774121319240AD53DE6F73\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"263\" class=\"wp-image-4772\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_8057.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced red color cover for the Journal &quot;Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review&quot; used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_8057.jpeg 213w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_8057-200x300.jpeg 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> 40, no. 2 (2001): 279\u2013310. Also at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/120893217\/A_General_Theory_of_Cartesian_Clarity_and_Distinctness_Based_on_the_Theory_of_Enumeration_in_the_Rules?email_work_card=view-paper&amp;li=0\">Academia.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/120893217\/A_General_Theory_of_Cartesian_Clarity_and_Distinctness_Based_on_the_Theory_of_Enumeration_in_the_Rules?email_work_card=view-paper&amp;li=0\">SUMMARY<\/a><\/strong>: The concepts of &#8220;clear&#8221; and &#8220;distinct&#8221; are among the most important in Cartesian theory of knowledge. It is not surprising, therefore, that there are some divergences in how these concepts should be understood. However, until recently, researchers have not paid much attention to these divergences, even though some of them are quite remarkable. For instance, some interpretations of the theory argue that the coercion of the will is a hallmark of clear and distinct ideas, while others reject this notion. Some also contend that clarity and distinctness are susceptible to degrees, while others disagree. My objective in this paper is to outline a general theory that can account for this variety of interpretations of clarity and distinctness, which is rooted in the Cartesian corpus. I call this theory &#8220;general&#8221; in the sense that the various interpretations mentioned relate to it as species to a genus. My reconstruction of this general theory is supported textually by the entirety of the Cartesian corpus. However, most of my efforts are devoted to tracing the theory in a text that was one of Descartes&#8217; earliest writings (even though he left it unpublished): the <em>Rules for the Direction of the Mind<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Kurt%20Dwayne%20Smith\">Smith<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/kurt-smith\">Kurt<\/a> <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/simplycharly.com\/interviews\/discourse-on-cartesian-method-kurt-smiths-new-book-provides-an-understanding-of-rene-descartes-philosophy\/\"><strong>D<\/strong><\/a><strong>.<\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\" class=\"wp-image-14486\" style=\"width: 225px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6977.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot of Kurt D. Smith with glasses, a complete gray and brown mustache, a full gray beard, wearing a black shirt on a black background is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6977.png 2732w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6977-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6977-1024x768.png 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6977-150x112.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6977-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6977-1536x1151.png 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6977-2048x1535.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Matter_Matters.html?id=Zf9QEAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Matter Matters: Metaphysics and Methodology in the Early Modern Period<\/a><\/em> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"279\" class=\"wp-image-4778\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_8060.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced gray and greeny gray book cover for &quot;Matter Matters: Metaphysics and Methodology in the Early Modern Period&quot; (2010) by Kurt Smith used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_8060.jpeg 201w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_8060-188x300.jpeg 188w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Read <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centerphilsci.pitt.edu\/fellows\/slowik-edward\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Edward<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/edward-slowik\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Slowik\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/x6yqhKYXijU\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"210\" height=\"162\" class=\"wp-image-12057\" style=\"width: 210px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4508.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Edward Slowik, wearing glasses and a blue shirt with a white grid pattern, and was used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4508.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4508-300x231.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4508-150x116.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 210px) 100vw, 210px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/ndpr.nd.edu\/reviews\/matter-matters-metaphysics-and-methodology-in-the-early-modern-period\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a>, <em>Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews<\/em>, December 6, 2010.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Read <a href=\"https:\/\/magnusinstitute.org\/senior-fellows\/joseph-zepeda\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Joseph<\/span><\/a> <span style=\"color:#2271B1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thomasaquinas.edu\/directory\/joseph-zepeda\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Zepeda\u2019s<\/span><\/a><\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/magnusinstitute.org\/senior-fellows\/joseph-zepeda\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"191\" class=\"wp-image-12060\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4511.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color headshot cutout of Joseph Zepeda wearing a light blue shirt and a yellow tie under a gray-blue suit coat is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4511.png 503w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4511-236x300.png 236w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4511-118x150.png 118w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.journals.uchicago.edu\/doi\/10.1086\/668996\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.journals.uchicago.edu\/toc\/isis\/current\"><em><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Isis<\/span><\/em> <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.journals.uchicago.edu\/toc\/isis\/2012\/103\/3\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">103, no. 3, September 2012<\/span><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.journals.uchicago.edu\/doi\/10.1086\/668996\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">596<\/span><\/a>\u2013<a href=\"https:\/\/www.journals.uchicago.edu\/doi\/10.1086\/668997\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">97<\/span><\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Kurt%20Dwayne%20Smith\">Smith<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/kurt-smith\">Kurt<\/a> <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/simplycharly.com\/interviews\/discourse-on-cartesian-method-kurt-smiths-new-book-provides-an-understanding-of-rene-descartes-philosophy\/\"><strong>D<\/strong><\/a><strong>.<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/simplycharly.com\/interviews\/discourse-on-cartesian-method-kurt-smiths-new-book-provides-an-understanding-of-rene-descartes-philosophy\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"204\" class=\"wp-image-10143\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1561.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced and colorized photographic headshot cutout of a clear plastic glasses wearing Kurt D. Smith staring straight ahead with window reflections seen in his lenses and wearing a black athletic shirt with white stripes horizontally on his shoulders used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1561.png 548w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1561-257x300.png 257w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1561-128x150.png 128w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SMIOCA-6\">Occasionalism: Causation Among the Cartesians by Steven Nadler. (Oxford UP, 2011<\/a> (Book Review).&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/toc\/14679213\/2012\/62\/248\"><em>The Philosophical Quarterly<\/em> 62,&nbsp;no. 248<\/a> (July 2012): 643.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Kurt%20Dwayne%20Smith\">Smith<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/kurt-smith\">Kurt<\/a> <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/simplycharly.com\/interviews\/discourse-on-cartesian-method-kurt-smiths-new-book-provides-an-understanding-of-rene-descartes-philosophy\/\"><strong>D<\/strong><\/a><strong>.<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/@kurtsmith_71127\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"9839\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"199\" class=\"wp-image-10130\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6880.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and colorized photographic headshot cutout of a glasses wearing Kurt D. Smith with his hand folded up under his chin on his right side with a white sleeve showing used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6880.png 482w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6880-226x300.png 226w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_6880-113x150.png 113w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/go.pl?id=SMIRAR-17&amp;proxyId=&amp;u=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%2F9780470996904.ch11\">Rationalism and Representation<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/NELACT-4\">A Companion to Rationalism<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/A_Companion_to_Rationalism.html?id=Awc5wgbeeW0C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/A_Companion_to_Rationalism.html?id=Awc5wgbeeW0C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"233\" class=\"wp-image-4004\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6418.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color book cover of &quot;A Compsnion to Rationslusm edited by Alan Nelson with blue green purple abstract art and a beige cover used to visually identifying it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6418.jpeg 240w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6418-225x300.jpeg 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.unc.edu\/people\/alan-nelson\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philosophy.unc.edu\/people\/alan-nelson\/\">Alan<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.unc.edu\/people\/alan-nelson\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philosophy.unc.edu\/people\/alan-nelson\/\">Nelson<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.unc.edu\/people\/alan-nelson\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.unc.edu\/people\/alan-nelson\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"171\" class=\"wp-image-2696\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1880.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color headshot of Alan Nelson from his University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill website identifying his face.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1880.png 281w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1880-263x300.png 263w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, 206\u201323. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 2005.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/9780470996904.ch11\">Summary<\/a>:<\/strong> This chapter contains sections titled: The Falsity Inherent in Sensory Ideas. Descartes, Arnauld, and the Notion of Material Falsity. Some Leading Interpretations. A New Interpretation. Conclusion.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Kurt%20Dwayne%20Smith\">Smith<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/kurt-smith\">Kurt<\/a> <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/simplycharly.com\/interviews\/discourse-on-cartesian-method-kurt-smiths-new-book-provides-an-understanding-of-rene-descartes-philosophy\/\"><strong>D<\/strong><\/a><strong>.<\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"249\" class=\"wp-image-14485\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6957.gif\" alt=\"An animated .gif of Kurt Smith, starting in black and white and then shifting after an explosion of yellow into a colorized version of his head wearing glasses, a full gray beard, and a mustache with a stern look on his face, is used for visual identification.\">. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Simply_Descartes\/2EnrDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;printsec=frontcover\">Simply Descartes<\/a>\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.perlego.com\/book\/1650262\/simply-descartes-pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"262\" class=\"wp-image-13316\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_6101.jpeg\" alt=\"For visual identification, Kurt Smith's enhanced color book cover of \u201cSimply Descartes\u201d features a colorful, exaggerated cartoon drawing of Ren\u00e9 Descartes.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_6101.jpeg 427w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_6101-200x300.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_6101-100x150.jpeg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Simply_Descartes\/2EnrDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;pg=PT6&amp;printsec=frontcover\">http:\/\/simplycharly.com<\/a>, 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Read an <a href=\"https:\/\/simplycharly.com\/interviews\/discourse-on-cartesian-method-kurt-smiths-new-book-provides-an-understanding-of-rene-descartes-philosophy\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">interview<\/span><\/a> with<strong> <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/kurt-smith\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Kurt<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Kurt%20Dwayne%20Smith\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Smith<\/span><\/a> about <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Simply_Descartes\/2EnrDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;printsec=frontcover\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Simply Descartes<\/span><\/a><\/em> at <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"51\" class=\"wp-image-14315\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6838.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced white background logo for Simply Charly with those words on either side of a cartoon head with gray hair and black glasses reading an orange cover open book is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6838.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6838-300x102.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6838-150x51.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Kurt%20Dwayne%20Smith\">Smith<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/kurt-smith\">Kurt<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"198\" class=\"wp-image-14487\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6967.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Kurt D. Smith with glasses, a complete gray and brown mustache, a full gray beard, and wearing a black shirt is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6967.png 484w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6967-227x300.png 227w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6967-113x150.png 113w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wiley.com\/en-us\/This+Is+Modern+Philosophy%3A+An+Introduction-p-9781118686720\">This is Modern Philosophy: An Introduction<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wiley.com\/en-us\/This+Is+Modern+Philosophy%3A+An+Introduction-p-9781118686720\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"263\" class=\"wp-image-16812\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0145.jpeg\" alt=\"The color book cover in tan, brown, black, and white rhomboid-shaped patches with the title writ large in black font of \u201cThis is Modern Philosophy: An Introduction\u201d (2023) by Kurt Smith is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0145.jpeg 426w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0145-200x300.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0145-100x150.jpeg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. (<em>This Is Philosophy&nbsp;<\/em>series Book 18). Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"536\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0146-1024x536.jpeg\" alt=\"The Table of Contents for Chapter 1, \u201cDescartes,\u201d in Kurt Smith's \u201cThis is Modern Philosophy: An Introduction,\u201d (2023) is used for visual identification.\" class=\"wp-image-16826\" style=\"width:837px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0146-1024x536.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0146-300x157.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0146-150x78.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0146-768x402.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_0146.jpeg 1164w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>See especially the sections with these titles and page numbers:<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201cI.2 Ideas, Propositions, and Beliefs\u201d (5\u201310)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201c1.5 Descartes\u2019 First Principle\u201d (22\u201323)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201d1.23 Descartes\u2019 First Principle\u201d (32) is used for visual identification.&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201d1.34 Descartes\u2019 First Principle\u201d (38\u201339)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>All of \u201c1.2 Preliminaries on Ideas and the Ontology,\u201d 1.35\u20131.63 (39\u201351)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">\u201d1.4 The Idea of the Infinite Being: A Proof for God&#8217;s existence\u201d at 1.80\u20131.81 (63\u201364)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.uh.edu\/class\/ccs\/people\/smith-n\/\">Smith<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Nathan%20D.%20Smith\">Nathan<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/C7j6GZcvKK3xe3ov9\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"233\" class=\"wp-image-9451\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0571.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced photographic headshot cutout of a smiling gray and brown lightly bearded and mustached Nathan Smith ith glasses wearing a checkered white and blue shirt under a dark blue sport coat used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0571.png 480w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0571-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0571-113x150.png 113w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.regis.edu\/academics\/faculty-finder\/documents\/jason-taylor-cv.pdf\">Jason<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Jason%20Taylor\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Jason%20Taylor\">Taylor<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/TtMEqSXtWUbMiWB37\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"194\" class=\"wp-image-9455\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_E627CB2C-2570-43F0-A224-9B9F610FDDF8.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic headshot cutout of Jason Taylor with shoulder length blonde hair and wearing a blue, green, and white cross patterned collared shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_E627CB2C-2570-43F0-A224-9B9F610FDDF8.png 578w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_E627CB2C-2570-43F0-A224-9B9F610FDDF8-271x300.png 271w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_E627CB2C-2570-43F0-A224-9B9F610FDDF8-135x150.png 135w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, eds. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/190305090\/Nathan-Smith-and-Jason-Taylor-Descartes-and-Cartesianism-2005\">Descartes and Cartesianism<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/190305090\/Nathan-Smith-and-Jason-Taylor-Descartes-and-Cartesianism-2005\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"245\" class=\"wp-image-1023\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_8981.png\" alt=\"The turquoise book cover of &quot;Descartes and Cartesianism&quot; edited by Nathan Smith and Jason Taylor used to visually identify it.\"><\/a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2005.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norman_Kemp_Smith\">Smith<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Norman%20Kemp-Smith\">Norman<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scottishphilosophy.org\/philosophers\/norman-kemp-smith\/\">Kemp<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/4RXXcHmGfrp5zPuX9\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"203\" class=\"wp-image-15578\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8316.