{"id":26825,"date":"2025-07-15T14:19:53","date_gmt":"2025-07-15T14:19:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/?p=26825"},"modified":"2026-04-27T01:43:14","modified_gmt":"2026-04-27T01:43:14","slug":"overview-of-the-d-t-o-i-website","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/overview-of-the-d-t-o-i-website\/","title":{"rendered":"Overview of the D. T. O. I. Website"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">Key Contributions for Understanding Descartes&#8217;s Theory of Ideas:<\/mark><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"111\" class=\"wp-image-26947\" style=\"width: 125px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/SIX_C25C35F5-325A-4BB4-A736-7CE6E263A53B.png\" alt=\"An enhanced drawing cutout of a temple building with brown broken columns with a gray stone staircase to the right  is used as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/SIX_C25C35F5-325A-4BB4-A736-7CE6E263A53B.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/SIX_C25C35F5-325A-4BB4-A736-7CE6E263A53B-300x266.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/SIX_C25C35F5-325A-4BB4-A736-7CE6E263A53B-150x133.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/>&nbsp; &nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/about\/\">Dr. David C. Ring\u2019s<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/about\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"167\" class=\"wp-image-25890\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/IMG_1061.png\" alt=\"An enhanced reversed photographic cutout of the upper chest and head of a smiling Dr. David C. Ring wearing glasses and a dark blue shirt underneath a black leather jacket is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/IMG_1061.png 288w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/IMG_1061-270x300.png 270w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/IMG_1061-135x150.png 135w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a> academic blog website, &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/\">Descartes\u2019s Theory of Ideas<\/a> (<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/\">D.T.O.I.<\/a><\/strong>),&#8221; contains numerous hyperlinked posts and pages that contribute to a deeper understanding of Descartes\u2019s philosophy by investigating his views on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/sensation\/7AE0269D8A28D366071B012304BA1F96\">sensations<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/representation\/8E479549499D6B336D0650CC0F5D8BCB\">representations<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/being-formal-versus-objective\/EB7DDBF4A3D9BB7E42383E17BCBE5D60\">objective reality<\/a> of ideas, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/falsity-material\/2A33A572351E0087FB318F16B654F45E\">material falsity<\/a> (especially of secondary quality <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/sensation\/7AE0269D8A28D366071B012304BA1F96\">sensations<\/a>), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/representation\/8E479549499D6B336D0650CC0F5D8BCB\">representations<\/a> as <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/mental-representation\/\">signs<\/a>, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/epistemology\/\">epistemology<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/ontology-metaphysics\">ontology<\/a> of <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/descartes-works\/\">Cartesian<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/dualism\/#QueMen\">mental states<\/a>. All entries are hyperlinked so click on them to access.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><span style=\"color:red\">NOTE:<\/span><\/strong> The megamenus at the top of the page show a limited set of posts in their drop-down lists. To view all entries, open the relevant category page by double-clicking the menu heading. If additional entries exist, select <strong>Load More<\/strong> centered at the bottom of the category page.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"75\" height=\"79\" class=\"wp-image-26951\" style=\"width: 75px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157.png\" alt=\"An enhanced cutout drawing of a good coin with Descartes\u2019s likeness struck on the surface, looking to the viewer\u2019s right in profile, wearing a laurel-leaf crown, is used as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157.png 302w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157-283x300.png 283w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157-142x150.png 142w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 75px) 100vw, 75px\" \/> <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\">Establishing Foundational Principles for Understanding Descartes:<\/mark><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"104\" class=\"wp-image-28040\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of a dark brown wood gavel resting on a matching circular wooden banging coaster. The gavel is banded by a gold metallic band with \u201cD.T.O.I.\u201d in white font, with \u201cDescartes\u2019s Theory of Ideas\u201d in black font underneath it used as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914-300x208.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914-150x104.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>&nbsp; &nbsp; The blog&#8217;s &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/category\/orientation\/\">Orientation<\/a>&#8221; section investigates the basic principles and guiding frameworks necessary for a comprehensive understanding of <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/descartes-ideas\/\">Descartes&#8217;s theory of ideas<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/category\/orientation\/\"> <span style=\"color:blue\"><strong>Category:<\/strong> Orientation<\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/overview-of-the-d-t-o-i-website\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Overview of The D. T. O. I. Website<\/span><\/a>\u201d (you are seeing it now)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/questions-in-descartess-theory-of-ideas\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Questions in Descartes\u2019s Theory of Ideas<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/seventy-five-cartesian-axioms-in-dtoi\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Seventy-Five Cartesian Axioms In DTOI<\/span><\/a>\u201c<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/dtoi-baseline-for-chatgpt\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">DTOI &amp; Non-DTOI Baselines For AI Models<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">How My DTOI Baseline Accounts For Material Falsity<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/striking-comments-on-descartess-theory-of-ideas\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Striking Comments on Philosophers, the History of Philosophy, and Descartes\u2019s Theory of Ideas<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/gpt-5s-ethics-guidelines-for-using-it-in-philosophical-research\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Ethics Guidelines By ChatGPT-5 For Using AI In Philosophical Research<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/critical-analysis-of-deborah-boyles-descartes-natural-light-reconsidered-1999-with-chatgpt-5-2-thinking\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Critical Analysis Of Deborah Boyle\u2019s \u201cDescartes\u2019 Natural Light Reconsidered\u201d (1999) By ChatGPT 5.2 Thinking<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/why-the-evil-demon-cannot-deceive-you-about-apriori-truths-with-deepseek-r1-0528-and-claude-sonnet-4-5\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Why The Evil Demon Cannot Deceive You About Apriori Truths With Deepseek R1 0528 And Claude Sonnet 4.5<\/span><\/a>\u201c<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/exploring-descartess-mind-with-scholargpt\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Exploring Descartes\u2019s Mind with ScholarGPT<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/critiquing-gary-hatfield-on-the-essence-of-mind-with-scholargpt-consciousness-or-intellection\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Critiquing Gary Hatfield on the Essence of Mind with ScholarGPT (consciousness) and Grok 4 (intellection)<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/contemporary-global-descartes-studies-2019-by-oleh-khoma\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">\u2019Contemporary Global Descartes Studies\u2019 (2019) by Oleg Khoma<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/cracks-in-the-foundation-the-failure-of-cartesian-simple-natures-with-chatgpt-5\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Cracks in the Foundation: The Failure of Cartesian Simple Natures with ChatGPT 5 &amp; 5.1 and How to Fix Them<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:55px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"75\" height=\"79\" class=\"wp-image-26951\" style=\"width: 75px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157.png\" alt=\"An enhanced cutout drawing of a good coin with Descartes\u2019s likeness struck on the surface, looking to the viewer\u2019s right in profile, wearing a laurel-leaf crown, is used as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157.png 302w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157-283x300.png 283w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157-142x150.png 142w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 75px) 100vw, 75px\" \/> <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\">Elucidation of Descartes&#8217;s Five Distinctions:<\/mark><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"104\" class=\"wp-image-28040\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of a dark brown wood gavel resting on a matching circular wooden banging coaster. The gavel is banded by a gold metallic band with \u201cD.T.O.I.\u201d in white font, with \u201cDescartes\u2019s Theory of Ideas\u201d in black font underneath it used as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914-300x208.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914-150x104.