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of Norman Kemp Smith with his right shoulder back in a dark three-piece suit is used for visual identification\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8316.png 474w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8316-222x300.png 222w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8316-111x150.png 111w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> (<a href=\"https:\/\/artuk.org\/discover\/artworks\/norman-kemp-smith-18721958-94386\">1872\u20131958<\/a>). <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/studiesincartes00smitgoog\/page\/n8\/mode\/2up\">Studies in the Cartesian Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yesterdaysmuse.com\/pages\/books\/2341444\/norman-smith\/studies-in-the-cartesian-philosophy\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"333\" class=\"wp-image-15576\" style=\"width: 250px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8323.png\" alt=\"An enhanced 3D color photographic cutout of the blue front book cover and spine of \u201cStudies in the Cartesian Philosophy\u201d (1902) by Norman Kemp Smith is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8323.png 480w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8323-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8323-113x150.png 113w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/><\/a>. New York: Macmillan Company Publishing, 1902. See relevant content listings from excerpted screenshots below from the Table of Contents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"668\" height=\"1024\" data-id=\"15568\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8234-8-668x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15568\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8234-8-668x1024.jpeg 668w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8234-8-196x300.jpeg 196w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8234-8-98x150.jpeg 98w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8234-8-768x1177.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8234-8-1002x1536.jpeg 1002w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8234-8-1337x2048.jpeg 1337w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8234-8-scaled.jpeg 1671w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 668px) 100vw, 668px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"765\" height=\"1024\" data-id=\"15567\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8235-10-765x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15567\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8235-10-765x1024.jpeg 765w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8235-10-224x300.jpeg 224w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8235-10-112x150.jpeg 112w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8235-10-768x1029.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8235-10-1147x1536.jpeg 1147w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8235-10-1529x2048.jpeg 1529w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8235-10.jpeg 1862w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 765px) 100vw, 765px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-2 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"309\" data-id=\"15570\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8236-2-1024x309.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15570\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8236-2-1024x309.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8236-2-300x91.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8236-2-150x45.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8236-2-768x232.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8236-2-1536x464.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8236-2.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norman_Kemp_Smith\">Smith<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Norman%20Kemp-Smith\">Norman<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scottishphilosophy.org\/philosophers\/norman-kemp-smith\/\">Kemp<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npg.org.uk\/collections\/search\/portrait\/mw235626\/Norman-Kemp-Smith\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"217\" class=\"wp-image-15584\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8318.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of Norman Kemp Smith wearing a dark gray three-piece suit with a tartan blue tie and a gold watch chain in his vest is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8318.png 443w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8318-208x300.png 208w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8318-104x150.png 104w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/newstudiesinphil0000norm\/page\/n7\/mode\/2up\">New Studies in the Philosophy of Descartes<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/newstudiesinphil0000norm\/page\/n7\/mode\/2up\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"221\" class=\"wp-image-15587\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8320.png\" alt=\"An enhanced 3D color photographic cutout of the gray front book cover with blue font of \u201cStudies in the Cartesian Philosophy\u201d (1952) by Norman Kemp Smith is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8320.png 506w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8320-237x300.png 237w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8320-119x150.png 119w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. London: Macmillan &amp; Co., 1952\/1963. See especially the contents of screenshot pages below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"832\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8332-2-1024x832.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15600\" style=\"width:837px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8332-2-1024x832.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8332-2-300x244.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8332-2-150x122.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8332-2-768x624.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8332-2-1536x1248.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8332-2-2048x1663.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-3 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"602\" height=\"1024\" data-id=\"15604\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8334-2-602x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15604\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8334-2-602x1024.jpeg 602w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8334-2-176x300.jpeg 176w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8334-2-88x150.jpeg 88w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8334-2-768x1307.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8334-2-902x1536.jpeg 902w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8334-2-1203x2048.jpeg 1203w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8334-2-scaled.jpeg 1504w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 602px) 100vw, 602px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"639\" height=\"1024\" data-id=\"15605\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8335-2-639x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15605\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8335-2-639x1024.jpeg 639w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8335-2-187x300.jpeg 187w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8335-2-94x150.jpeg 94w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8335-2-768x1232.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8335-2-958x1536.jpeg 958w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8335-2-1277x2048.jpeg 1277w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8335-2-scaled.jpeg 1596w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"831\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8336-1024x831.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15608\" style=\"width:840px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8336-1024x831.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8336-300x244.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8336-150x122.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8336-768x623.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8336-1536x1247.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8336-2048x1662.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"826\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8337-1024x826.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15609\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8337-1024x826.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8337-300x242.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8337-150x121.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8337-768x620.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8337-1536x1239.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_8337-2048x1653.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.frostburg.edu\/departments\/philosophy\/dept-faculty.php#sb\">Smith<\/a> (now <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/shoshana-r-brassfield\">Brassfield<\/a>), Shoshana Rose<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frostburg.edu\/departments\/philosophy\/dept-faculty.php#sb\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"249\" class=\"wp-image-10157\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1575.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling and oval glasses wearing Dr. R. Brassfield with drop earrings and wearing a dark blue shirt with very thin white stripes used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1575.png 450w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1575-211x300.png 211w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1575-105x150.png 105w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/philarchive.org\/archive\/SMICADv1\">Clearness and Distinctness in Descartes\u2019s Philosophy<\/a>.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/SMICAD\">PhD diss.<\/a> University of California, Berkeley, Spring, 2005. <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.berkeley.edu\/people\/detail\/114\">Dissertation advisors:<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.berkeley.edu\/people\/dissertations\/9\">Janet Broughton<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.berkeley.edu\/rails\/active_storage\/disk\/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsibWVzc2FnZSI6IkJBaDdDVG9JYTJWNVNTSWhiWFp5WlhWc2FHSmxhblI1Wkc5dWJYcGlaSEU1WkROdGJHVjFaZ1k2QmtWVU9oQmthWE53YjNOcGRHbHZia2tpVFdsdWJHbHVaVHNnWm1sc1pXNWhiV1U5SW1OMlh6SXdNakZmTURWZk16RXVjR1JtSWpzZ1ptbHNaVzVoYldVcVBWVlVSaTA0SnlkamRsOHlNREl4WHpBMVh6TXhMbkJrWmdZN0JsUTZFV052Ym5SbGJuUmZkSGx3WlVraUZHRndjR3hwWTJGMGFXOXVMM0JrWmdZN0JsUTZFWE5sY25acFkyVmZibUZ0WlRvS2JHOWpZV3c9IiwiZXhwIjoiMjAyMy0xMC0xMVQxMjo0OTozMy4zNzNaIiwicHVyIjoiYmxvYl9rZXkifX0=--dae9c27fd4b1c049806f7493746cde60b2a16904\/cv_2021_05_31.pdf\">Hannah Ginsborg<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/856568\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/856568\">Stewart<\/a>, <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/856568\"><strong>Michael<\/strong><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/prabook.com\/web\/michael_alexander.stewart\/302633\"><strong>A(lexander)<\/strong><\/a> (no known photo), ed. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Studies_in_Seventeenth_century_European\/44EFAQAAIAAJ?hl=en\">Studies in Seventeenth-Century European Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/bjvNJiBxMnDQcsdo9\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"274\" class=\"wp-image-10117\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1522.jpeg\" alt=\"The sky blue book over with the title in a centered square of dark blue near top of cover of &quot;Studies in Seventeenth-Century European Philosophy&quot; (1998)  edited by M. A. Stewart used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1522.jpeg 409w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1522-192x300.jpeg 192w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1522-96x150.jpeg 96w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Read<strong> <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/kurt-smith\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Kurt<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/simplycharly.com\/interviews\/discourse-on-cartesian-method-kurt-smiths-new-book-provides-an-understanding-of-rene-descartes-philosophy\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Smith\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/simplycharly.com\/interviews\/discourse-on-cartesian-method-kurt-smiths-new-book-provides-an-understanding-of-rene-descartes-philosophy\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-10143\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1561.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced and colorized photographic headshot cutout of a clear plastic glasses wearing Kurt D. Smith staring straight ahead with window reflections seen in his lenses and wearing a black athletic shirt with white stripes horizontally on his shoulders used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1561.png 548w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1561-257x300.png 257w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1561-128x150.png 128w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/revmetaph\/content\/revmetaph_2000_53_3_0735_0735\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a> in the <em>Review of Metaphysics<\/em> 53, no. 3, (March 2000): 735\u201336.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.philosophy.rutgers.edu\/images\/S_Stich_CV_2022.pdf\"><strong>Stich, Stephen<\/strong><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.rutgers.edu\/people\/regular-faculty\/regular-faculty-profile\/182-regular-faculty-full-time\/635-stich-stephen\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"154\" class=\"wp-image-3801\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5752.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of Stephen Stich used to visually identify him.\"><\/a>, ed. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Innate_Ideas.html?id=OjlZ6KNLVFoC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_entity&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=US#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Innate Ideas<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Innate_Ideas.html?id=OjlZ6KNLVFoC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_entity&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=US#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"227\" class=\"wp-image-8348\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_6570.jpeg\" alt=\"The blue book cover of &quot;Innate Ideas&quot; with a white font title edited by Stephen Stich used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_6570.jpeg 422w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_6570-198x300.jpeg 198w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_6570-99x150.jpeg 99w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1975.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Read <a href=\"https:\/\/www.memphis.edu\/philosophy\/people\/bios\/john-tienson.php\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.memphis.edu\/philosophy\/people\/bios\/john-tienson.php\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">John<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Tienson\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Tienson\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/MiuQRXfJgdwby2zS7\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"172\" class=\"wp-image-8891\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9848.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of John Tienson with glasses and. a thin scraggly beard and mustache wearing a v-neck black shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9848.png 460w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9848-300x295.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_9848-150x147.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>   <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2214744\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review<\/span><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/i338649\"><em><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">No\u00fbs<\/span><\/em> 12, no. 3 (September, 1978)<\/a>: 337\u201343.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Galen_Strawson\">Strawson<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/liberalarts.utexas.edu\/philosophy\/faculty\/gs24429\">Galen<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.consciousness.arizona.edu\/2010TSCPlenaryStrawson.htm\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"158\" class=\"wp-image-4600\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_25749E4A-8330-4FB2-983B-8490296DFABC.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Galen Strawson wearing a blue shirt with his right hand in a fist at his mouth used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_25749E4A-8330-4FB2-983B-8490296DFABC.png 303w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_25749E4A-8330-4FB2-983B-8490296DFABC-284x300.png 284w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/thepanpsycast.com\/strawson\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"181\" class=\"wp-image-4601\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/cd432c21-0d72-4301-96e5-c5b7ed52c3d3.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a glasses adorned Galen Strawson wearing a dark  blue shirt under a green outerwear coat used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/cd432c21-0d72-4301-96e5-c5b7ed52c3d3.png 265w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/cd432c21-0d72-4301-96e5-c5b7ed52c3d3-248x300.png 248w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/cfs.ku.dk\/calendar-main\/2016\/strawson-ii\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"195\" class=\"wp-image-4602\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7501.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot and torso cutout of a glasses free Galen Strawson wearing a medium blue shirt under a dark blue sweater vest with his arms crossed used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7501.png 205w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7501-192x300.png 192w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/5728\/chapter-abstract\/148853810?redirectedFrom=fulltext\">Descartes\u2019s Mind<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_and_Cartesianism.html?id=3MLXDQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Descartes and Cartesianism: Essays in Honour of Desmond Clarke<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/w4j9ZMdmtSZ9n4jm8\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"269\" class=\"wp-image-10121\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0691.jpeg\" alt=\"A orange\/yellow book cover of &quot;Descartes and Cartesianism&quot; edited by Stephen Gaukroger and Catherine Wilson with a photographic insert of Desmond Clarke in viewer's upper right corner used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0691.jpeg 416w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0691-195x300.jpeg 195w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0691-98x150.jpeg 98w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger\">Stephen Gaukroger<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"163\" class=\"wp-image-4088\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized  photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of a glasses adorned Stephen Gaukroger wearing a white shirt with dark blue and white striped tie under a dark blue sweater with a dark gray wool suit jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721-300x279.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/cwilson.academia.edu\/cv\">Catherine<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catherine_Wilson_(philosopher)\">Wilson<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wiko-berlin.de\/fellows\/akademisches-jahr\/2017\/wilson-catherine\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"193\" class=\"wp-image-3402\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5086.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of a smiling Catherine Wilson used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5086.png 249w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5086-233x300.png 233w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, 57\u201378. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. &nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/32196717\">Download<\/a> at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/\">Academia.edu<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/cnu-cn.academia.edu\/VanessaSun?swp=tc-au-121176148\">Sun<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Vanessa-Sun-4\">Vanessa<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"129\" class=\"wp-image-10177\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_ADB45C67-D610-4827-AF2D-33B946BD49E2.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Vanessa Sun wearing a soft shirt with a notched collar shirt with a blue left collar used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_ADB45C67-D610-4827-AF2D-33B946BD49E2.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_ADB45C67-D610-4827-AF2D-33B946BD49E2-300x258.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/SIX_ADB45C67-D610-4827-AF2D-33B946BD49E2-150x129.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/121176148\/Descartess_Transformation_of_the_Sensory_Perceptional_Model_in_Medieval_Philosophy\">Descartes&#8217;s Transformation of the Sensory Perceptional Model in Medieval Philosophy<\/a>.&#8221; Included in the 25th World Philosophy Conference. Also available at <a href=\"https:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/121176148\">Academia.com<\/a>.