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>&nbsp; &nbsp; Insights are provided into five of Descartes\u2019s crucial distinctions, including the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/being-formal-versus-objective\/EB7DDBF4A3D9BB7E42383E17BCBE5D60\">formal\/objective<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/descartes-ideas\/#ideasmodes\">material\/objective<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/kaufmania2525.weebly.com\/uploads\/5\/3\/2\/5\/53254587\/kaufman_material_falsity.pdf\">material\/formal<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/descartes-ideas\/#ideasmodes\">eminent<\/a>\/<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/cause\/D7435E9901B3B793E4DD865E0FD177B9\">formal<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/falsity-material\/2A33A572351E0087FB318F16B654F45E\">material falsity<\/a>\/<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/falsity-material\/2A33A572351E0087FB318F16B654F45E\">formal falsity<\/a>, each of which is fundamental for grasping his <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/descartes-ideas\/\">theory of ideas<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/category\/distinctions\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><strong>Category:<\/strong> Distinctions<\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201c<span style=\"color:blue\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/distinctions\/descartess-five-distinctions-formal-objective-material-objective-material-formal-eminent-formal-and-material-falsity-formal-falsity\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Descartes\u2019s Five Distinctions: Formal\/Objective, Material\/Objective, Material\/Formal, Eminent\/Formal, and Material Falsity\/Formal Falsity<\/span><\/a><\/span>&#8221; This post is still under construction.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"75\" height=\"79\" class=\"wp-image-26951\" style=\"width: 75px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157.png\" alt=\"An enhanced cutout drawing of a good coin with Descartes\u2019s likeness struck on the surface, looking to the viewer\u2019s right in profile, wearing a laurel-leaf crown, is used as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157.png 302w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157-283x300.png 283w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157-142x150.png 142w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 75px) 100vw, 75px\" \/> <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\">In-depth Analysis of Material Falsity:<\/mark><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"104\" class=\"wp-image-28040\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of a dark brown wood gavel resting on a matching circular wooden banging coaster. The gavel is banded by a gold metallic band with \u201cD.T.O.I.\u201d in white font, with \u201cDescartes\u2019s Theory of Ideas\u201d in black font underneath it used as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914-300x208.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914-150x104.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>&nbsp; &nbsp; A significant portion of <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/about\/\">Dr. Ring\u2019s<\/a> work focuses on clarifying the concept of <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/category\/material-falsity\/\">material falsity in Descartes\u2019s ideas<\/a>, particularly understanding how <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/falsity-material\/2A33A572351E0087FB318F16B654F45E\">materially false<\/a> ideas <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/representation\/8E479549499D6B336D0650CC0F5D8BCB\">represent<\/a> non-things [<em>non rem tanquam rem repraesentant<\/em>] as things and the mechanisms behind this phenomenon.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/category\/material-falsity\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><strong>Category:<\/strong> Material Falsity<\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">How My DTOI Baseline Accounts For Material Falsity<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/material-falsity\/analyzing-material-falsitys-representing-a-non-thing-as-a-thing-with-chatgpt\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Analyzing Material Falsity\u2019s Representing a Non-thing as a Thing with ChatGPT 4o<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/material-falsity\/cecilia-wee-and-material-falsity-with-chatgpt-o1\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Cecilia Wee And Material Falsity with ChatGPT o1<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/sensation\/chatgpt-4-5-february-2025-defends-material-false-sensations-lack-objectively-real-representational-content\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">ChatGPT 4.5 (February 2025) Defends Material False Sensations Lack Objectively Real Representational Content<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/material-falsity\/chatgpt-5-on-degrees-of-material-falsity-of-ideas\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">ChatGPT 5 On Degrees Of Material Falsity Of Ideas<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/material-falsity\/conversation-on-the-material-falsity-of-ideas-with-chatgpt-4-0-april-2023-version\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Conversation on Representation &amp; the Material Falsity of Ideas with ChatGPT 4.0 (April 2023 version)<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/objective-reality-2\/correcting-adobe-acrobat-ai-assistant-on-norman-j-wells-on-material-falsity\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Correcting Adobe Acrobat AI Assistant on Norman J. Wells on Material Falsity<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/material-falsity\/corrections-to-grok-3-on-the-material-falsity-of-ideas\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Correcting Grok 3 On The Material Falsity Of Ideas<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/material-falsity\/15877\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Critique of Norman Wells and Cecilia Wee on the Material Falsity of Ideas<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/sensation\/critiquing-raffaella-de-rosas-descartes-on-sensory-misrepresentation-the-case-of-materially-false-ideas-with-chatgpt-4-5-february-2025\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Critiquing Raffaella De Rosa\u2019s \u201cDescartes On Sensory Misrepresentation: The Case Of Materially False Ideas\u201d with ChatGPT 4.5 (February 2025)<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/distinctions\/descartess-five-distinctions-formal-objective-material-objective-material-formal-eminent-formal-and-material-falsity-formal-falsity\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Descartes\u2019s Five Distinctions: Formal\/Objective, Material\/Objective, Material\/Formal, Eminent\/Formal, And Material Falsity\/Formal Falsity<\/span><\/a>\u201d (unfinished)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/material-falsity\/exploring-material-falsity-and-objective-reality-with-chatgpt-o1-pro-chatgpt-4o-may-2024-and-chatgpt-4-5-february-2025\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Exploring Material Falsity and Objective Reality with ChatGPT O1 Pro, ChatGPT 4o (May 2024), And ChatGPT 4.5 (February 2025)<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/material-falsity\/investigating-the-material-falsity-of-ideas-with-chatgpt-o1-preview\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Investigating the Material Falsity of Ideas with ChatGPT (o1 \u2013 Preview)<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/material-falsity\/on-problems-with-objective-reality-and-the-material-falsity-of-sensations-with-chatgpt-4o\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Privations, Sensations, and Objective Reality: A Closer Look at Arnauld\u2019s Misinterpretation of Descartes\u2019s Ideas with ChatGPT 4o<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/material-falsity\/proving-god-is-not-a-deceiver-because-sensations-lack-objectively-real-contents-to-scholargpt-v2-october-2023\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Proving God Is Not a Deceiver Because Sensations Lack Objectively Real Contents to ScholarGPT V2 (October 2023)<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/material-falsity\/schmitter-and-wee-on-representations-and-material-falsity-with-chatgpt-4o\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Schmitter and Wee on Representations and Material Falsity with ChatGPT 4o<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:51px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"75\" height=\"79\" class=\"wp-image-26951\" style=\"width: 75px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157.png\" alt=\"An enhanced cutout drawing of a good coin with Descartes\u2019s likeness struck on the surface, looking to the viewer\u2019s right in profile, wearing a laurel-leaf crown, is used as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157.png 302w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157-283x300.png 283w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157-142x150.png 142w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 75px) 100vw, 75px\" \/> <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\">Refined Interpretation of Objective Reality:<\/mark><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"104\" class=\"wp-image-28040\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of a dark brown wood gavel resting on a matching circular wooden banging coaster. The gavel is banded by a gold metallic band with \u201cD.T.O.I.\u201d in white font, with \u201cDescartes\u2019s Theory of Ideas\u201d in black font underneath it used as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914-300x208.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914-150x104.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>&nbsp; &nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/about\/\">Dr. Ring<\/a> offers a specific interpretation of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/being-formal-versus-objective\/EB7DDBF4A3D9BB7E42383E17BCBE5D60\">objective reality<\/a> of ideas, addressing objections and distinguishing it from the lack of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/being-formal-versus-objective\/EB7DDBF4A3D9BB7E42383E17BCBE5D60\">objective reality<\/a> in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/sensation\/7AE0269D8A28D366071B012304BA1F96\">sensations<\/a>, as highlighted in his discussions with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/think\/topics\/ai-model\">AI models<\/a> like <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/gemini.google.com\/app\">Google&#8217;s Gemini<\/a><\/strong> and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/claude.ai\/login?returnTo=%2F%3F\">Anthrop\\c\u2019s Claude.ai<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/representation\/alison-simmons-on-sensations-as-representations-and-objective-reality\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Alison Simmons on Sensations as Representations and Objective Reality<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/sensation\/chatgpt-4-5-february-2025-defends-material-false-sensations-lack-objectively-real-representational-content\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">ChatGPT 4.5 (February 2025) Defends Material False Sensations Lack Objectively Real Representational Content<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/objective-reality\/convincing-anthropcs-claude-ai-that-cartesian-sensations-lack-objective-reality\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Convincing Anthrop\\c\u2019s Claude.ai that Cartesian Sensations Lack Objective Reality<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/objective-reality\/chatgpt-4-0-april-2023-version\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Convincing ChatGPT 4.0 (April 2023 Version) that Cartesian Secondary Quality Sensations (SQS) have no Objectively Real Mental Content \u2013 (Maybe It Will Convince You, Too!)<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/objective-reality\/convincing-chatnow-to-accept-a-cold-sensation-contains-no-objective-reality-content\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Convincing ChatNow To Accept A Cold Sensation Contains No Objective Reality Content<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/objective-reality\/critiquing-dan-kaufman-on-the-objective-reality-of-materially-false-sensations-with-grok-4-expert-and-chatgpt-5-2-thinking\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Critiquing Dan Kaufman On The Objective Reality Of Materially False Sensations With Grok 4 (Expert) And ChatGPT 5.2 Thinking<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/material-falsity\/exploring-material-falsity-and-objective-reality-with-chatgpt-o1-pro-chatgpt-4o-may-2024-and-chatgpt-4-5-february-2025\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Exploring Material Falsity and Objective Reality with ChatGPT O1 Pro, ChatGPT 4o (May 2024), And ChatGPT 4.5 (February 2025)<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/objective-reality-2\/googles-gemini-comes-around-to-dr-rings-interpretation-of-descartess-theory-of-ideas\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Google\u2019s Gemini Comes Around to Dr. Ring\u2019s Interpretation Of Descartes\u2019s Theory of Ideas<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/sensation\/grok-3-corrects-itself-to-dr-rings-interpretation\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Grok 3 Corrects Itself to Dr. Ring\u2019s Interpretation<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/idea\/ideas-images-sensations-representation-the-objective-reality-of-ideas-convincing-chatgpt-40-april-2023\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Ideas, Images, Sensations, Representation, &amp; the Objective Reality of Ideas\u2014Convincing ChatGPT 4<sub>0<\/sub>(April 2023)<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/objective-reality\/objections-to-cartesian-methodology-with-chatgpt-4-0\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Objections to Cartesian Objective Reality of Ideas with ChatGPT 4.0 (April 2023 Version)<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/material-falsity\/proving-god-is-not-a-deceiver-because-sensations-lack-objectively-real-contents-to-scholargpt-v2-october-2023\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Proving God is not a Deceiver Because Sensations Lack Objectively Real Contents to ScholarGPT V2 (October 2023)<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/sensation\/proving-sensations-are-ideas-with-no-objective-reality-to-scholargpt\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Proving Sensations are Ideas with No Objective Reality to ScholarGPT<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/sensation\/proving-that-cold-sensations-do-not-have-any-objective-reality-to-bings-copilot-with-chatgpt-4\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Proving that Cold Sensations do not have Any Objective Reality to Bing\u2019s Copilot with ChatGPT 4<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/material-falsity\/on-problems-with-objective-reality-and-the-material-falsity-of-sensations-with-chatgpt-4o\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Privations, Sensations, and Objective Reality: A Closer Look at Arnauld\u2019s Misinterpretation of Descartes\u2019s Ideas with ChatGPT 4o<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/sensation\/scholargpt-january-2025-asserts-independently-that-a-cold-sensation-lacks-objective-reality\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">ScholarGPT (January 2025) Asserts Independently that a Cold Sensation Lacks Objective Reality<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:31px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"75\" height=\"79\" class=\"wp-image-26951\" style=\"width: 75px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157.png\" alt=\"An enhanced cutout drawing of a good coin with Descartes\u2019s likeness struck on the surface, looking to the viewer\u2019s right in profile, wearing a laurel-leaf crown, is used as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157.png 302w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157-283x300.png 283w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157-142x150.png 142w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 75px) 100vw, 75px\" \/> <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\">Systematic Critique of Scholarly Interpretations:<\/mark><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"104\" class=\"wp-image-28040\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of a dark brown wood gavel resting on a matching circular wooden banging coaster. The gavel is banded by a gold metallic band with \u201cD.T.O.I.\u201d in white font, with \u201cDescartes\u2019s Theory of Ideas\u201d in black font underneath it used as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914-300x208.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914-150x104.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>&nbsp; &nbsp; The <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/\">D.T.O.I. website<\/a> actively engages with and critiques the views of other prominent Cartesian scholars such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/arnauld\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Antoine Arnauld<\/u><\/span><\/a> (1612 \u2013 1694)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/hu-berlin.academia.edu\/ChristianBarth\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Christian<\/u><\/span><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/christian-barth\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Barth<\/u><\/span><\/a> (1969 \u2013 )<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Raffaella%20De%20Rosa\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Raffaella<\/u><\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/raffaelladerosa.com\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>De Rosa<\/u><\/span><\/a> (1969 \u2013 )<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/claudia-lorena-garcia\/publications?app=530\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Claudia<\/u><\/span><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/sitio\/claudia-garcia\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Lorena<\/u><\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.filosoficas.unam.mx\/~clga\/home.html\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Garc\u00eda<\/u><\/span><\/a> (1969 \u2013 )<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Johannes-Haag-2\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Johannes<\/u><\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni-potsdam.de\/de\/phi\/professuren-und-forschung\/professur-fuer-theoretische-philosophie\/prof-dr-johannes-haag\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Haag<\/u><\/span><\/a> (1973 \u2013 )<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/philarchive.org\/s\/Gary%20Hatfield\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Gary<\/u><\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~hatfield\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Hatfield<\/u><\/span><\/a> (1952 \u2013 )<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Paul<\/u><\/span><\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Hoffman<\/u><\/span><\/a> (1952 \u2013 2010)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni-heidelberg.de\/fakultaeten\/philosophie\/philsem\/personal\/kemmerling.html\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Andreas<\/u><\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andreas_Kemmerling\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Kemmerling<\/u><\/span><\/a> (1969 \u2013 )<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/idn.org.rs\/en\/osoblje\/predrag-milidrag-2\/#:~:text=Predrag%20Milidrag%20(1969)%20took%20the,worked%20from%202003%20to%202019.\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Predrag<\/u><\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Predrag-Milidrag\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Milidrag<\/u><\/span><\/a> (1969 \u2013 )<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.unc.edu\/people\/alan-nelson\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Alan<\/u><\/span><\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.unc.edu\/people\/alan-nelson\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Nelson<\/u><\/span><\/a> (1956 \u2013 )<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.philosophie.hu-berlin.de\/en\/sections\/theorie\/mitarbeiter\/perler\/index.html\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Dominik<\/u><\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dominik_Perler\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Perler<\/u><\/span><\/a> (1969 \u2013 )<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/action\/doBasicSearch?Query=au%3A%22Amy%20Morgan%20Schmitter%22\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Amy<\/u><\/span><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Amy%20Morgan%20Schmitter\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Morgan<\/u><\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/apps.ualberta.ca\/directory\/person\/as24\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Schmitter<\/u><\/span><\/a> (1963 \u2013 )<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.fas.harvard.edu\/people\/alison-simmons\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Alison<\/u><\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/alison-simmons\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Simmons<\/u><\/span><\/a> (1966 \u2013 )<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/kurt-smith\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Kurt<\/u><\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Kurt%20Dwayne%20Smith\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Smith<\/u><\/span><\/a> (1961 \u2013 )<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Cecilia%20Wee\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Cecilia<\/u><\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/sandbox02-na.