<a href=\"https:\/\/cnu-cn.academia.edu\/VanessaSun?swp=tc-au-121176148\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/121176148\/Descartess_Transformation_of_the_Sensory_Perceptional_Model_in_Medieval_Philosophy?sm=a\">Summary<\/a>:<\/strong> People generally accept the popular interpretation of Descartes&#8217; philosophy, which suggests that Descartes not only discovered the principles of optics but also applied them to explain our mechanical and physiological processes of visual perception using his innovative, pure science. Furthermore, his philosophy completely rejected the &#8220;species&#8221; theory, an intermediary tool in the human brain that aids in our understanding of things, which ancient philosophers and their medieval successors created. This theory was central to intentionality theories in the Middle Ages. He ultimately demonstrated that his new cognitive model consists of pure reason and pure intellectual intuition. This model is solely constructed from the &#8220;clearest ideas&#8221; directly provided to the human mind through the illumination of Nature&#8217;s Light to the process of human meditation. This paper aims to correct the oversimplified understanding of the interpretation mentioned above. I will attempt to prove step by step that, in the complex narrative surrounding philosophical truth, Descartes revisited the fundamental and core issue of the human sensory perception mechanism, which implies a new level of understanding. For Descartes, as we all know, the essence of human sensation and perception is also attributed solely to pure reason, significantly separating him from traditional philosophers. However, this distinction is still deeply intertwined with the mind-body identity issues, which have always been central to intentional theories among academic philosophers in the Middle Ages.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:35px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Descartes-2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1051\" height=\"1187\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_2337b10-1.jpeg\" alt=\"A framed color advertising graphic for DTOI website of a flowering branching tree with a female helmeted warrior to the right of the tree hold a scrolling bannner draping to left with the Latin words &quot;Cartesii theoria idearum&quot; written on it three times and prominent categories in the theory of ideas written on the tree.\" class=\"wp-image-721\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_2337b10-1.jpeg 1051w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_2337b10-1-266x300.jpeg 266w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_2337b10-1-907x1024.jpeg 907w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/IMG_2337b10-1-768x867.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1051px) 100vw, 1051px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:35px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\" id=\"T-neon-ivy-drop-cap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"256\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0955.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2198\" style=\"width:123px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0955.jpeg 256w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0955-240x300.jpeg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 256px) 100vw, 256px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/its.fsu.edu\/sites\/g\/files\/imported\/storage\/original\/application\/82fce930950be7b28485bf8d869ab2f4.pdf\">Tipton<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Ian%20C.%20Tipton\">Ian<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/internationalberkeleysociety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/briefs0806.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"183\" class=\"wp-image-3695\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_00F0B3A5-49C2-4BF4-BECC-30B98A147404.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and blended colorize photographic cutout of Ian Tipton used for visually identifying hum.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_00F0B3A5-49C2-4BF4-BECC-30B98A147404.png 263w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_00F0B3A5-49C2-4BF4-BECC-30B98A147404-247x300.png 247w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/TIPQAQ\">\u2018Ideas\u2019 and \u2018Objects\u2019: Locke on Perceiving \u2018Things\u2019.<\/a>\u201d In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Minds_Ideas_and_Objects\/DlANAQAAMAAJ?hl=en\">Minds, Ideas, and Objects: Essays on the Theory of Representation in Modern Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Minds_Ideas_and_Objects\/DlANAQAAMAAJ?hl=en\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"262\" class=\"wp-image-3748\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5676.jpeg\" alt=\"The enhanced dark blue book cover for &quot;Minds, Ideas, and Objects&quot; edited by Phillip D. Cummins and Gunther Zoeller.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5676.jpeg 214w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5676-201x300.jpeg 201w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Phillip%20D.%20Cummins\">Phillip D.<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/clas.uiowa.edu\/philosophy\/people\/phillip-d-cummins\">Cummins<\/a><\/strong> (no known photo) and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.philosophie.uni-muenchen.de\/lehreinheiten\/philosophie_2\/personen\/zoeller\/index.html\"><strong>G\u00fcnter Z\u00f6ller<\/strong><\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.phil.arts.cuhk.edu.hk\/web\/tcivp\/gunter-zoller\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"140\" height=\"193\" class=\"wp-image-6777\" style=\"width: 140px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3147.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a glasses adorned mustache and trim goateed Guenter Zoeller wearing a white collared shirt under a black jacket with an upturned collar at his neck used to visually identify him.\"><\/a>, 97\u2013110. Atascadero, CA: Ridgeview Publishing Company, 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\" id=\"U-neon-ivy-drop-cap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"254\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0969.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2200\" style=\"width:117px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0969.jpeg 254w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0969-238x300.jpeg 238w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 254px) 100vw, 254px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\" id=\"V-neon-ivy-drop-cap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"243\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0962.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2203\" style=\"width:120px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0962.jpeg 243w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0962-228x300.jpeg 228w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 243px) 100vw, 243px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Frederick%20P.%20Van%20De%20Pitte\">Van de Pitte, Frederick<\/a> <\/strong>(no known photo)<strong>.<\/strong> \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/VANDII\">Descartes\u2019 Innate Ideas<\/a>.\u201d <em>Kant-Studien<\/em> 76 (1985): 362\u201384.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/theo-verbeek\">Verbeek<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uu.nl\/staff\/THMVerbeek\">Theo<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uu.nl\/staff\/THMVerbeek\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"132\" class=\"wp-image-4646\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7525.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a mustached Theo Verbeek with his head turned gard to his left wearing a dark suit jacket, white shirt, and tie used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7525.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7525-300x263.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.historischeuitgeverij.nl\/hu.php?auteur=verbeek\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-4647\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7529.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of a mustached Theo Verbeek with his head turned straight at viewer wearing a dark suit jacket, white shirt, and tie used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7529.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7529-300x258.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/blog.despinoza.nl\/log\/theo-verbeek-over-tolerantie-en-vrijheid-van-meningsuiting.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"148\" class=\"wp-image-4648\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7524.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of a mustached Theo Verbeek with his head turned to his right wearing a dark suit jacket, white shirt, and blue and white striped tie used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7524.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7524-300x222.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/VERDAT-4\">Descartes and the Dutch: Early Reactions to Cartesian Philosophy 1637\u20131650<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/avzdbJkoohpujW9i8\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"328\" class=\"wp-image-11832\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_4136.jpeg\" alt=\"The brown book cover of \u201cDescartes and the Dutch: Early Reactions to Cartesian Philosophy, 1637-1650\u201d (1992) \nby Theo Verbeek is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_4136.jpeg 390w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_4136-183x300.jpeg 183w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_4136-91x150.jpeg 91w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1994.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Thomas%20C.%20Vinci\">Vinci<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.dal.ca\/content\/dam\/dalhousie\/pdf\/faculty\/arts\/philosophy\/Alumni-and-Friends-Documents\/CV_2019_04_17_long.pdf\">Tom<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/asearch.pl?filterByAreas=&amp;filterMode=notauthors&amp;proOnly=on&amp;categorizerOn=&amp;sort=relevance&amp;newWindow=&amp;publishedOnly=&amp;year=&amp;sqc=&amp;onlineOnly=&amp;freeOnly=&amp;showCategories=on&amp;langFilter=&amp;author=Vinci%2C%20Thomas%20C%2E&amp;searchStr=Thomas%20C%2E%20Vinci&amp;hideAbstracts=&amp;\">C<\/a>.<\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"139\" class=\"wp-image-4677\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7775.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Tom C. Vinci with full white beard and white  mustache looking down wearing a green and white shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7775.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7775-300x278.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"146\" class=\"wp-image-4683\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7787.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Tom C. Vinci's head tilted to his right with full white beard and darker gray mustache wearing a networked patterned. shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7787.png 274w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7787-257x300.png 257w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/> . <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Cartesian_Truth\/xCHoCwAAQBAJ?hl=en\">Cartesian Truth<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Cartesian_Truth\/xCHoCwAAQBAJ?hl=en\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"279\" class=\"wp-image-4010\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6420.jpeg\" alt=\"The dark blue book cover for &quot;Cartesian Truth&quot; by Thomas C. Vinci used for identifying it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6420.jpeg 201w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6420-188x300.jpeg 188w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">See especially Ch. 7 &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/go.pl?id=VINTJT&amp;proxyId=&amp;u=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2F0195113292.003.0008\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">The Janus\u2010Faced Theory of Ideas of the Senses<\/span><\/a>&#8220;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:28px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/5102\/chapter-abstract\/147692040?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=true\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Abstract<\/span><\/a>:<\/strong> The leading idea of this [seventh] chapter is that, for Descartes, intellectual ideas make it obvious what metaphysical category the properties they disclose to the mind fall into but not whether they are actually exemplified; sensations make it obvious whether the properties they disclose to the mind are exemplified but not what their metaphysical category is. This idea is worked out through a discussion of three stages in the development of Descartes&#8217;s doctrine of the material falsity of sensory ideas, the core concept of his error explanation of the senses. Material falsity is a set of three defects that sensations have in comparison with intellectual ideas, ideas that fully discharge the role, which Descartes assigns to ideas in his philosophical system. The first stage, reflected in Meditation III, identifies material falsity with two defects: nonrepresentation and misrepresentation ; the second stage, reflected in the Reply to Arnauld, identifies material falsity with obscure ideas ; the third stage, reflected in the Principles of Philosophy I, sees the terminology of material falsity disappear and the terminology of clear but not distinct ideas appear. Other topics discussed include a special application of the rule of truth and skepticism.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"203\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_9309DF41-8349-40DE-9589-BB35415AFE55-203x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10493\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_9309DF41-8349-40DE-9589-BB35415AFE55-203x1024.png 203w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_9309DF41-8349-40DE-9589-BB35415AFE55-30x150.png 30w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_9309DF41-8349-40DE-9589-BB35415AFE55-406x2048.png 406w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_9309DF41-8349-40DE-9589-BB35415AFE55.png 499w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 203px) 100vw, 203px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/G.%20H.%20Von%20Wright\">Von Wright<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/G.%20H.%20Von%20Wright\">George Henrik<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/DmxFEaV8rXDRRD4P6\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"157\" class=\"wp-image-4687\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7808.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of G. H. von Wright wearing a black suit and black tie with a white pocket folded handkerchief used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7808.png 306w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7808-287x300.png 287w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/375humanistia.helsinki.fi\/georg-henrik-von-wright\/von-wright-wittgenstein-arkisto-wwa\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"115\" height=\"169\" class=\"wp-image-4689\" style=\"width: 115px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7806.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized old non-color newspaper photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of a seated G. H. von Wright wearing a gray suit jacket  and black tie with his hands holding a pen used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7806.png 218w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7806-204x300.png 204w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 115px) 100vw, 115px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.helsinki.fi\/fi\/humanistinen-tiedekunta\/ajankohtaista\/nayttely-ja-luentosarja-georg-henrik-von-wright-100-vuotta-syntymasta\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"148\" class=\"wp-image-4688\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7811.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of G. H. von Wright wearing a gray suit jacket and a tie seated and his left  shoulder leading turned towards his right used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7811.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7811-300x295.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/VONITS-3\">In the Shadow of Descartes: Essays in the Philosophy of Mind<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/In_the_Shadow_of_Descartes.html?id=2pDtCAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"306\" class=\"wp-image-4719\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_B83E2549-5072-47EB-967E-4153399A73CA.png\" alt=\"The white and gray book cover for &quot;In the Shadow of Descartes: Essays in the Philosophy of Mind&quot; by G. H. von Wright used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_B83E2549-5072-47EB-967E-4153399A73CA.png 183w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_B83E2549-5072-47EB-967E-4153399A73CA-172x300.png 172w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1998. (Click on book cover for preview).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/stephen-voss\">Voss<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Stephen-Voss\">Stephen<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/xuyFC9ZApKsmKDmH8\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/xuyFC9ZApKsmKDmH8\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"145\" height=\"352\" class=\"wp-image-4713\" style=\"width: 145px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7815.png\" alt=\"A highly photographically manipulated enhanced colorized full body shot of Stephen Voss on the sand at a beach (not shown) with his hands lightly into his pockets wearing a white t-shirt , gray pants, and black shoes and a black band wristwatch on his left wrist used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7815.png 132w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7815-124x300.png 124w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 145px) 100vw, 145px\" \/><\/a>, ed. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Essays_on_the_Philosophy_and_Science_of.html?id=tmJUwE2KFLEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_entity&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=US#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Essays on the Philosophy and Science of Ren\u00e9 Descartes<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Essays_on_the_Philosophy_and_Science_of.html?id=tPQ6qV8frKcC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"263\" class=\"wp-image-4716\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7816.jpeg\" alt=\"The dark greenish blue color book cover for &quot;Essays on the Philosophy and Science of Ren\u00e9 Descartes&quot; edited by Stephen Voss used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7816.jpeg 213w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7816-200x300.jpeg 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\" id=\"W-neon-ivy-drop-cap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"301\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0954.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2206\" style=\"width:132px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0954.jpeg 301w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0954-282x300.jpeg 282w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 301px) 100vw, 301px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/stephen-wagner\">Wagner<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/stores\/author\/B00M33ZPK2?ccs_id=be8f9eea-d8e1-4eb0-babf-d47a1ed7e5ce\">Stephen<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Stephen%20I.%20Wagner\">I<\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/27744708\">Descartes on the Power of \u2018Ideas\u2019.<\/a>\u201d <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/asearch.pl?pub=385\">History of Philosophy Quarterly<\/a><\/em>&nbsp;13, no. 3 (1996): 287\u201397.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/WAGDOT-2\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> This paper spells out the implications, for Descartes&#8217;s theory of ideas, of my earlier paper, &#8220;Descartes&#8217;s Wax: Discovering the Nature of Mind.&#8221; I show that my reading of the wax investigation provides a number of clarifications of Descartes&#8217;s Meditation III discussion of ideas. My reading of Meditation III provides a ground, internal to the Meditations for Descartes&#8217;s claims about objective reality, the causal laws, material falsity and the idea of God. I show that Descartes&#8217;s claims and conclusions regarding these issues is strengthened by the perspective I have provide<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/sandbox02-na.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/discovery\/search?query=creator,exact,Wee,%20Cecilia,AND&amp;tab=Everything&amp;search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&amp;vid=01CACCL_CC:scc&amp;facet=creator,exact,Wee,%20Cecilia&amp;mode=advanced&amp;offset=0\">Wee<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Cecilia%20Wee\">Cecila<\/a><\/strong> <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/WEEMFI\">Teck Neo<\/a><\/strong> (no known photo). \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/people.tamu.edu\/~sdaniel\/682%20Readings\/wee%20animals.pdf\">Animal Sentience and Descartes\u2019s Dualism: Exploring the Implications of Baker and Morris\u2019s Views<\/a>.\u201d <em>British Journal for the History of Philosophy<\/em> 13, no. 4 (2005): 611\u201326.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/sandbox02-na.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/discovery\/search?query=creator,exact,Wee,%20Cecilia,AND&amp;tab=Everything&amp;search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&amp;vid=01CACCL_CC:scc&amp;facet=creator,exact,Wee,%20Cecilia&amp;mode=advanced&amp;offset=0\">Wee<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Cecilia%20Wee\">Cecilia<\/a><\/strong> (no known photo). \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5840\/philinquiry2003251\/25\">Descartes\u2019 Infallibility Thesis<\/a>.\u201d <em>Philosophical Inquiry<\/em>, 25, nos. 1\/2 (Winter 2003): 59\u201370.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/sandbox02-na.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/discovery\/search?query=creator,exact,Wee,%20Cecilia,AND&amp;tab=Everything&amp;search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&amp;vid=01CACCL_CC:scc&amp;facet=creator,exact,Wee,%20Cecilia&amp;mode=advanced&amp;offset=0\">Wee<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Cecilia%20Wee\">Cecilia<\/a><\/strong> <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/WEEMFI\">Teck Neo<\/a><\/strong> (no known photo). \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/WEEMFI\">Material Falsity in Descartes\u2019s Meditations<\/a>.\u201d PhD diss., University of Pittsburgh, 1994. <a href=\"https:\/\/academictree.org\/philosophy\/peopleinfo.php?pid=799966\">Major Adviser<\/a>: <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Annette%20C.%20Baier\">Annette<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.utimes.pitt.edu\/archives\/?p=23544\">C.<\/a>(laire) <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Annette_Baier\">Baier<\/a> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sysoon.com\/deceased\/annette-baier\">1929\u20132012<\/a>) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/images\/search?view=detailV2&amp;ccid=DcF3rTV4&amp;id=19A4DCBE8D474D7DDB90EB9CABDC7C16CC6FE944&amp;thid=OIP.DcF3rTV4eez8qElF1m0VBwAAAA&amp;mediaurl=https%3a%2f%2fix.sysoons.com%2fx1%2fannette-baier.jpg&amp;cdnurl=https%3a%2f%2fth.bing.com%2fth%2fid%2fR.0dc177ad357879ecfca84945d66d1507%3frik%3dROlvzBZ83Kuc6w%26pid%3dImgRaw%26r%3d0&amp;exph=360&amp;expw=300&amp;q=Annette+Baier+Philosophy&amp;simid=608045680678952582&amp;FORM=IRPRST&amp;ck=306583BFD85AD82989A8259DD522BEE0&amp;selectedIndex=29&amp;itb=0&amp;ajaxhist=0&amp;ajaxserp=0\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"247\" class=\"wp-image-14336\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6848.jpeg\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic cutout of Annette C. Baier, wearing glasses and a black shirt under a blue jacket in a right profile with her head turned towards the viewer, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6848.jpeg 259w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6848-121x300.jpeg 121w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6848-61x150.jpeg 61w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Annette_Baier\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"224\" class=\"wp-image-14337\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6845.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Annette C. Baier, wearing glasses and a black shirt with her head turned towards the viewer, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6845.png 429w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6845-201x300.png 201w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6845-101x150.png 101w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/consc.net\/pics\/aap2010.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"115\" height=\"267\" class=\"wp-image-14338\" style=\"width: 115px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6876.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of a standing Annette C. Baier, wearing glasses and a black shirt under a gray jacket, carrying a large white bag over a large conference bag with writing on it, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6876.png 138w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6876-129x300.png 129w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_6876-65x150.png 65w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 115px) 100vw, 115px\" \/><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/sandbox02-na.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/discovery\/search?query=creator,exact,Wee,%20Cecilia,AND&amp;tab=Everything&amp;search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&amp;vid=01CACCL_CC:scc&amp;facet=creator,exact,Wee,%20Cecilia&amp;mode=advanced&amp;offset=0\">Wee<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Cecilia%20Wee\">Cecilia<\/a><\/strong> (no known photo). <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Material_Falsity_and_Error_in_Descartes.html?id=T8l-AgAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Material Falsity and Error in Descartes\u2019s Meditations<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/vgdBEy6v2SRzho7v8\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"282\" class=\"wp-image-13774\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5819.jpeg\" alt=\"The image is of the light blue book cover with black font titles of \u201cMaterial Falsity and Error in Descartes\u2019s Meditations\u201d (2006) by Cecilia Wee is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5819.jpeg 397w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5819-186x300.jpeg 186w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5819-93x150.jpeg 93w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/YYEosDDBvGBZsWef6\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"211\" height=\"281\" class=\"wp-image-13776\" style=\"width: 211px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_6508.jpeg\" alt=\"The bright neon blue book cover with white titles of \u201cMaterial Falsity and Error in Descartes\u2019s Meditations\u201d (2006) by Cecilia Wee, published by Routledge, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_6508.jpeg 480w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_6508-225x300.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_6508-113x150.jpeg 113w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 211px) 100vw, 211px\" \/><\/a>. New York: Routledge, 2006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/api.pageplace.de\/preview\/DT0400.9781134270941_A25032496\/preview-9781134270941_A25032496.pdf\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">opening of the book through page eight<\/span><\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Descartes-Meditations-Routledge-Seventeenth-Century-Philosophy-ebook\/dp\/B000OT7XJS\/ref=mp_s_a_1_1?crid=3SRNLMOFU05U2&amp;dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.l2m-rs1FNEXMjs3Gu4HDmg.PBjTbWF2RnolS2cGe5eM0VrZmgy4vi6etEWh_1rczLA&amp;dib_tag=se&amp;keywords=cecilia+wee+material&amp;qid=1725130264&amp;sprefix=cecilua+wee+mayerial%2Caps%2C201&amp;sr=8-1\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Download a sample<\/span><\/a> from Amazon.com of the book through part of Ch. 2 or from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Material_Falsity_and_Error_in_Descartes\/T8l-AgAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;printsec=frontcover\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Google Books<\/span><\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Read <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Raffaella%20De%20Rosa\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Raffaella<\/span><\/a> <span style=\"color:#2271B1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/raffaelladerosa.com\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">De Rosa\u2019s<\/span><\/a><\/span> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"168\" class=\"wp-image-12534\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5291.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Rafaella De Rosa, wearing glasses and earrings and a dark gray jacket over a black V-neck shirt, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5291.png 571w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5291-268x300.png 268w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5291-134x150.png 134w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/> \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/251332\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review of Cecilia Wee\u2019s <em>Material Falsity and Error in Descartes\u2019s Meditations<\/em><\/span><\/a>.\u201d <em>Journal of the History of Philosophy<\/em> 46, no. 4 (October 2008): <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/251332\/pdf\">641<\/a>\u2013<a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/pub\/1\/article\/251331\">42<\/a>. See below.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This book aims to overturn the common view of materially false ideas (MFIs), which is that Descartes\u2019s discussion in Meditation Three generates confusion about his views on truth and falsehood and is irrelevant to the rest of the argument in the&nbsp;<em>Meditations<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After introducing MFIs and then criticizing previous interpretations, Wee provides her own account in chapter three. Since a proper understanding of why MFIs fail in their representational function allows Wee to revisit their role in the&nbsp;<em>Meditations<\/em>, this chapter occupies a central place in the book. She attributes to Descartes two theories of representation, the \u201cAccurate Causal Account\u201d (ACP) and the \u201cAlternative Account\u201d (AA). According to ACP, \u201can idea represents truly only if (1) the idea comes from the cause from which it purports to come, and (2) the idea accurately represents that cause\u201d (39\u201340). According to AA, an idea is true \u201cif it represents a thing with objective being (and contains objective reality)\u201d (47).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since Descartes, in Meditation Three, is \u201cunable to determine the causes of his . . . \u2018adventitious\u2019 ideas, far less to determine whether his ideas accurately represent their causes\u201d (40), the claim that MFIs \u201crepresent no-things as things\u201d is to be explained in light of AA as follows: \u201cUnder AA, all ideas purport to represent a \u2018real\u2019 thing. . . . False ideas are . . . those which purport to represent a thing with objective being but really do not do so\u201d (49). However, the problem with Wee\u2019s account is that since AA is based on the notion of objective reality, either these ideas fail to have objective reality, and then also fail to purport to represent, or else they do exhibit objective reality, and therefore represent something real. In either case, no account is provided of how MFIs purport to represent what they do not.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After the proof of a benevolent God, ACP can be reinstated to explain MFIs in Meditation Six and the Fourth Replies. On ACP, MFIs are ideas that represent correctly what their causes are but \u201c<em>mis<\/em>-represent them\u201d (52). For example, \u201cthe idea of the sun as very small is false because, although it represents correctly what its cause is\u2014the sun\u2014it does not&nbsp;<strong>[End Page 641]<\/strong>&nbsp;accurately portray that cause\u201d (51). There are, however, problems with this explanation. If the idea represents its correct object in virtue of \u201ccoming from\u201d it (as ACP suggests), how can it also misrepresent it? Matters are complicated by how ACP is said to account for MFIs in the Fourth Replies. There, the idea of cold is materially false because it refers cold to the external world while, in fact, it is the idea of the sensation of cold. But if the idea of cold is the idea of a sensation, why does it refer cold to an external world? Saying that cold is mistakenly referred to an external world because the idea is obscure and confused (55) does not answer the original question.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In chapter four, Wee argues that MFIs are crucial to the arguments of Meditations Three and Six. First, she contends that the ideas of size and shape that Descartes introduces in the context of the discussion of MFIs in Meditation Three are clear and distinct sensory ideas (CDSIs), and since the proof of the existence of material things in Meditation Six is based on CDSIs, the discussion of MFIs is crucial to the argument of Meditation Six (81\u201394). Second, she interprets Descartes\u2019s claim that MFIs \u201carise from nothing\u2014that is, they are in me only because of a deficiency and lack of perfection in my nature\u201d (30)\u2014as saying that MFIs are due to the lack of perfection of always having ideas that accurately represent states of affairs. Understanding deficiency as a lack of perfection allows Descartes \u201cto argue from his own recognized imperfection to the existence of a completely perfect God\u201d (108).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wee\u2019s discussion of CDSIs [clear and distinct sensory ideas] is very interesting but it obscures her account of the mechanism of false representation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/pub\/1\/article\/251331\">642 JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY 46:4 OCTOBER 2008<\/a> (scroll down to read p. <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/pub\/1\/article\/251331\">642<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sensory ideas of size and shape represent their correct causes because of their conformity to geometrical laws. This is inconsistent with ACP. Since these ideas do not purport to come from their causes in virtue of a causal connection with them, ACP does not count as a theory of representation. Moreover, claiming that MFIs are caused by a defect in my nature conflicts with Wee&#8217;s previous claim that, along the lines of ACP, MFIs are said to misrepresent their correct external causes. But Wee denies that there is a tension: &#8220;My false idea of the sun would have an existing cause insofar as it &#8216;comes from&#8217; the sun itself. . . . However . . . this idea fails to represent accurately the sun \u2026 due to my own deficiency as a thinking thing.&#8221; (104) Besides the fact that, by Wee&#8217;s own account, the idea of the sun is a derivative idea based on the immediate clear and distinct sensory ideas of sizes and shapes that one recognizes to conform to geometrical laws (87), no explanation is provided of how a deficiency in our nature obscures the idea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In chapter five, Wee argues that the account of deficiency as a lack of perfection in Meditation Three is crucial to understand both Descartes&#8217;s defense of his theodicy and his ethics. Our own imperfections make us aware that the question of why God has given us ideas that lead us astray cannot be answered &#8220;beyond the fact . . . that these imperfections contribute to the overall perfection of [a wider] order&#8221; (139). Finally; &#8220;cognizance that there is a divine order . .  . enables the human agent to recognize that she is part of a larger God-given whole. This recognition forms a crucial part of Descartes&#8217;s ethics, for it requires of the agent that she acts at least partially for the good of her community&#8221; (151).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despite these deficiencies, this book remains an important contribution to Descartes scholarship, returning MFIs to the central place in Descartes&#8217;s philosophy that they deserve.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mesaieux.com\/Obituary\/Norman-J.-Wells\/10086586\">Wells<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Norman%20j%20wells\">Norman<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/newspapers.bc.edu\/?a=d&amp;d=bcchronicle20130314-01.2.25&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------\">J<\/a>.<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mesaieux.com\/Obituary\/Norman-J.-Wells\/10086586\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"173\" class=\"wp-image-4158\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6824.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of an old Norman J. Wells smiling with dark sunglasses wearing a white Boston College ball cap with the monogram letters &quot;BC&quot; located in the center of the cap used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6824.png 277w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6824-260x300.png 260w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/schoolman\/content\/schoolman_2008_0085_0004_0271_0316\">Descartes and the Coimbrans on Material Falsity<\/a>.&#8221; <em>Modern Schoolman<\/em> 85 (2008): 271\u2013316.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mesaieux.com\/Obituary\/Norman-J.-Wells\/10086586\">Wells<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Norman%20j%20wells\">Norman<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/newspapers.bc.edu\/?a=d&amp;d=bcchronicle20130314-01.2.25&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------\">J<\/a>.<\/strong> <a href=\"http:\/\/fmwww.bc.edu\/ARF\/ARFNL0901.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"186\" class=\"wp-image-9862\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1215.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced upper torso and headshot photographic cutout of a smiling with glasses on Norman J. Wells wearing a black long sleeved shirt under a tan-yellow cross-hatched shirt with a black glasses case in his right shirt front pocket and with his fingers interlaced resting on a table (unseen) used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1215.png 602w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1215-282x300.png 282w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1215-141x150.png 141w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1215-600x640.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/newscholas\/content\/newscholas_1961_0035_0002_0172_0190\">Descartes and the Scholastics Briefly Revisited<\/a>.&#8221; <em>The New Scholastic<\/em>ism 35, 2 (1961): 172\u201390.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mesaieux.com\/Obituary\/Norman-J.-Wells\/10086586\">Wells<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Norman%20j%20wells\">Norman<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/newspapers.bc.edu\/?a=d&amp;d=bcchronicle20130314-01.2.25&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------\">J<\/a>.<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mesaieux.com\/Obituary\/Norman-J.-Wells\/10086586\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"173\" class=\"wp-image-4158\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6824.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of an old Norman J. Wells smiling with dark sunglasses wearing a white Boston College ball cap with the monogram letters &quot;BC&quot; located in the center of the cap used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6824.png 277w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6824-260x300.png 260w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/20130248\">Descartes and Suarez on Secondary Qualities: A Tale of Two Readings<\/a>.\u201d <em>The Review of Metaphysics<\/em> 51, no. 3 (1998): 565\u2013604.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mesaieux.com\/Obituary\/Norman-J.-Wells\/10086586\">Wells<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Norman%20j%20wells\">Norman<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/newspapers.bc.edu\/?a=d&amp;d=bcchronicle20130314-01.2.25&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------\">J<\/a>.<\/strong> <a href=\"http:\/\/fmwww.bc.edu\/ARF\/ARFNL0901.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"186\" class=\"wp-image-9864\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1214.png\" alt=\"An enhanced upper torso and headshot photographic cutout of a smiling with glasses on Norman J. Wells wearing a black long sleeved shirt under a tan-yellow cross-hatched shirt with a black glasses case in his left  shirt front pocket and with his fingers interlaced resting on a table (unseen) used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1214.png 602w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1214-282x300.png 282w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1214-141x150.png 141w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1214-600x640.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/sim_american-catholic-philosophical-quarterly_1993_67_contents\/page\/n1\/mode\/2up\">Descartes\u2019 <em>Idea<\/em> and its Sources<\/a>.\u201d <em>American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly<\/em> 67, no. 4 (1993): 513\u201335.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong> <\/strong><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mesaieux.com\/Obituary\/Norman-J.-Wells\/10086586\">Wells<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Norman%20j%20wells\">Norman<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/newspapers.bc.edu\/?a=d&amp;d=bcchronicle20130314-01.2.25&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------\">J<\/a>.<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mesaieux.com\/Obituary\/Norman-J.-Wells\/10086586\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"173\" class=\"wp-image-4158\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6824.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of an old Norman J. Wells smiling with dark sunglasses wearing a white Boston College ball cap with the monogram letters &quot;BC&quot; located in the center of the cap used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6824.png 277w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_6824-260x300.png 260w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/226975\/pdf\">Material Falsity in Descartes, Arnauld, and Suarez<\/a>.\u201d <em>Journal of the History of Philosophy<\/em> 22 (1984): 25\u201350.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mesaieux.com\/Obituary\/Norman-J.-Wells\/10086586\">Wells<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Norman%20j%20wells\">Norman<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/newspapers.bc.edu\/?a=d&amp;d=bcchronicle20130314-01.2.25&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------\">J<\/a>.