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/discovery\/search?query=creator,exact,Wee,%20Cecilia,AND&amp;tab=Everything&amp;search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&amp;vid=01CACCL_CC:scc&amp;facet=creator,exact,Wee,%20Cecilia&amp;mode=advanced&amp;offset=0\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Wee<\/u><\/span><\/a> (1970 \u2013 )<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Norman%20j%20wells\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Norman<\/u><\/span><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/newspapers.bc.edu\/?a=d&amp;d=bcchronicle20130314-01.2.25&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>J<\/u><\/span><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mesaieux.com\/Obituary\/Norman-J.-Wells\/10086586\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Wells<\/u><\/span><\/a> (1927  \u2013 2013)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Margaret%20Dauler%20Wilson\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Margaret<\/u><\/span><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.princeton.edu\/about\/great-and-good\/margaret-dauler-wilson\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>D<\/u><\/span><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Margaret_Dauler_Wilson\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Wilson<\/u><\/span><\/a> (1939 \u2013 1988)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">correcting what he perceives as misunderstandings or misinterpretations of Descartes&#8217;s philosophy. See:<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/sensation\/alan-nelson-on-obscure-and-confused-sensations-with-scholargpt\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Alan Nelson on Obscure and Confused Sensations with ScholarGPT<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/representation\/alison-simmons-on-sensations-as-representations-and-objective-reality\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Alison Simmons on Sensations as Representations and Objective Reality<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/material-falsity\/cecilia-wee-and-material-falsity-with-chatgpt-o1\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Cecilia Wee and Material Falsity with ChatGPT o1<\/span><\/a>\u201d&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/objective-reality-2\/correcting-adobe-acrobat-ai-assistant-on-norman-j-wells-on-material-falsity\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Correcting Adobe Acrobat AI Assistant on Norman J. Wells on Material Falsity<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/material-falsity\/15877\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Critique of Norman Wells and Cecilia Wee on the Material Falsity of Ideas<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/idea\/critiquing-paul-hoffmans-views-on-descartess-theory-of-ideas-with-chatgpt-o1\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Critiquing Paul Hoffman\u2019s Views on Descartes\u2019s Theory of Ideas with ChatGPT O1<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/critiquing-gary-hatfield-on-the-essence-of-mind-with-scholargpt-consciousness-or-intellection\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Critiquing Gary Hatfield on the Essence of Mind with ScholarGPT: Consciousness or Intellection?<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/sensation\/critiquing-johannes-haags-views-on-cartesian-sensory-perception-with-grok-3\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Critiquing Johannes Haag\u2019s Views on Cartesian Sensory Perception with Grok 3<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/sensation\/critiquing-raffaella-de-rosas-descartes-on-sensory-misrepresentation-the-case-of-materially-false-ideas-with-chatgpt-4-5-february-2025\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Critiquing Raffaella De Rosa\u2019s \u201cDescartes On Sensory Misrepresentation: The Case Of Materially False Ideas\u201d With ChatGPT 4.5 (February 2025)<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/idea\/investigating-alan-nelsons-idea-with-chatgpt-4-5-february-2025\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Investigating Alan Nelson\u2019s \u201cIdea\u201d with ChatGPT 4.5 (February 2025)<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/representation\/cartesian-representation\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Investigating Schmitter on Cartesian Representation with Grok 3<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/material-falsity\/on-problems-with-objective-reality-and-the-material-falsity-of-sensations-with-chatgpt-4o\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Privations, Sensations, and Objective Reality: A Closer Look at Arnauld\u2019s Misinterpretation of Descartes\u2019s Ideas with ChatGPT 4o<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<span style=\"color:blue\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/material-falsity\/schmitter-and-wee-on-representations-and-material-falsity-with-chatgpt-4o\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Schmitter and Wee on Representations and Material Falsity with ChatGPT 4o<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<span style=\"color:blue\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/sensation\/unpacking-descartess-inconsistent-triad-with-googles-gemini-smith-ring-and-the-mental-essence-of-cartesian-sensation-are-sensations-ideas\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Unpacking Descartes\u2019s Inconsistent Triad with Google\u2019s Gemini: Smith, Ring, and the Mental Essence of Cartesian Sensation (Are Sensations Ideas?)<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"75\" height=\"79\" class=\"wp-image-26951\" style=\"width: 75px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157.png\" alt=\"An enhanced cutout drawing of a good coin with Descartes\u2019s likeness struck on the surface, looking to the viewer\u2019s right in profile, wearing a laurel-leaf crown, is used as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157.png 302w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157-283x300.png 283w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157-142x150.png 142w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 75px) 100vw, 75px\" \/> <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\">Detailed Examination of Sensations as Ideas:<\/mark><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"104\" class=\"wp-image-28040\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of a dark brown wood gavel resting on a matching circular wooden banging coaster. The gavel is banded by a gold metallic band with \u201cD.T.O.I.\u201d in white font, with \u201cDescartes\u2019s Theory of Ideas\u201d in black font underneath it used as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914-300x208.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914-150x104.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>&nbsp; &nbsp; The <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/\">D.T O I.<\/a> blog posts analyze the nature of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/sensation\/7AE0269D8A28D366071B012304BA1F96\">sensations<\/a> within Descartes\u2019s framework, exploring their <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/representation\/8E479549499D6B336D0650CC0F5D8BCB\">representational<\/a> content, their relation to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/being-formal-versus-objective\/EB7DDBF4A3D9BB7E42383E17BCBE5D60\">objective reality<\/a>, and whether they possess any inherent falsity, especially in the context of cold <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/sensation\/7AE0269D8A28D366071B012304BA1F96\">sensations<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/category\/sensation\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><strong>Category:<\/strong> Sensation<\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/sensation\/alan-nelson-on-obscure-and-confused-sensations-with-scholargpt\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Alan Nelson on Obscure and Confused Sensations with ScholarGPT<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/sensation\/chatgpt-4-5-february-2025-defends-material-false-sensations-lack-objectively-real-representational-content\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">ChatGPT 4.5 (February 2025) Defends Material False Sensations Lack Objectively Real Representational Content<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/sensation\/critiquing-raffaella-de-rosas-descartes-on-sensory-misrepresentation-the-case-of-materially-false-ideas-with-chatgpt-4-5-february-2025\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Critiquing Raffaella De Rosa\u2019s \u201cDescartes On Sensory Misrepresentation: The Case of Materially False Ideas\u201d with ChatGPT 4.5 (February 2025)<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/sensation\/how-cartesian-cold-sensations-are-or-are-not-representational-with-scholar-gpt\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">How Cartesian Cold Sensations are or are not Representational with Scholar GPT<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/material-falsity\/on-problems-with-objective-reality-and-the-material-falsity-of-sensations-with-chatgpt-4o\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Privations, Sensations, and Objective Reality: A Closer Look at Arnauld\u2019s Misinterpretation of Descartes\u2019s Ideas with ChatGPT 4o<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/sensation\/proving-that-cold-sensations-do-not-have-any-objective-reality-to-bings-copilot-with-chatgpt-4\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Proving That Cold Sensations do not have Any Objective Reality to Bing\u2019s Copilot with ChatGPT 4<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/sensation\/proving-sensations-are-ideas-with-no-objective-reality-to-scholargpt\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Proving Sensations are Ideas with No Objective Reality to ScholarGPT<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/sensation\/scholargpt-january-2025-asserts-independently-that-a-cold-sensation-lacks-objective-reality\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">ScholarGPT (January 2025) Asserts Independently that a Cold Sensation Lacks Objective Reality<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:49px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"75\" height=\"79\" class=\"wp-image-26951\" style=\"width: 75px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157.png\" alt=\"An enhanced cutout drawing of a good coin with Descartes\u2019s likeness struck on the surface, looking to the viewer\u2019s right in profile, wearing a laurel-leaf crown, is used as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157.png 302w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157-283x300.png 283w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157-142x150.png 142w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 75px) 100vw, 75px\" \/> <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\">Clarification of the Cartesian Concept of &#8220;Idea&#8221;:<\/mark><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:28px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"104\" class=\"wp-image-28040\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of a dark brown wood gavel resting on a matching circular wooden banging coaster. The gavel is banded by a gold metallic band with \u201cD.T.O.I.