<\/strong> <a href=\"http:\/\/fmwww.bc.edu\/ARF\/ARFNL0901.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"186\" class=\"wp-image-9862\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1215.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced upper torso and headshot photographic cutout of a smiling with glasses on Norman J. Wells wearing a black long sleeved shirt under a tan-yellow cross-hatched shirt with a black glasses case in his right shirt front pocket and with his fingers interlaced resting on a table (unseen) used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1215.png 602w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1215-282x300.png 282w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1215-141x150.png 141w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1215-600x640.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a> \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pdcnet.org\/schoolman\/content\/schoolman_1967_0045_0001_0049_0061\">Objective Being: Descartes and His Sources<\/a>.\u201d <em>The Modern Schoolman<\/em> 45, no. 1 (1967\u20131968): 49\u201361.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:31px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mesaieux.com\/Obituary\/Norman-J.-Wells\/10086586\">Wells<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Norman%20j%20wells\">Norman<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/newspapers.bc.edu\/?a=d&amp;d=bcchronicle20130314-01.2.25&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------\">J<\/a>.<\/strong> <a href=\"http:\/\/fmwww.bc.edu\/ARF\/ARFNL0901.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"186\" class=\"wp-image-9864\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1214.png\" alt=\"An enhanced upper torso and headshot photographic cutout of a smiling with glasses on Norman J. Wells wearing a black long sleeved shirt under a tan-yellow cross-hatched shirt with a black glasses case in his left  shirt front pocket and with his fingers interlaced resting on a table (unseen) used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1214.png 602w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1214-282x300.png 282w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1214-141x150.png 141w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1214-600x640.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. \u201cObjective Reality of Ideas in Arnauld, Descartes, and Suarez.\u201d In <em>The Great Arnauld and Some of His Philosophical Correspondents<\/em>, edited by by <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.utoronto.ca\/directory\/elmar-kremer\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.utoronto.ca\/directory\/elmar-kremer\/\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.utoronto.ca\/directory\/elmar-kremer\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/philosophy.utoronto.ca\/directory\/elmar-kremer\/\">Elmar<\/a> J. <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/elmar-joseph-kremer\">Kremer<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.utoronto.ca\/directory\/elmar-kremer\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"184\" class=\"wp-image-4288\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_6B4E6221-B5D6-45EC-A54F-3A245BDFA76D.png\" alt=\"An enhanced. olorized rotated photographic headshot cutout of a white haired Elmar J. Kremer wearing a gray and black shirt under a black jacket used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_6B4E6221-B5D6-45EC-A54F-3A245BDFA76D.png 261w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/SIX_6B4E6221-B5D6-45EC-A54F-3A245BDFA76D-245x300.png 245w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mesaieux.com\/Obituary\/Norman-J.-Wells\/10086586\">Wells<\/a>, <\/strong><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Norman%20j%20wells\">Norman<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/newspapers.bc.edu\/?a=d&amp;d=bcchronicle20130314-01.2.25&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------\">J<\/a>.<\/strong> <a href=\"http:\/\/fmwww.bc.edu\/ARF\/ARFNL0901.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"186\" class=\"wp-image-9864\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1214.png\" alt=\"An enhanced upper torso and headshot photographic cutout of a smiling with glasses on Norman J. Wells wearing a black long sleeved shirt under a tan-yellow cross-hatched shirt with a black glasses case in his left  shirt front pocket and with his fingers interlaced resting on a table (unseen) used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1214.png 602w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1214-282x300.png 282w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1214-141x150.png 141w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1214-600x640.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/226451\">Objective Reality of Ideas in Descartes, Caterus, and Suarez<\/a>.\u201d <em>Journal of the History of Philosophy<\/em> 28, no. 1 (1990): 33\u201361.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bernard_Williams\">Williams<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/bernardwilliamsphilosopher\/home\">Bernard<\/a><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/pbzg8GLDAKPHJV1G6\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"116\" class=\"wp-image-3396\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5082.png\" alt=\"A color photographic cutout of Bernard Williams used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5082.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5082-300x200.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes.html?id=fYFwLu6Vc7IC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Descartes: The Project of Pure Enquiry<\/a><\/em>. Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester Press, 1978.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-blockspare-blockspare-masonry aligncenter blockspare-blocks blockspare-masonry-wrapper blockspare-original blockspare-b348061c-fd40-4\" blockspare-animation=\"\"><style>.blockspare-b348061c-fd40-4 .blockspare-gutter-wrap{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;margin-top:30px;margin-bottom:30px}<\/style><div class=\"has-gutter blockspare-gutter-wrap\"><ul class=\"has-grid-lrg has-gutter-15\"><li class=\"blockspare-gallery-item\"><figure class=\"blockspare-gallery-figure blockspare-hover-item\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2667-3.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"10711\" data-imglink=\"\" data-link=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z\/attachment\/img_2667-3\/\" class=\"wp-image-10711\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2667-3.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2667-3-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2667-3-150x113.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blockspare-gallery-item\"><figure class=\"blockspare-gallery-figure blockspare-hover-item\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"320\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2665-3.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"10712\" data-imglink=\"\" data-link=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z\/attachment\/img_2665-3\/\" class=\"wp-image-10712\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2665-3.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2665-3-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2665-3-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blockspare-gallery-item\"><figure class=\"blockspare-gallery-figure blockspare-hover-item\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"240\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2668-2.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"10713\" data-imglink=\"\" data-link=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z\/attachment\/img_2668-2\/\" class=\"wp-image-10713\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2668-2.png 240w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2668-2-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2668-2-113x150.png 113w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blockspare-gallery-item\"><figure class=\"blockspare-gallery-figure blockspare-hover-item\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"194\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2655-3.jpeg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"10714\" data-imglink=\"\" data-link=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z\/attachment\/img_2655-3\/\" class=\"wp-image-10714\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2655-3.jpeg 194w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2655-3-182x300.jpeg 182w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2655-3-91x150.jpeg 91w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 194px) 100vw, 194px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blockspare-gallery-item\"><figure class=\"blockspare-gallery-figure blockspare-hover-item\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"209\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2654-3.jpeg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"10715\" data-imglink=\"\" data-link=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z\/attachment\/img_2654-3\/\" class=\"wp-image-10715\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2654-3.jpeg 209w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2654-3-196x300.jpeg 196w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2654-3-98x150.jpeg 98w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 209px) 100vw, 209px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/byron-williston\">Williston<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wlu.ca\/academics\/faculties\/faculty-of-arts\/faculty-profiles\/byron-williston\/index.html\">Byron<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"161\" class=\"wp-image-8352\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8536.png\" alt=\"A color photographic shoulders and headshot of a glasses wearing and smiling Byron Williston with a salt and pepper colored beard and mustache and wearing a black shirt under a shiny black jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8536.png 597w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8536-280x300.png 280w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8536-140x150.png 140w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/> and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.utoronto.ca\/news\/memoriam-andre-gombay-1933-2014-utm-philosophy-1999-2013\/\">Andr\u00e9<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Andr%C3%A9%20Gombay\">Gombay<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"194\" class=\"wp-image-8209\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7997.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced photographic cutout of Andr\u00e9 Gombay from the waist up with his head tilted to his left wearing a black round collared shirt with a centered red emblem and a medium dar blue long sleeved shirt with a dark gray thick sweater tied to his waist used for visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7997.png 413w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7997-194x300.png 194w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_7997-97x150.png 97w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/> , eds. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Passion-Virtue-Descartes-Byron-Williston\/dp\/1591020050?asin=1591020050&amp;revisionId=&amp;format=4&amp;depth=1\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Passion-Virtue-Descartes-Byron-Williston\/dp\/1591020050?asin=1591020050&amp;revisionId=&amp;format=4&amp;depth=1\">Passion and Virtue in Descartes<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/library.villanova.edu\/Find\/Record\/600647\/TOC\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7769\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_6916.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced faded gray over Descartes's headshot with his back to the right side over a brown stripe at bottom using black font for title in gray area and white font for editors in brown strip at bottom of &quot;Passion and Virtue in Descartes&quot; edited by Byron Williston and Andr\u00e9 Gombay used to visually identify it.\"><\/a>. Amherst, MA: Humanity Books (Prometheus), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Passion-Virtue-Descartes-Byron-Williston\/dp\/1591020050\">2003<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/library.villanova.edu\/Find\/Record\/600647\/TOC\">Table of Contents<\/a>:<\/strong>\n\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Introduction \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wlu.ca\/academics\/faculties\/faculty-of-arts\/faculty-profiles\/byron-williston\/index.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Byron Williston<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wlu.ca\/academics\/faculties\/faculty-of-arts\/faculty-profiles\/byron-williston\/index.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"120\" height=\"130\" class=\"wp-image-10725\" style=\"width: 120px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2706.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic shoulders and headshot of a full bearded and mustached Byron Williston with a salt and pepper colored beard and mustache and wearing a white collared shirt under a black suit coat used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2706.png 296w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2706-278x300.png 278w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2706-139x150.png 139w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 120px) 100vw, 120px\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Pt. 1. The Passions of the Soul<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">1. <a href=\"https:\/\/lisacshapiro.files.wordpress.com\/2012\/04\/shapirostructurepassions.pdf\"> <span style=\"color:#2271B1\">The Structure of The Passions of the Soul and the Soul-Body Union<\/span><\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lisa%20Shapiro\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Lisa<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lisa%20Shapiro\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Shapiro<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sfu.ca\/sfunews\/stories\/2020\/07\/major-award-seeks-to-revive-and-recognise-hidden-philosophers--v.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"143\" class=\"wp-image-10095\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1482.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic headshot cutout of Lisa Shapiro with big hair and wearing a gray string necklacewith a single large pearl over a black round neck shirt under a blue multi-colored jacket used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1482.png 448w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1482-210x300.png 210w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_1482-105x150.png 105w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Pt. 2. What Are Cartesian Passions?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">2. <a href=\"https:\/\/espace.library.uq.edu.au\/view\/UQ:69446\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Traces of the Body: Cartesian Passions<\/span><\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/hpi.uq.edu.au\/profile\/433\/deborah-brown\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/hpi.uq.edu.au\/profile\/433\/deborah-brown\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Deborah<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/arts\/educational-magazines\/brown-deborah-j-1963\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/arts\/educational-magazines\/brown-deborah-j-1963\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Brown<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.edx.org\/bio\/deborah-brown\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\" class=\"wp-image-9438\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0565.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Deborah J. Brown with her head tilted to her right and wearing a black shirt used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0565.png 220w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0565-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/calvin%20normore\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Calvin<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calvin_Normore\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Normore<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucla.edu\/person\/calvin-normore\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"125\" class=\"wp-image-3125\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2559.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of Calvin J. Normore used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2559.jpeg 256w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2559-240x300.jpeg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">3. The Intentionality of Cartesian Emotions \/ <a href=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Lilli%20Alanen\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Lilli<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.filosofi.uu.se\/news\/?tarContentId=976900\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Alanen<\/span><\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"116\" class=\"wp-image-8373\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_7244F95D-E2BF-4DC4-8A8F-1EF6AE930D55.png\" alt=\"A enhanced reversed colorized photographic headshot cutout of Lilli Alanen with glasses wearing a dark bluejacket with a gray scarf hanging down from around her neck with her left hand touching her left cheek used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_7244F95D-E2BF-4DC4-8A8F-1EF6AE930D55.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_7244F95D-E2BF-4DC4-8A8F-1EF6AE930D55-300x232.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/SIX_7244F95D-E2BF-4DC4-8A8F-1EF6AE930D55-150x116.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">4. <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/BEYOSM\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">On Sensory-Motor Mechanisms in Descartes: Wonder versus Reflex<\/span><\/a> \/ <a href=\"http:\/\/fr.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Marie_Beyssade\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Jean-Marie<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-philosophique-2018-2-page-305.htm\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Beyssade<\/span><\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"136\" class=\"wp-image-3335\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4599.png\" alt=\"A reversed, enhanced, and colorized photographic headshot cutout of Jean-Marie Beyssade used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4599.png 236w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4599-221x300.png 221w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">5. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Ronald-De-Sousa\/publication\/37627281_Descartes_on_the_unity_of_the_self_and_the_passions\/links\/5745c62108ae9f741b430ca8\/Descartes-on-the-unity-of-the-self-and-the-passions.pdf\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Descartes on the Unity of the Self and the Passions<\/span><\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/hpi.uq.edu.au\/profile\/433\/deborah-brown\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/hpi.uq.edu.au\/profile\/433\/deborah-brown\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Deborah<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/arts\/educational-magazines\/brown-deborah-j-1963\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/arts\/educational-magazines\/brown-deborah-j-1963\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Brown<\/span><\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"112\" class=\"wp-image-9435\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0007.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling Deborah J. Brown with dangling pearl earrings and her head. turned to her left and wearing. a dark pink shirt used to visually identify her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0007.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0007-300x270.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IMG_0007-150x135.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/> and <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.utoronto.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ronald-de-Sousa-2024.pdf\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Ronald<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ronald_de_Sousa\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">de Sousa<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/lescegeps.com\/nouvelles\/2023-04-17_le_philosophe_emerite_ronald_de_sousa_presente_une_conference_en_beauce_le_20_avril_prochain\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"147\" class=\"wp-image-10722\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2701.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Ronald de Souza with gray hair, beard, and mustache and wearing a gray turtleneck shirt under a red collared shirt used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2701.png 217w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2701-203x300.png 203w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2701-102x150.png 102w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">6. The Function of the Passions \/<strong> <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Daisie%20M.