\u201d in white font, with \u201cDescartes\u2019s Theory of Ideas\u201d in black font underneath it used as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914-300x208.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914-150x104.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>&nbsp; &nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/about\/\">Dr. Ring<\/a> works to precisely define what constitutes an &#8220;idea&#8221; for Descartes, distinguishing it from mere images or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/sensation\/7AE0269D8A28D366071B012304BA1F96\">sensations<\/a>, and discussing its distinctness, as seen in his efforts to convince <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/think\/topics\/ai-model\">AI models<\/a> about specific Cartesian concepts.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/category\/idea\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><strong>Category:<\/strong> Idea<\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/idea\/convincing-chatgpt-april-2023-version-that-descartes-never-had-a-distinct-idea-of-a-triangle\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Convincing ChatGPT (April 2023 Version) that Descartes Never Had a Distinct Idea of a Triangle<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/idea\/ideas-images-sensations-representation-the-objective-reality-of-ideas-convincing-chatgpt-40-april-2023\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Ideas, Images, Sensations, Representation, &amp; the Objective Reality of Ideas\u2014Convincing ChatGPT 4 (April 2023)<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/idea\/investigating-alan-nelsons-idea-with-chatgpt-4-5-february-2025\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Investigating Alan Nelson\u2019s \u201cIdea\u201d With ChatGPT 4.5 (February 2025)<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:52px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"75\" height=\"79\" class=\"wp-image-26951\" style=\"width: 75px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157.png\" alt=\"An enhanced cutout drawing of a good coin with Descartes\u2019s likeness struck on the surface, looking to the viewer\u2019s right in profile, wearing a laurel-leaf crown, is used as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157.png 302w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157-283x300.png 283w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157-142x150.png 142w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 75px) 100vw, 75px\" \/> <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\">Exploration of Representation in Descartes:<\/mark><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"104\" class=\"wp-image-28040\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of a dark brown wood gavel resting on a matching circular wooden banging coaster. The gavel is banded by a gold metallic band with \u201cD.T.O.I.\u201d in white font, with \u201cDescartes\u2019s Theory of Ideas\u201d in black font underneath it used as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914-300x208.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914-150x104.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>&nbsp; &nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/\">D.T O I.<\/a> posts delve into the mechanisms of Cartesian <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/representation\/8E479549499D6B336D0650CC0F5D8BCB\">representation<\/a>, often through dialogue with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hpe.com\/us\/en\/what-is\/ai-models.html\">AI<\/a> and other scholars, to provide a clearer understanding of how ideas <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/representation\/8E479549499D6B336D0650CC0F5D8BCB\">represent<\/a> external objects.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/category\/representation\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><strong>Category:<\/strong> Representation<\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/representation\/amy-morgan-schmitter-on-cartesian-mechanisms-of-representation\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Amy Morgan Schmitter on Cartesian Mechanisms of Representation<span style=\"color:blue\"><\/span><\/span><\/a>\u201d (in progress and unfinished)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/representation\/alison-simmons-on-sensations-as-representations-and-objective-reality\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Alison Simmons on Sensations as Representations and Objective Reality<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/material-falsity\/conversation-on-the-material-falsity-of-ideas-with-chatgpt-4-0-april-2023-version\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Conversation on Representation &amp; the Material Falsity of Ideas with ChatGPT 4.0 (April 2023 version)<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/representation\/cartesian-representation\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Investigating Schmitter on Cartesian Representation with Grok 3<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<span style=\"color:blue\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/material-falsity\/schmitter-and-wee-on-representations-and-material-falsity-with-chatgpt-4o\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Schmitter and Wee on Representations and Material Falsity with ChatGPT 4o<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:52px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"75\" height=\"79\" class=\"wp-image-26951\" style=\"width: 75px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157.png\" alt=\"An enhanced cutout drawing of a good coin with Descartes\u2019s likeness struck on the surface, looking to the viewer\u2019s right in profile, wearing a laurel-leaf crown, is used as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157.png 302w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157-283x300.png 283w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157-142x150.png 142w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 75px) 100vw, 75px\" \/> <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\">Philosophical Engagement with Artificial Intelligence:<\/mark><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"104\" class=\"wp-image-28040\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of a dark brown wood gavel resting on a matching circular wooden banging coaster. The gavel is banded by a gold metallic band with \u201cD.T.O.I.\u201d in white font, with \u201cDescartes\u2019s Theory of Ideas\u201d in black font underneath it used as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914-300x208.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914-150x104.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>&nbsp; &nbsp; A unique contribution is <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/about\/\">Dr. Ring&#8217;s<\/a> innovative use of advanced <a href=\"https:\/\/www.domo.com\/learn\/article\/ai-models\">AI models<\/a> (such as different <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\" class=\"wp-image-10749\" style=\"width: 32px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2718.png\" alt=\"The black interlocking three chain links logo for ChatGPT 4O centered in a white circle with a gray outer ring used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2718.png 792w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2718-297x300.png 297w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2718-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2718-768x776.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/IMG_2718-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 32px) 100vw, 32px\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/chatgpt.com\"><strong>ChatGPTs<\/strong><\/a> &amp; <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\" class=\"wp-image-19778\" style=\"width: 32px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_8763.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced purple square with a centered white academic mortarboard with black trim, the tassel on the left surrounded by two white diamonds on the right, and a small white circle on the lower left that is the logo for Scholar ChatGPT used for identifying this source.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_8763.jpeg 318w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_8763-298x300.jpeg 298w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/IMG_8763-150x150.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 32px) 100vw, 32px\" \/> <a href=\"https:\/\/chatgpt.com\/g\/g-kZ0eYXlJe-scholar-gpt\"><strong>ScholarGPT<\/strong><\/a>, several <a href=\"https:\/\/gemini.google.com\/app\"><strong>Google\u2019s Gemini<\/strong><\/a>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/claude.ai\/login?returnTo=%2F%3F\">Anthrop\\c\u2019s Claude.ai<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.adobe.com\/acrobat\/complete-pdf-solution.html?ttid=annual-pro-genai&amp;sdid=D8F91K5J&amp;mv=search&amp;mv2=paidsearch&amp;ef_id=Cj0KCQjwhafEBhCcARIsAEGZEKJBMHRrEzegdr0gN-F9L_ciM9pw3VdvB7pp-JWzZqDykJoa4Rw3krgaAt2nEALw_wcB:G:s&amp;s_kwcid=AL!3085!3!701087037991!e!!g!!adobe%20acrobat%20ai%20assistant!21344472380!161763430783&amp;gad_source=1&amp;gad_campaignid=21344472380&amp;gbraid=0AAAAAD791ZYvQDaxYzNvQ6K1sgv9jUC_I&amp;gclid=Cj0KCQjwhafEBhCcARIsAEGZEKJBMHRrEzegdr0gN-F9L_ciM9pw3VdvB7pp-JWzZqDykJoa4Rw3krgaAt2nEALw_wcB\"><strong>Adobe Acrobat AI Assistant<\/strong><\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/grok.com\"><strong>Grok 3 &amp; 4<\/strong><\/a>) as tools for philosophical inquiry, testing interpretations, and solidifying his own positions on Cartesian philosophy.