%20Radner\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Daisie<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/daisie%20radner\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Radner<\/span><\/a> (no known photo)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Pt. 3. Descartes&#8217;s Moral Philosophy<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">7. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.7591\/9781501728532-004\/html?lang=en\">Descartes&#8217;s Morale par Provision<\/a> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.7591\/9781501728532-004\/html\">from his book<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Descartes_s_Moral_Theory\/sFhuDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;printsec=frontcover\">Descartes\u2019s Moral Theory<\/a>, 11\u201333) \/ <span style=\"color:#2271B1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cornellpress.cornell.edu\/book\/9780801435676\/descartess-moral-theory\/#bookTabs=2\">John Marshall<\/a><\/span> <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">8. Careerist Emotions \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.utoronto.ca\/news\/memoriam-andre-gombay-1933-2014-utm-philosophy-1999-2013\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Andr\u00e9<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Andr%C3%A9%20Gombay\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Gombay<\/span><\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"148\" class=\"wp-image-8652\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_2230.jpeg\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced photographic cutout of Andr\u00e9 Gombay from the waist up with his head tilted to his left wearing a black round collared shirt with a centered red emblem and a medium dar blue long sleeved shirt with a dark gray thick sweater tied to his waist used for visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_2230.jpeg 431w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_2230-202x300.jpeg 202w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_2230-101x150.jpeg 101w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">9. <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Essays_on_Descartes.html?id=qYNzsdXamzgC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q=passions%20and%20freedom&amp;f=false\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">The Passions and Freedom of Will<\/span><\/a> \/ <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Paul<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"http:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Hoffman<\/span><\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"90\" height=\"119\" class=\"wp-image-2687\" style=\"width: 90px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1860.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and colorized headshot of Paul Hoffman used for identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1860.png 243w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1860-228x300.png 228w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 90px) 100vw, 90px\" \/><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">10. The Cartesian Sage and the Problem of Evil \/<strong> <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wlu.ca\/academics\/faculties\/faculty-of-arts\/faculty-profiles\/byron-williston\/index.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Byron<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/byron-williston\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Williston<\/span><\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"107\" class=\"wp-image-8352\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8536.png\" alt=\"A color photographic shoulders and headshot of a glasses wearing and smiling Byron Williston with a salt and pepper colored beard and mustache and wearing a black shirt under a shiny black jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8536.png 597w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8536-280x300.png 280w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/IMG_8536-140x150.png 140w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catherine_Wilson_(philosopher)\">Wilson<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/cwilson.academia.edu\/cv\">Catherine<\/a><\/strong>.  <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"225\" class=\"wp-image-31249\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/IMG_9048.png\" alt=\"A reversed color photographic cutout of Catherine Wilson, slightly smiling, is used to identify her visually. She is wearing a red top and white pearl earrings.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/IMG_9048.png 426w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/IMG_9048-200x300.png 200w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/IMG_9048-100x150.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/201389413\/Wilson-Catherine-Descartes-Meditations-an-Introduction\">Descartes\u2019 Meditations: An Introduction<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/api.pageplace.de\/preview\/DT0400.9780511074974_A24404544\/preview-9780511074974_A24404544.pdf\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7782\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_6968.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced image of &quot;Descartes: An Introduction&quot; by Catherine Wilson with Descartes's face with his head leaning to his right seemingly behind a transparent grayed out film used to visually identify it.\"><\/a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Margaret_Dauler_Wilson\">Wilson<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Margaret%20Dauler%20Wilson\">Margaret<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.princeton.edu\/about\/great-and-good\/margaret-dauler-wilson\">Dauler<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/alchetron.com\/Margaret-Dauler-Wilson\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7785\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_7038.png\" alt=\"An enhanced reversed color photographic cutout of a glasses wearing Margaret D. Wilson from the waist up with a. lack leather jacket over a white large collared shirt and a red sweater used to visually identify her.\"><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/repository.rice.edu\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/940517b6-fdfe-4ae2-93ec-f5ed7cbf0347\/content\">Confused Ideas<\/a>.&#8221; <em><a href=\"https:\/\/repository.rice.edu\/items\/34899e66-d479-45c4-a81e-fa8d4ccf0a8a\">Rice Institute Pamphlet &#8211; Rice University Studies<\/a>,<\/em>&nbsp;63, no. 4, 1977. Rice University:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1911\/63299\">https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1911\/63299<\/a>. In&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/WILIAM-2\">Ideas and Mechanism: Essays on Early Modern Philosophy<\/a><\/em>, Ch. 22, 322\u201335. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Margaret_Dauler_Wilson\">Wilson<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Margaret%20Dauler%20Wilson\">Margaret<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.princeton.edu\/about\/great-and-good\/margaret-dauler-wilson\">Dauler<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophydepartment.smugmug.com\/Margaret-Dauler-Wilson-Lectures\/Margaret-Dauler-Wilson-Lecture-Posters\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"115\" height=\"165\" class=\"wp-image-3369\" style=\"width: 115px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4750.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and colorized headshot of a young Margaret Dauler Wilson wearing a yellow wide brimmed summer hat used for visually  identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4750.png 223w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4750-209x300.png 209w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 115px) 100vw, 115px\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"115\" height=\"165\" class=\"wp-image-3370\" style=\"width: 115px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_92638C3B-5031-4968-85D2-666EEB0C7DB7.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and colorized headshot of a young Margaret Dauler Wilson wearing a yellow wide brimmed summer hat used for visually  identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_92638C3B-5031-4968-85D2-666EEB0C7DB7.png 223w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_92638C3B-5031-4968-85D2-666EEB0C7DB7-209x300.png 209w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 115px) 100vw, 115px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes.html?id=vyTXAAAAMAAJ\">Descartes<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes.html?id=vyTXAAAAMAAJ\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7784\" style=\"width: 300px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_7029.png\" alt=\"An enhanced 3D image of the blue covered book cover of &quot;Descartes&quot; by Margaret D. Wilson laying on its side at an upward left angle with the spine exposed used to visually identify it.\"><\/a>. London and Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978. Later published in the Taylor &amp; Francis e-Library in 2005. Read the entire book <a href=\"https:\/\/ia802906.us.archive.org\/13\/items\/in.ernet.dli.2015.125520\/2015.125520.Descartes.pdf\">at the Internet Archive<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Margaret_Dauler_Wilson\">Wilson<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Margaret%20Dauler%20Wilson\">Margaret<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.princeton.edu\/about\/great-and-good\/margaret-dauler-wilson\">D<\/a>.<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Margaret_Dauler_Wilson\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"208\" class=\"wp-image-3373\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4736.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and colorized photographic cutout headshot of a middle aged Margaret Dauler Wilson wearing a  white collared shirt with thin stripes used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4736.png 231w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4736-217x300.png 217w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/27673\/chapter-abstract\/197802942?redirectedFrom=fulltext\">Descartes on the Perception of Primary Qualities<\/a>.\u201d In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Essays_on_the_Philosophy_and_Science_of.html?id=tPQ6qV8frKcC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Essays on the Philosophy and Science of Rene Descartes<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Essays_on_the_Philosophy_and_Science_of.html?id=tPQ6qV8frKcC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"263\" class=\"wp-image-4716\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7816.jpeg\" alt=\"The dark greenish blue color book cover for &quot;Essays on the Philosophy and Science of Ren\u00e9 Descartes&quot; edited by Stephen Voss used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7816.jpeg 213w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7816-200x300.jpeg 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Stephen-Voss\">Stephen<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/stephen-voss\">Voss<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/xuyFC9ZApKsmKDmH8\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/xuyFC9ZApKsmKDmH8\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"115\" height=\"279\" class=\"wp-image-4713\" style=\"width: 115px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7815.png\" alt=\"A highly photographically manipulated enhanced colorized full body shot of Stephen Voss on the sand at a beach (not shown) with his hands lightly into his pockets wearing a white t-shirt , gray pants, and black shoes and a black band wristwatch on his left wrist used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7815.png 132w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7815-124x300.png 124w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 115px) 100vw, 115px\" \/><\/a>, 162\u201376. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1993. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/9781400864980.26\/html\">Also in<\/a> <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/WILIAM-2\">Ideas and Mechanism: Essays on Early Modern Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Ideas_and_Mechanism.html?id=clgABAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"256\" class=\"wp-image-6908\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3299.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced gray on top, tan in the middle, and orange on the bottom color book cover for &quot;Ideas and Mechanism: Essays in Early Modern Philosophy&quot; by Margaret Dauler Wilson was used to identify it visually.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3299.jpeg 219w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3299-205x300.jpeg 205w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/9781400864980.26\/html\">26\u201340<\/a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Margaret_Dauler_Wilson\">Wilson<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Margaret%20Dauler%20Wilson\">Margaret<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.princeton.edu\/about\/great-and-good\/margaret-dauler-wilson\">D<\/a>.<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Homenaje-Margaret-Wilson-ROBLES-BEN%C3%8DTEZ\/dp\/B003ZNOSTI\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"204\" class=\"wp-image-3378\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4752.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and colorized photographic cutout headshot of a thirtyish Margaret Dauler Wilson wearing a white round collar t-shirt under a red and black lumberjack shirt used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4752.png 196w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_4752-184x300.png 184w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=gEuBUgA46EsC&amp;pg=PA70&amp;lpg=PA69&amp;focus=viewport&amp;hl=fr#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Descartes on the Representationality of Sensation<\/a>.\u201d In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/9781400864980.69\/html\">Ideas and Mechanism: Essays on Early Modern Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Ideas_and_Mechanism.html?id=clgABAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Ideas_and_Mechanism.html?id=clgABAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"256\" class=\"wp-image-6908\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3299.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced gray on top, tan in middle, and orange on bottom color book cover for &quot;Ideas and Mechanism: Essays in Early Modern Philosophy&quot; by Margaret Dauler Wilson used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3299.jpeg 219w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3299-205x300.jpeg 205w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, Ch. 5, 69\u201383. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.harvard.edu\/files\/alisonsimmons\/files\/phil_223_short_syllabus.pdf\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">Alison Simmon\u2019s overview<\/mark><\/strong><\/a> (2011): Landmark article trying to sort out what mental (and especially sensory) representation might amount to in Descartes; distinguishes two kinds of representationality, which she calls \u201cpresentational\u201d and \u201creferential.\u201d The article also dives into the labyrinth of Descartes\u2019 treatment of material falsity in the Fourth Replies.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Also in <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Central_Themes_in_Early_Modern_Philosoph.html?id=pD13AX54iP4C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_entity&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=US#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Central Themes in Early Modern Philosophy<\/span><\/a><\/em>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cla.purdue.edu\/directory\/profiles\/jan-cover.html\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Jan A.<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/J.%20A.%20Cover\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Cover<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cla.purdue.edu\/directory\/profiles\/jan-cover.html\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.cla.purdue.edu\/directory\/profiles\/jan-cover.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"273\" class=\"wp-image-6902\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3293.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout from the waist up of a cloth hatted Jan A. Cover with glasses and a long white full beard and  white hair to his neck wearing a purple patterned shirt and blue jean dungarees used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3293.png 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3293-192x300.png 192w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3293-655x1024.png 655w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3293-768x1200.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3293-983x1536.png 983w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>and <a href=\"https:\/\/arruf.rice.edu\/members\/Mark-Kulstad#:~:text=Professor%20Emeritus%20of%20Philosophy%20and,.rice.edu%2F~kulstad%2F\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Mark<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Mark%20Kulstad\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Kulstad<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mark-kulstad-23a0963b\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-6884\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3188.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced color photographic headshot cutout with enhanced teeth and eye whitening  of a glasses adorned smiling gray-haired with gray mustached Mark Kulstad looking directly at viewer used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3188.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3188-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3188-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, 1\u201322. Cambridge, MA: Hackett Publishing Co., 1990.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Read <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"350\" height=\"172\" class=\"wp-image-1198\" style=\"width: 350px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_FFDBA954-538D-4B17-B385-08F152CFEBB2.png\" alt=\"Three transparent color headshots of Michael Della Rocca.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_FFDBA954-538D-4B17-B385-08F152CFEBB2.png 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_FFDBA954-538D-4B17-B385-08F152CFEBB2-300x148.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/SIX_FFDBA954-538D-4B17-B385-08F152CFEBB2-768x378.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2659872\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Michael Della Rocca\u2019s Review<\/span><\/a> of Wilson\u2019s collected essays.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Margaret_Dauler_Wilson\">Wilson<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Margaret%20Dauler%20Wilson\">Margaret<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.princeton.edu\/about\/great-and-good\/margaret-dauler-wilson\">Dauler<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.princeton.edu\/gallery\/inaugural-margaret-dauler-wilson-lecture#:-:text=margaret%20wilson\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"269\" class=\"wp-image-14815\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/SIX_0B8436A5-580D-4CE9-9F14-C02875889E56.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced photographic cutout of Margaret D. Wilson from the waist up with her arms folded, wearing glasses and an oversized collared white shirt under a red sweater with a black leather jacket is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/SIX_0B8436A5-580D-4CE9-9F14-C02875889E56.png 416w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/SIX_0B8436A5-580D-4CE9-9F14-C02875889E56-195x300.png 195w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/SIX_0B8436A5-580D-4CE9-9F14-C02875889E56-98x150.png 98w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/335988262\/John-Cottingham-Reason-Will-and-Sensation-Studies-in-Descartes-s-Metaphysics-1994-pdf\">Descartes on Sense and \u2018Resemblance\u2019<\/a>.\u201d In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/WILIAM-2\">Ideas and Mechanism: Essays on Early Modern Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"256\" class=\"wp-image-6908\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3299.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced gray on top, tan in middle, and orange on bottom color book cover for &quot;Ideas and Mechanism: Essays in Early Modern Philosophy&quot; by Margaret Dauler Wilson used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3299.jpeg 219w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3299-205x300.jpeg 205w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/>, 10\u201325. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999. Reprinted in <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/335988262\/John-Cottingham-Reason-Will-and-Sensation-Studies-in-Descartes-s-Metaphysics-1994-pdf\">Reason, Will, and Sensation: Studies in Descartes\u2019s Metaphysics<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/50160\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"330\" class=\"wp-image-2423\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1616.jpeg\" alt=\"The green book cover with a white font for &quot;Reasson, Will, and Sensation: Studies in Descartes's Metaphysics.&quot;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1616.jpeg 194w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1616-182x300.jpeg 182w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.johncottingham.co.uk\/\">John<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cottingham\">Cottingham<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"170\" class=\"wp-image-6751\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic color headshot cutout of John Cottingham facing forward wearing a white colored shirt with stripes and a blue suit jacket and sweater used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116.png 282w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3116-264x300.png 264w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>, 209\u201328. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Margaret_Dauler_Wilson\">Wilson<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Margaret%20Dauler%20Wilson\">Margaret<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.princeton.edu\/about\/great-and-good\/margaret-dauler-wilson\">D<\/a>.<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.princeton.edu\/gallery\/inaugural-margaret-dauler-wilson-lecture#:-:text=margaret%20wilson\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"253\" class=\"wp-image-14817\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_7341.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of Margaret D. Wilson leaning back from the waist up with her arms folded, wearing glasses and an oversized collared white shirt with a deep red scarf and a black leather jacket is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_7341.png 442w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_7341-207x300.png 207w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_7341-104x150.png 104w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2185046\">History of Philosophy in Philosophy Today; and The Case of the Sensible Qualities<\/a>.\u201d <em>Philosophical Review<\/em> 101, no. 1 (1992): 191\u2013243.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Margaret_Dauler_Wilson\">Wilson<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Margaret%20Dauler%20Wilson\">Margaret<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.princeton.edu\/about\/great-and-good\/margaret-dauler-wilson\">Dauler<\/a><\/strong> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"176\" class=\"wp-image-10661\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1712.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of a thoughtful Margaret D. Wilson turned to her right with her left-hand fingers extended under her left side chin, wearing an off-white collared shirt with a deep red scarf under the collar under a black leather jacket used to identify her visually.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1712.png 635w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1712-298x300.png 298w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1712-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_1712-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Ideas_and_Mechanism.html?id=gEuBUgA46EsC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_entity&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=US#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Ideas and Mechanism<\/a><\/em>: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/j.ctt7zvjr3\">Essays on Early Modern Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Ideas_and_Mechanism.html?id=clgABAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"256\" class=\"wp-image-6908\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3299.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced gray on top, tan in middle, and orange on bottom color book cover for &quot;Ideas and Mechanism: Essays in Early Modern Philosophy&quot; by Margaret Dauler Wilson used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3299.jpeg 219w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMG_3299-205x300.jpeg 205w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Ideas_and_Mechanism.html?id=gEuBUgA46EsC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_entity&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=US#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><\/a>Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Celia%20Wolf-Devine\">Wolf-Devine<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.celiawolfdevine.com\/\">Celia<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"http:\/\/celiawolfdevine.com\/index.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"245\" class=\"wp-image-4048\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/741bc7bf-7bdf-4c72-8229-b37cfd4ca5f6.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic cutout headshot of a glasses adorned Celia Wolf-Devine wearing a round neck red shirt, white pearl earrings, and a thin necklace used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/741bc7bf-7bdf-4c72-8229-b37cfd4ca5f6.png 229w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/741bc7bf-7bdf-4c72-8229-b37cfd4ca5f6-215x300.png 215w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/descartesonseein0000wolf\/page\/n3\/mode\/2up\">Descartes on Seeing: Epistemology and Visual Perception<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.celiawolfdevine.com\/descartes-on-seeing.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"279\" class=\"wp-image-7692\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_5093.png\" alt=\"An enhanced 3D yellow book cover for &quot;Descartes on Seeing: Epistemology and Visual Perception&quot; by Celia Wolf-Devine used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_5093.png 201w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_5093-188x300.png 188w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1993.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Celia%20Wolf-Devine\">Wolf-Devine<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.celiawolfdevine.com\/\">Celia<\/a> <\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/celiawolfdevine.com\/index.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"245\" class=\"wp-image-4048\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/741bc7bf-7bdf-4c72-8229-b37cfd4ca5f6.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic cutout headshot of a glasses adorned Celia Wolf-Devine wearing a round neck red shirt, white pearl earrings, and a thin necklace used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/741bc7bf-7bdf-4c72-8229-b37cfd4ca5f6.png 229w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/741bc7bf-7bdf-4c72-8229-b37cfd4ca5f6-215x300.png 215w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.celiawolfdevine.com\/pdf\/Descartes-theory-of-visual-spatial-perception.pdf\">Descartes\u2019 Theory of Visual Spatial Perception<\/a>.&#8221; In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Descartes_Natural_Philosophy\/VuqAAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Descartes%27+Natural+Philosophy&amp;pg=PA7&amp;printsec=frontcover\">Descartes&#8217; Natural Philosophy<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Descartes_Natural_Philosophy\/VuqAAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Descartes%27+Natural+Philosophy&amp;pg=PA7&amp;printsec=frontcover\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"240\" class=\"wp-image-7724\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_5157.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced light blues book cover of &quot;Descartes' Natural Philosophy&quot; edited by Stephen Gaukroger, John Schuster, and John Sutton used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_5157.jpeg 233w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_5157-218x300.jpeg 218w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, edited by&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/search?author=Stephen%20Gaukroger\">Stephen Gaukroger<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"163\" class=\"wp-image-4088\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized  photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of a glasses adorned Stephen Gaukroger wearing a white shirt with dark blue and white striped tie under a dark blue sweater with a dark gray wool suit jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721-300x279.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/search?author=John%20Schuster\">John Schuster<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/sydney.academia.edu\/JohnSchuster\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"147\" class=\"wp-image-10987\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_58776198-4BBB-40BD-8019-C10CFC0029E7.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a sparsely mustached John A. Schuster with round glasses and a stern expression on his face while wearing a dark mauve shirt under a dark brown sports coat used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_58776198-4BBB-40BD-8019-C10CFC0029E7.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_58776198-4BBB-40BD-8019-C10CFC0029E7-300x252.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_58776198-4BBB-40BD-8019-C10CFC0029E7-150x126.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/johnsutton.net\/john-sutton-cv\/\">John<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/johnsutton.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/sutton_publications-list-oct-2023.pdf\">Sutton<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/mq.academia.edu\/JohnSutton\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"160\" height=\"158\" class=\"wp-image-10990\" style=\"width: 160px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2899.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling with an open mouth John Sutton wearing an open collared white shirt with patterned speckles on it used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2899.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2899-300x297.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2899-150x148.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\" \/><\/a>, 506\u201323. New York: Routledge, 2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Celia%20Wolf-Devine\">Wolf-Devine<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.celiawolfdevine.com\/\">Celia<\/a> <\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/celiawolfdevine.com\/index.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"245\" class=\"wp-image-4048\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/741bc7bf-7bdf-4c72-8229-b37cfd4ca5f6.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic cutout headshot of a glasses adorned Celia Wolf-Devine wearing a round neck red shirt, white pearl earrings, and a thin necklace used for visually identifying her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/741bc7bf-7bdf-4c72-8229-b37cfd4ca5f6.png 229w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/741bc7bf-7bdf-4c72-8229-b37cfd4ca5f6-215x300.png 215w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/celiawolfdevine.com\/pdf\/The%20-role-of-inner-objects-in%20-perception.pdf\">The Role of Inner Objects in Perception<\/a>.&#8221; In <a href=\"https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Descartes-Natural-Philosophy\/Gaukroger-Schuster-Sutton\/p\/book\/9780415510707\">Descartes&#8217; Natural Philosophy<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"240\" class=\"wp-image-7724\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_5157.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced light blues book cover of &quot;Descartes' Natural Philosophy&quot; edited by Stephen Gaukroger, John Schuster, and John Sutton used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_5157.jpeg 233w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_5157-218x300.jpeg 218w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/>, edited by&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/s\/ref=dp_byline_sr_book_1?ie=UTF8&amp;field-author=S.+Gaukroger&amp;text=S.+Gaukroger&amp;sort=relevancerank&amp;search-alias=books\">Stephen Gaukroger<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Gaukroger\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"186\" class=\"wp-image-4088\" style=\"width: 200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized  photographic headshot and upper torso cutout of a glasses adorned Stephen Gaukroger wearing a white shirt with dark blue and white striped tie under a dark blue sweater with a dark gray wool suit jacket used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/1c60a5ed-59ef-4562-baf5-c684997f4721-300x279.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/s\/ref=dp_byline_sr_book_2?ie=UTF8&amp;field-author=John+Schuster&amp;text=John+Schuster&amp;sort=relevancerank&amp;search-alias=books\">John Schuster<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/sydney.academia.edu\/JohnSchuster\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"147\" class=\"wp-image-10987\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_58776198-4BBB-40BD-8019-C10CFC0029E7.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a sparsely mustached John A. Schuster with round glasses and a stern expression on his face while wearing a dark mauve shirt under a dark brown sports coat used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_58776198-4BBB-40BD-8019-C10CFC0029E7.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_58776198-4BBB-40BD-8019-C10CFC0029E7-300x252.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/SIX_58776198-4BBB-40BD-8019-C10CFC0029E7-150x126.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>,&nbsp;and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/John-Sutton\/e\/B001HPEKBC\/ref=dp_byline_cont_book_3\">John Sutton<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/mq.academia.edu\/JohnSutton\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"148\" class=\"wp-image-10990\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2899.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of a smiling with an open mouth John Sutton wearing an open collared white shirt with patterned speckles on it used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2899.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2899-300x297.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2899-150x148.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>, 557\u201368. New York: Routkedge, 2000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/stephanie-wykstra\">Wykstra<\/a>, Stephanie Larsen<\/strong> (no known photo). \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu\/rutgers-lib\/25111\/PDF\/1\/play\/\">A Defense of Cartesian Certainty<\/a>.\u201d PhD diss., Rutgers University, 2008. Dissertation Director: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.erniesosa.com\">Ernest<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ernest_Sosa\">Sosa<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"129\" class=\"wp-image-16923\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/SIX_614B61E0-0057-4E79-85B9-57B10704BE45.png\" alt=\"An enhanced, colorized closeup photographic headshot cutout of Ernest Sosa in a right profile is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/SIX_614B61E0-0057-4E79-85B9-57B10704BE45.png 496w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/SIX_614B61E0-0057-4E79-85B9-57B10704BE45-233x300.png 233w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/SIX_614B61E0-0057-4E79-85B9-57B10704BE45-116x150.png 116w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\" id=\"X-neon-ivy-drop-cap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"249\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0970.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2209\" style=\"width:111px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0970.jpeg 249w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0970-233x300.jpeg 233w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 249px) 100vw, 249px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\" id=\"Y-neon-ivy-drop-cap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"249\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0971.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2211\" style=\"width:125px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0971.jpeg 249w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0971-233x300.jpeg 233w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 249px) 100vw, 249px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_W._Yolton\">Yolton<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/John%20W.%20Yolton\">John<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/cbucommons.ca\/rkeshen\/john-yolton-obituary\/\">W<\/a>.<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalarchiveontario.ca\/objects\/283068\/john-yolton-philosopher-in-charge\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"135\" height=\"184\" class=\"wp-image-3761\" style=\"width: 135px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5660.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and blended colorized closeup photographic cutout headshot of John W. Yolton used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5660.png 235w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5660-220x300.png 220w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 135px) 100vw, 135px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/readingrortycrit0000unse\/page\/n5\/mode\/2up\">Mirrors and Veils, Thoughts and Things: the Epistemological Problematic<\/a>.\u201d In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/MALRRC\">Reading Rorty: Critical Responses to \u2018Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature\u2019<\/a><\/em>, edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Alan%20R.%20Malachowski\">Alan R. Malachowski<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/alan-malachowski-8b440819\/?originalSubdomain=za\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"175\" class=\"wp-image-12539\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4172.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic headshot cutout of Alan R. Malachowski, showing his teeth and wearing a blue sweatshirt tied loosely around his neck with a white shirt that has  a buttoned down collar, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4172.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4172-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4172-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_4172-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Jo%20Burrows\">Jo Burrows<\/a>&nbsp;(no known photo), and <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Richard%20Rorty\">Richard Rorty<\/a> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"219\" class=\"wp-image-12537\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5309.png\" alt=\"A reversed enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Richard Rorty, with his chin down and wearing a collared shirt open at the neck, is used for visual identification. \" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5309.png 438w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5309-205x300.png 205w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5309-103x150.png 103w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>, 58\u201373. Oxford, UK: Oxford, 1990.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Read <a href=\"https:\/\/www.erudit.org\/en\/journals\/surfaces\/1900-v1-n1-surfaces04925\/1065248ar.pdf\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Review of Reading Rorty<\/span><\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.erudit.org\/en\/journals\/surfaces\/1992-v2-surfaces04925\/1065248ar\/abstract\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Imre Szeman<\/span><\/a> (no known photo) in <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.erudit.org\/fr\/revues\/surfaces\/1992-v2-surfaces04925\/1065248ar\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Surfaces<\/span><\/a><\/em> 2, 1992 (Proceedings of the confederence \u201cRethinking Culture\u201d). Also readable <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophymasters.wordpress.com\/2013\/03\/27\/book-review-reading-rorty-ed-malachowski\/\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">here<\/span><\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_W._Yolton\">Yolton<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/John%20W.%20Yolton\">John<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/cbucommons.ca\/rkeshen\/john-yolton-obituary\/\">W<\/a>.<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?sca_esv=593440848&amp;rlz=1C9BKJA_enUS1081US1081&amp;hl=en-US&amp;q=John+Yolton&amp;tbm=isch&amp;source=lnms&amp;prmd=ivnsmbhtz&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjC8tTDuKiDAxXxM0QIHYs0BJkQ0pQJegQICxAB&amp;biw=1366&amp;bih=905&amp;dpr=2#imgrc=PcuRPmW8Tg2GRM\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"184\" class=\"wp-image-3763\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_0161A65D-A1A5-498A-A9E9-6F82E6A5B8A9.png\" alt=\"A reversed and enhanced and colorize blended  photographic cutout of John W. Yolton with. his right hand's fingers touching his cheek and chin used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_0161A65D-A1A5-498A-A9E9-6F82E6A5B8A9.png 261w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_0161A65D-A1A5-498A-A9E9-6F82E6A5B8A9-245x300.png 245w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/On-Being-Present-to-the-Mind%3A-A-Sketch-for-the-of-Yolton\/05c45254d725aa0deee2579b93d87329c6681a4f\">On Being Present to the Mind: A Sketch for the History of an Idea<\/a>.\u201d <em>Dialogue<\/em> 14, no. 3 (1975): 373\u201388.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">See <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=R.%20F.%20McRae&amp;eventCode=SE-AU\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Robert F. McRae\u2019s<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/forposterityssake.ca\/CTB-BIO\/MEM007569.htm\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"159\" class=\"wp-image-4523\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7304.