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/sensation\/chatgpt-4-5-february-2025-defends-material-false-sensations-lack-objectively-real-representational-content\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">ChatGPT 4.5 (February 2025) Defends Material False Sensations Lack Objectively Real Representational Content<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/material-falsity\/conversation-on-the-material-falsity-of-ideas-with-chatgpt-4-0-april-2023-version\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Conversation on Representation &amp; the Material Falsity of Ideas with ChatGPT 4.0 (April 2023 version)<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/objective-reality\/convincing-anthropcs-claude-ai-that-cartesian-sensations-lack-objective-reality\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Convincing Anthrop\/c\u2019s Claude.ai that Cartesian Sensations Lack Objective Reality<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/idea\/convincing-chatgpt-april-2023-version-that-descartes-never-had-a-distinct-idea-of-a-triangle\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Convincing ChatGPT (April 2023 version) that Descartes Never Had a Distinct Idea of a Triangle<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/objective-reality-2\/correcting-adobe-acrobat-ai-assistant-on-norman-j-wells-on-material-falsity\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Correcting Adobe Acrobat AI Assistant on Norman J. Wells on Material Falsity<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/objective-reality-2\/googles-gemini-comes-around-to-dr-rings-interpretation-of-descartess-theory-of-ideas\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Google\u2019s Gemini Comes Around to Dr. Ring\u2019s Interpretation Of Descartes\u2019s Theory of Ideas<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/idea\/ideas-images-sensations-representation-the-objective-reality-of-ideas-convincing-chatgpt-40-april-2023\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Ideas, Images, Sensations, Representation, &amp; the Objective Reality of Ideas\u2014Convincing ChatGPT 4 (April 2023)<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/material-falsity\/investigating-the-material-falsity-of-ideas-with-chatgpt-o1-preview\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Investigating the Material Falsity of Ideas with ChatGPT (o1 \u2013 Preview)<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/representation\/cartesian-representation\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Investigating Schmitter On Cartesian Representation With Grok 3<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/sensation\/scholargpt-january-2025-asserts-independently-that-a-cold-sensation-lacks-objective-reality\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">ScholarGPT (January 2025) Asserts Independently That A Cold Sensation Lacks Objective Reality<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"75\" height=\"79\" class=\"wp-image-26951\" style=\"width: 75px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157.png\" alt=\"An enhanced cutout drawing of a good coin with Descartes\u2019s likeness struck on the surface, looking to the viewer\u2019s right in profile, wearing a laurel-leaf crown, is used as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157.png 302w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157-283x300.png 283w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2157-142x150.png 142w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 75px) 100vw, 75px\" \/> <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\">Defense of God&#8217;s Non-Deceiver Role Regarding Sensations:<\/mark><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"104\" class=\"wp-image-28040\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of a dark brown wood gavel resting on a matching circular wooden banging coaster. The gavel is banded by a gold metallic band with \u201cD.T.O.I.\u201d in white font, with \u201cDescartes\u2019s Theory of Ideas\u201d in black font underneath it used as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914-300x208.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_3914-150x104.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>&nbsp; &nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/about\/\">Dr. Ring<\/a> investigates how <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/god\/39437A55BE341EF00B8AA6DF5252D508\">God<\/a>, as a non-deceiver, relates to the nature of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/sensation\/7AE0269D8A28D366071B012304BA1F96\">sensations<\/a>, particularly in proving that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/sensation\/7AE0269D8A28D366071B012304BA1F96\">sensations<\/a> do not inherently deceive.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/material-falsity\/proving-god-is-not-a-deceiver-because-sensations-lack-objectively-real-contents-to-scholargpt-v2-october-2023\/\"><span style=\"color:blue\">Proving God Is Not A Deceiver Because Sensations Lack Objectively Real Contents To ScholarGPT V2 (October 2023)<\/span><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"191\" class=\"wp-image-27320\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/SIX_7A968A48-DFDE-4527-A342-D138866496C3.png\" alt=\"A cutout of a drawing of the front of a castle entrance with double brown doors is used as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/SIX_7A968A48-DFDE-4527-A342-D138866496C3.png 251w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/SIX_7A968A48-DFDE-4527-A342-D138866496C3-235x300.png 235w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/SIX_7A968A48-DFDE-4527-A342-D138866496C3-118x150.png 118w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>&nbsp; &nbsp; <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\">Hyperlinked Pictorial Bibliographies in multiple languages with links to scholars, references, images, full abstracts, and published reviews<\/mark><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"gap: 20px\" class=\"align-button-center ub-buttons orientation-button-row ub-flex-wrap wp-block-ub-button\" id=\"ub-button-ae49f5ba-af8d-4135-905d-5389f0d972b2\"><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-primary-sources\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: rgb(0, 208, 132); --ub-button-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 10px;; border-top-right-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Primary Sources<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-relevant-contemporary-sources\/#relevant-contemporary-sources\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: rgb(0, 208, 132); --ub-button-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 10px;; border-top-right-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Relevant Contemporary Sources<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-relevant-contemporary-sources#descartes-bibliographies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: rgb(0, 208, 132); --ub-button-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 10px;; border-top-right-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Descartes Bibliographies<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-a-l\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #00d084; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; font-size: 17px; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 10px;; border-top-right-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Secondary Sources (A\u2013L)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z#M-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #00d084; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 10px;; border-top-right-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Secondary Sources (M\u2013Z)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"207\" class=\"wp-image-27106\" style=\"width: 250px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2375.png\" alt=\"An enhanced 3D cutout drawing of a golden book titled \u201cD.T.O.I. Bibliographic Sources\u201d is used as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2375.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2375-300x248.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2375-150x124.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/>&nbsp; &nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-primary-sources\/#primary-sources\"><u>DTOI Primary Sources<\/u><\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"158\" class=\"wp-image-27283\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2427.png\" alt=\"A colorized and eyes enhanced with AI looking back to his right painting modeled after Frans Hals' portrait of Ren\u00e9 Descartes with shoulder-length brown hair looking with a white wide collar used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2427.png 303w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2427-284x300.png 284w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2427-142x150.png 142w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/> <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-primary-sources\/#descartes-dtoi-bibliography\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Descartes<\/u><\/span><\/a> (1596\u20131650)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"gap: 20px\" class=\"align-button-center ub-buttons orientation-button-row ub-flex-wrap wp-block-ub-button\" id=\"ub-button-b2a46116-44e7-4b25-b60e-4b1ea14094f5\"><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-primary-sources\/#latin-dtoi-bib\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #abb8c3; --ub-button-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 25px;; border-top-right-radius: 25px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 25px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 25px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Latin &amp; Non-English<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-primary-sources\/#adam-tannery-dtoi-bib\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #fcb900; --ub-button-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 25px;; border-top-right-radius: 25px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 25px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 25px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Adam &amp; Tannery<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-primary-sources\/#bennett-dtoi-bib\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #fcb900; --ub-button-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 25px;; border-top-right-radius: 25px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 25px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 25px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Jonathan Bennett<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-primary-sources\/#clarke-dtoi-bib\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #fcb900; --ub-button-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 25px;; border-top-right-radius: 25px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 25px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 25px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Desmond Clarke<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-primary-sources\/#cress-dtoi-bib\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #fcb900; --ub-button-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 25px;; border-top-right-radius: 25px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 25px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 25px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Donald A. Cress<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-primary-sources\/#csmk-dtoi-bib\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #fcb900; --ub-button-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 25px;; border-top-right-radius: 25px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 25px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 25px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">CSM &amp; K<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-primary-sources\/#haldane-ross-dtoi-bib\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #fcb900; --ub-button-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 25px;; border-top-right-radius: 25px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 25px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 25px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Haldane &amp; Ross<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-primary-sources\/#heffernan-dtoi-bib\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #fcb900; --ub-button-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 25px;; border-top-right-radius: 25px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 25px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 25px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">George Heffernan<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-primary-sources\/#johnston-dtoi-bib\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #fcb900; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 25px;; border-top-right-radius: 25px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 25px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 25px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Ian C. Johnston<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-primary-sources\/#blom-dtoi-bib\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #fcb900; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; font-size: 17px; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 25px;; border-top-right-radius: 25px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 25px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 25px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">John J. Blom<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div style=\"gap: 20px\" class=\"align-button-center ub-buttons orientation-button-row ub-flex-wrap wp-block-ub-button\" id=\"ub-button-566d395f-da23-4493-9646-280422867729\"><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-primary-sources\/#kemp-smith-dtoi-bib\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #fcb900; --ub-button-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 25px;; border-top-right-radius: 25px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 25px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 25px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Norman Kemp Smith<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-primary-sources\/#Laurence-J-LaFleur-dtoi-bib\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #fcb900; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 25px;; border-top-right-radius: 25px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 25px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 25px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Laurence J. LaFleur<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-primary-sources\/#moriarty-dtoi-bib\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #fcb900; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 25px;; border-top-right-radius: 25px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 25px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 25px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Michael Moriarty<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-primary-sources\/#john-veitch-dtoi-bib\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #fcb900; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 25px;; border-top-right-radius: 25px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 25px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 25px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">John Veitch<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-primary-sources\/#non-meditations-dtoi-bib\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #cf2e2e; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 25px;; border-top-right-radius: 25px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 25px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 25px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Non-Meditations<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-primary-sources\/#william-molyneux-dtoi-bib\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #fcb900; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; font-size: 17px; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 25px;; border-top-right-radius: 25px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 25px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 25px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">William Molyneux<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"182\" class=\"wp-image-2257\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/IMG_1366.gif\" alt=\"An animated color .gif of a drawing of St. Thomas Aquinas in a dark brown cape turned towards his right holding a writing quill in his right hand and a monstrance in his left hand.\">&nbsp; &nbsp; <a style=\"font-size: 16pt;\" href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-primary-sources\/#st-thomas-aquinas-dtoi-bibliography\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>St. Thomas Aquinas<\/u><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\">  (1225\u20131274)<br><br><\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"169\" class=\"wp-image-27274\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2406.png\" alt=\"An enhanced Roman bust of Aristotle, enhanced by AI to have blue eyes.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2406.png 284w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2406-266x300.png 266w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2406-133x150.png 133w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>&nbsp; &nbsp; <a style=\"font-size: 16pt;\" href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-primary-sources\/#aristotle-dtoi-bibliography\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Aristotle<\/u><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"> (384\u2013322 BC)<\/span><br><br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"181\" class=\"wp-image-17171\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_1317.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized photographic upper torso and headshot cutout of Antoine Arnauld is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_1317.png 530w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_1317-248x300.png 248w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/IMG_1317-124x150.png 124w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>&nbsp; &nbsp; <a style=\"font-size: 16pt;\" href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-primary-sources\/#arnauld-dtoi-bibliography\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Antoine Arnauld<\/u><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"> (1616\u20131698)<\/span><br><br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"279\" class=\"wp-image-27276\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2408.jpeg\" alt=\"A color stain glass window of St. Augustine turned towards his left, looking down with a staff under his right forearm.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2408.jpeg 172w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2408-161x300.jpeg 161w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2408-81x150.jpeg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>&nbsp; &nbsp; <a style=\"font-size: 16pt;\" href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-primary-sources\/#st-augustine-dtoi-bibliography\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>St. Augustine<\/u><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"> (354\u2013430)<\/span><br><br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"147\" class=\"wp-image-27278\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2409.png\" alt=\"A colorized and enhanced painting by Frans Hals of Ren\u00e9 Descartes with shoulder length brown hair looking straight at viewer with a white wide collar.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2409.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2409-300x293.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2409-150x147.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>&nbsp; &nbsp; <a style=\"font-size: 16pt;\" href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-primary-sources\/#descartes-dtoi-bibliography\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Descartes<\/u><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"> (1596\u20131650)<\/span><br><br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"185\" class=\"wp-image-27281\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2416.png\" alt=\"This is a reversed colorized painting of Nicolas Malebranche standing with his shoulders turned back slightly to his left, facing forward, wearing a high-neck collared shirt and dark brown tunic.