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic headshot cutout of Robert Forbes McRae wearing a dark blue military uniform with a dark blue military cap having a white insignia on the crown and white shirt and dark tie used for visually identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7304.png 201w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7304-188x300.png 188w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><\/a> \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/dialogue-canadian-philosophical-review-revue-canadienne-de-philosophie\/article\/abs\/on-being-present-to-the-mind-a-reply\/275A108BE402FA7B29F50063F6F3730B\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">On Being Present to the Mind: A Reply<\/span><\/a>.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/dialogue-canadian-philosophical-review-revue-canadienne-de-philosophie\"><em><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review \/ Revue canadienne de philosophie<\/span><\/em>&nbsp;<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/dialogue-canadian-philosophical-review-revue-canadienne-de-philosophie\/volume\/6CFB133910644562EDBFDB1BC12A6A00\">14&nbsp;<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/dialogue-canadian-philosophical-review-revue-canadienne-de-philosophie\/issue\/313BDF4B1FC08D303295564C25E447F3\"><span style=\"color:#2271B1\">no. 4&nbsp;<\/span><\/a>, (December 1975): 664\u201366. Published online by Cambridge University Press: May 5, 2010.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_W._Yolton\">Yolton<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/John%20W.%20Yolton\">John<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/cbucommons.ca\/rkeshen\/john-yolton-obituary\/\">W<\/a>.<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?sca_esv=593440848&amp;rlz=1C9BKJA_enUS1081US1081&amp;hl=en-US&amp;q=Yolton,+John&amp;tbm=isch&amp;source=lnms&amp;prmd=ivnsmbhtz&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiulNzjt6iDAxUlJ0QIHY0mDqoQ0pQJegQIDBAB&amp;biw=1366&amp;bih=905&amp;dpr=2#imgrc=wQghA62XHihStM\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"224\" class=\"wp-image-3775\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_B859851A-923C-4FE7-8755-A4B28537B72C.png\" alt=\"A reversed and enhanced and colorize blended photographic cutout of John W. Yolton with. his right hand's fingers touching his cheek and chin used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_B859851A-923C-4FE7-8755-A4B28537B72C.png 214w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_B859851A-923C-4FE7-8755-A4B28537B72C-201x300.png 201w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/perceptionrealit0000yolt\">Perception and Reality: a History from Descartes to Kant<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/perceptionrealit0000yolt\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"262\" class=\"wp-image-4204\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7005.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced color book cover of the blue background with a yellow title of  &quot;Perception &amp; Reality: A History From Descartes to Kant&quot; by John W. Yolton used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7005.jpeg 214w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/IMG_7005-201x300.jpeg 201w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996. See especially 183\u2013214.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_W._Yolton\">Yolton<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/John%20W.%20Yolton\">John<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/cbucommons.ca\/rkeshen\/john-yolton-obituary\/\">W<\/a>.<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?sca_esv=593440848&amp;rlz=1C9BKJA_enUS1081US1081&amp;hl=en-US&amp;q=John+Yolton&amp;tbm=isch&amp;source=lnms&amp;prmd=ivnsmbhtz&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjC8tTDuKiDAxXxM0QIHYs0BJkQ0pQJegQICxAB&amp;biw=1366&amp;bih=905&amp;dpr=2#imgrc=PcuRPmW8Tg2GRM\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"184\" class=\"wp-image-3763\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_0161A65D-A1A5-498A-A9E9-6F82E6A5B8A9.png\" alt=\"A reversed and enhanced and colorize blended  photographic cutout of John W. Yolton with. his right hand's fingers touching his cheek and chin used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_0161A65D-A1A5-498A-A9E9-6F82E6A5B8A9.png 261w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_0161A65D-A1A5-498A-A9E9-6F82E6A5B8A9-245x300.png 245w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/perceptualacquai0000yolt_x7l7\/mode\/2up?wrapper=false&amp;view=theater\">Perceptual Acquaintance: From Descartes to Reid<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Perceptual_Acquaintance.html?id=wWpGOsPT6HYC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"289\" class=\"wp-image-6918\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/SIX_3520DDA0-A36F-4281-90E3-2F09836BEBDF.png\" alt=\"An enhanced cerulean blue book cover for &quot;Perceptual Acquaintance: From Descartes to Reid&quot; by John W. Yolton used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/SIX_3520DDA0-A36F-4281-90E3-2F09836BEBDF.png 194w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/SIX_3520DDA0-A36F-4281-90E3-2F09836BEBDF-182x300.png 182w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1984.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_W._Yolton\">Yolton<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/John%20W.%20Yolton\">John<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/cbucommons.ca\/rkeshen\/john-yolton-obituary\/\">W<\/a>.<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?sca_esv=593440848&amp;rlz=1C9BKJA_enUS1081US1081&amp;hl=en-US&amp;q=Yolton,+John&amp;tbm=isch&amp;source=lnms&amp;prmd=ivnsmbhtz&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiulNzjt6iDAxUlJ0QIHY0mDqoQ0pQJegQIDBAB&amp;biw=1366&amp;bih=905&amp;dpr=2#imgrc=wQghA62XHihStM\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"224\" class=\"wp-image-3775\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_B859851A-923C-4FE7-8755-A4B28537B72C.png\" alt=\"A reversed and enhanced and colorize blended photographic cutout of John W. Yolton with. his right hand's fingers touching his cheek and chin used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_B859851A-923C-4FE7-8755-A4B28537B72C.png 214w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_B859851A-923C-4FE7-8755-A4B28537B72C-201x300.png 201w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/11636037\/\">Perceptual Cognition with Descartes<\/a>.\u201d In <em>Studia Cartesiana<\/em> 2, 63\u201383. Amsterdam: Quadratures, 1981.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_W._Yolton\">Yolton<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/John%20W.%20Yolton\">John<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/cbucommons.ca\/rkeshen\/john-yolton-obituary\/\">W<\/a>.<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?sca_esv=593440848&amp;rlz=1C9BKJA_enUS1081US1081&amp;hl=en-US&amp;q=John+Yolton&amp;tbm=isch&amp;source=lnms&amp;prmd=ivnsmbhtz&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjC8tTDuKiDAxXxM0QIHYs0BJkQ0pQJegQICxAB&amp;biw=1366&amp;bih=905&amp;dpr=2#imgrc=PcuRPmW8Tg2GRM\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"184\" class=\"wp-image-3763\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_0161A65D-A1A5-498A-A9E9-6F82E6A5B8A9.png\" alt=\"A reversed and enhanced and colorize blended  photographic cutout of John W. Yolton with. his right hand's fingers touching his cheek and chin used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_0161A65D-A1A5-498A-A9E9-6F82E6A5B8A9.png 261w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_0161A65D-A1A5-498A-A9E9-6F82E6A5B8A9-245x300.png 245w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mind\/article-abstract\/XCVI\/383\/318\/946074?redirectedFrom=fulltext\">Representation and Realism: Some Reflections on the Way of Ideas<\/a>.\u201d <em>Mind<\/em> 96, no. 383 (July 1987): 318\u201330.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_W._Yolton\">Yolton<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/John%20W.%20Yolton\">John<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/cbucommons.ca\/rkeshen\/john-yolton-obituary\/\">W<\/a>.<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalarchiveontario.ca\/objects\/283068\/john-yolton-philosopher-in-charge\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"135\" height=\"184\" class=\"wp-image-3761\" style=\"width: 135px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5660.png\" alt=\"An enhanced and blended colorized closeup photographic cutout headshot of John W. Yolton used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5660.png 235w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_5660-220x300.png 220w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 135px) 100vw, 135px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2026909?origin=crossref\">Review of Stephen Nadler, <em>Arnauld and the Cartesian Philosophy of Ideas<\/em><\/a>.\u201d <em>Journal of Philosophy<\/em> 88 (1991): 109\u201312.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_W._Yolton\">Yolton<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/John%20W.%20Yolton\">John<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/cbucommons.ca\/rkeshen\/john-yolton-obituary\/\">W<\/a>.<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?sca_esv=593440848&amp;rlz=1C9BKJA_enUS1081US1081&amp;hl=en-US&amp;q=Yolton,+John&amp;tbm=isch&amp;source=lnms&amp;prmd=ivnsmbhtz&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiulNzjt6iDAxUlJ0QIHY0mDqoQ0pQJegQIDBAB&amp;biw=1366&amp;bih=905&amp;dpr=2#imgrc=wQghA62XHihStM\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"224\" class=\"wp-image-3775\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_B859851A-923C-4FE7-8755-A4B28537B72C.png\" alt=\"A reversed and enhanced and colorize blended photographic cutout of John W. Yolton with. his right hand's fingers touching his cheek and chin used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_B859851A-923C-4FE7-8755-A4B28537B72C.png 214w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/SIX_B859851A-923C-4FE7-8755-A4B28537B72C-201x300.png 201w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2026869\">The Way of Ideas: a Retrospective<\/a>.\u201d <em>Journal of Philosophy<\/em> 87 (1990), 510\u201316.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Yu, Kevin<\/strong> (no known information or photo). \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/academia.edu\/resource\/work\/41523186\">Descartes on Sensation: Motion as Environmental Signs<\/a>.\u201d Writing sample. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\" id=\"Z-neon-ivy-drop-cap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"236\" height=\"268\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0912.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2213\" style=\"width:152px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/zhang-weite\">Zhang<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.xyc.tsinghua.edu.cn\/en\/info\/1155\/1579.htm\">Weite<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.xyc.tsinghua.edu.cn\/en\/info\/1155\/1579.htm\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"175\" height=\"167\" class=\"wp-image-14710\" style=\"width: 175px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_7044.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout of Weite Zhang wearing glasses and a maroon shirt, lecturing while standing behind a black front and blue-sided podium is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_7044.png 640w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_7044-300x286.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_7044-150x143.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/philarchive.org\/go.pl?id=ZHADDO-3&amp;proxyId=&amp;u=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Farchive%2FZHADDO-3.PDF\">Descartes&#8217; Doctrine of Clear and Distinct Perception: A Systematic Clarification<\/a>. PhD diss., Heidelberg University, 2016. Dissertation advisor: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni-heidelberg.de\/fakultaeten\/philosophie\/philsem\/personal\/kemmerling.html\">Andreas<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andreas_Kemmerling\"> Kemmerling<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Andreas-Kemmerling\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-3183\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2988.png\" alt=\"An enhanced color photographic cutout if Andreas Kemmerling used to visually identify him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2988.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2988-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_2988-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> . Published under Aachen: Shaker Verlag, 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philarchive.org\/rec\/ZHADDO-3\">Abstract<\/a>:<\/strong> This book attempts to contribute a historical and interpretive study of Descartes&#8217; epistemology. It provides a systematic and exhaustive clarification of the mysterious and puzzling doctrine of &#8220;clear and distinct perception&#8221; and illuminates the relationships between this doctrine and four other central notions: &#8220;truth,&#8221; &#8220;metaphysical doubt,&#8221; &#8220;(metaphysical) certainty,&#8221; and &#8220;knowledge.&#8221; Roughly speaking, a clear and distinct perception is a pure understanding, an intellectual perception, or a mental intuition in which a purified and attending mind has a simple mental intuition of a simple proposition or a necessary deduction (i.e., a complex mental intuition) from such simple propositions to a complex proposition. A simple proposition can be regarded as a necessary conjunction of simple ideas. Descartes&#8217; composition theory of ideas, which supposes that all ideas are composed of simple ideas, provides a crucial basis for clear and distinct perception. Descartes&#8217; doctrine of clear and distinct perception is an attempt at mathematizing epistemology and is the main content of his new &#8220;method&#8221; (for truth and knowledge), which he sought throughout his life. This book attempts to shape a new image of Descartes&#8217; epistemology.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/jack%20zupko\">Zupko<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/apps.ualberta.ca\/directory\/person\/zupko\">Jack<\/a><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/jack-zupko\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"135\" height=\"170\" class=\"wp-image-2766\" style=\"width: 135px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1946.png\" alt=\"A headshot of a clean shaving Jack Zupko wearing a blue jacket and a gray ball cap used for identifying him.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1946.png 254w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1946-238x300.png 238w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 135px) 100vw, 135px\" \/><\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/jmphil.org\/articles\/10.32881\/jomp.30\">What Am I? Descartes\u2019s Various Ways of Considering the Self<\/a>.\u201d In <em>Journal of the History of Philosophy<\/em> 31, no. 4 (1993): 493\u2013518.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:31px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"gap: 20px\" class=\"align-button-center ub-buttons orientation-button-row ub-flex-wrap wp-block-ub-button\" id=\"ub-button-78887d04-26a8-4a55-b364-c9b73f000e2d\"><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-primary-sources\/#primary-sources\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: rgb(0, 208, 132); --ub-button-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; font-size: 17px; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 10px;; border-top-right-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Primary Sources<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-relevant-contemporary-sources\/#relevant-contemporary-sources\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: rgb(0, 208, 132); --ub-button-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 10px;; border-top-right-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Relevant Contemporary Sources<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-relevant-contemporary-sources#descartes-bibliographies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: rgb(0, 208, 132); --ub-button-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 10px;; border-top-right-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Descartes Bibliographies<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-a-l#A-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #00d084; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 10px;; border-top-right-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Secondary Sources (A\u2013L)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#M-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #00d084; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 10px;; border-top-right-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Secondary Sources (M\u2013Z)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\" id=\"secondary-sources-a-l\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"65\" class=\"wp-image-2237\" style=\"width: 1000px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0939.png\" alt=\"A curly-cue three segments line divider.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0939.png 2000w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0939-300x20.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0939-1024x67.png 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0939-768x50.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_0939-1536x100.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><br><br><br>Secondary Sources<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"gap: 20px\" class=\"align-button-center ub-buttons orientation-button-row ub-flex-wrap wp-block-ub-button\" id=\"ub-button-68cb25f5-b2a5-4f40-9628-603cc14ee22f\"><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-a-l#A-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; font-size: 17px; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">A<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-a-l#B-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">B<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-a-l#C-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">C<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-a-l#D-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">D<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-a-l#E-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">E-F-G<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-a-l#H-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">H<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-a-l#I-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">I-J<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-a-l#K-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">K-L<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z#M-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">M<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z#N-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">N<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z#O-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">O-P<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z#Q-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Q-R<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z#S-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">S<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z#T-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">T-U-V<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z#W-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">W<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z#X-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">X-Y-Z<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Number of Bibliographic entries in Secondary Sources (A\u2013Z) is over 400.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:31px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1100\" height=\"367\" class=\"wp-image-12570\" style=\"width: 1100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5333.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced, colorized printer\u2019s banner, end of page ornament, scroll, flourish, or vignette of cherubs at either end and Descartes\u2019s head centered low and used to mark the end of the page.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5333.jpeg 2048w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5333-300x100.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5333-1024x342.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5333-150x50.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5333-768x257.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/IMG_5333-1536x513.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, 1100px\" \/><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A Hyperlinked Pictorial Bibliography in multiple languages with links to scholars, references, images, full abstracts, and published reviews Secondary Sources The letters above represent the first letter of people&#8217;s last names in the Secondary Sources bibliography. Click on them to go to that alphabetical section. One can quickly return by hitting the blue box up [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16284","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"featured_image_src":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16284","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16284"}],"version-history":[{"count":246,"href":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16284\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":45261,"href":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16284\/revisions\/45261"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16284"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}