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2416.png 259w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2416-243x300.png 243w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2416-121x150.png 121w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>&nbsp; &nbsp; <a style=\"font-size: 16pt;\" href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-primary-sources\/#malebranche-dtoi-bibliography\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Nicholas Malebranche<\/u><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"> (1638\u20131715)<\/span><br><br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"206\" class=\"wp-image-23254\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/IMG_7127.png\" alt=\"An enhanced, colorized drawing cutout of Francisco Suarez wearing a dark purple tri-priest\u2019s cap and dark purple high-collared jacket is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/IMG_7127.png 467w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/IMG_7127-219x300.png 219w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/IMG_7127-109x150.png 109w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>&nbsp; &nbsp; <a style=\"font-size: 16pt;\" href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-primary-sources\/#suarez-dtoi-bibliography\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Francisco Suarez<\/u><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 16pt;\"> (1548\u20131617)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-left\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"207\" class=\"wp-image-27106\" style=\"width: 250px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2375.png\" alt=\"An enhanced 3D cutout drawing of a golden book titled \u201cD.T.O.I. Bibliographic Sources\u201d is used as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2375.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2375-300x248.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2375-150x124.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/>&nbsp; &nbsp; <u><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-a-l\/#A-neon-ivy-drop-cap\">DTOI Secondary Sources (A\u2013L)<\/a><\/u> &amp; <br><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z\/#M-neon-ivy-drop-cap\"><u>DTOI Secondary Sources (M\u2013Z)<\/u><\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"gap: 20px\" class=\"align-button-center ub-buttons orientation-button-row ub-flex-wrap wp-block-ub-button\" id=\"ub-button-6f319d83-d39e-450e-9223-12874bcf676a\"><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-a-l\/#A-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">A<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-a-l\/#B-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">B<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-a-l\/#C-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">C<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-a-l\/#D-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">D<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-a-l\/#E-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">E-F-G<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-a-l\/#H-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">H<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-a-l\/#I-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">I-J<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-a-l\/#K-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; font-size: 17px; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">K-L<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z\/#M-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">M<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z\/#N-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">N<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z\/#O-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">O-P<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z\/#Q-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">Q-R<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z\/#S-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">S<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z\/#T-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">T-U-V<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z\/#W-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">W<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"ub-button-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-secondary-sources-m-z\/#X-neon-ivy-drop-cap\" target=\"_self\" class=\"ub-button-block-main   ub-button-flex\" role=\"button\" style=\"--ub-button-background-color: #0693e3; --ub-button-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-border: none; --ub-button-hover-background-color: #313131; --ub-button-hover-color: #ffffff; --ub-button-hover-border: none; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-top-left-radius: 20px;; border-top-right-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-left-radius: 20px;; border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;; \">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ub-button-content-holder\" style=\"flex-direction: row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ub-button-block-btn\">X-Y-Z<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\">The letters above represent the first letter of people&#8217;s last names in the Secondary Sources bibliography. Click on them to go to that alphabetical section. One can quickly return by hitting the blue box up arrow <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" class=\"wp-image-7649\" style=\"width: 25px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4697.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced image of the up arrow to the top of the page of a white arrow upside down wide &quot;v&quot; with no stem on a light blue background used to visually identify it.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4697.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4697-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IMG_4697-150x150.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 25px) 100vw, 25px\" \/> in the lower right corner, if located in the same webpage. Otherwise, use the buttons to switch between relevant webpages. Please be patient because these information rich webpages can take five seconds or more to load.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Number of Bibliographic entries in Secondary Sources (A\u2013Z) is over 420.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"207\" class=\"wp-image-27106\" style=\"width: 250px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2375.png\" alt=\"An enhanced 3D cutout drawing of a golden book titled \u201cD.T.O.I. Bibliographic Sources\u201d is used as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2375.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2375-300x248.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2375-150x124.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/>&nbsp; &nbsp; <u><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-relevant-contemporary-sources\/#relevant-contemporary-sources\">DTOI Relevant Contemporary Sources<\/a><\/u> <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-relevant-contemporary-sources\/#relevant-contemporary-sources\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"782\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/SIX_9E74735D-E83C-46F4-91E5-66CF663BD4DEb-1024x782.jpeg\" alt=\"Four identical Descartes head images on the four compass points surrounding a neon green square containing a tree printer\u2019s block and the words \u201cCartesii Theoria Idearum.\u201d\" class=\"wp-image-952\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/SIX_9E74735D-E83C-46F4-91E5-66CF663BD4DEb-1024x782.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/SIX_9E74735D-E83C-46F4-91E5-66CF663BD4DEb-300x229.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/SIX_9E74735D-E83C-46F4-91E5-66CF663BD4DEb-768x587.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/SIX_9E74735D-E83C-46F4-91E5-66CF663BD4DEb.jpeg 1085w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"207\" class=\"wp-image-27106\" style=\"width: 250px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2375.png\" alt=\"An enhanced 3D cutout drawing of a golden book titled \u201cD.T.O.I. Bibliographic Sources\u201d is used as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2375.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2375-300x248.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/IMG_2375-150x124.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/>&nbsp; &nbsp; <u><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-relevant-contemporary-sources\/#descartes-bibliographies\">Descartes Bibliographies<\/a><\/u> <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/dtoi-relevant-contemporary-sources\/#descartes-bibliographies\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"709\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-1-1024x709.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-27202\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-1-1024x709.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-1-300x208.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-1-150x104.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-1-768x532.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-1-1536x1063.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-1-2048x1418.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:49px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#st-thomas-aquinas-dtoi-bibliography\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"400\" class=\"wp-image-23578\" style=\"width: 1200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/IMG_8229.png\" alt=\"An enhanced, colorized cutout printer banner in blue and green showing cherubs playing is used as an ending divider.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/IMG_8229.png 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/IMG_8229-300x100.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/IMG_8229-150x50.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/IMG_8229-768x256.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Key Contributions for Understanding Descartes&#8217;s Theory of Ideas: &nbsp; &nbsp; Dr. David C. Ring\u2019s academic blog website, &#8220;Descartes\u2019s Theory of Ideas (D.T.O.I.),&#8221; contains numerous hyperlinked posts and pages that contribute to a deeper understanding of Descartes\u2019s philosophy by investigating his views on sensations, representations, objective reality of ideas, material falsity (especially of secondary quality sensations), [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":27366,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[24,31,35,42,44],"class_list":["post-26825","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-orientation","tag-idea","tag-material-falsity","tag-objective-reality","tag-representation","tag-sensation"],"featured_image_src":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Alt6-scaled.jpeg","author_info":{"info":["Dr. David C. Ring"]},"featured_image_urls":{"full":["https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Alt6-scaled.jpeg",2560,1806,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Alt6-150x106.jpeg",150,106,true],"medium":["https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Alt6-300x212.jpeg",300,212,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Alt6-768x542.jpeg",768,542,true],"large":["https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Alt6-1024x722.jpeg",800,564,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Alt6-1536x1083.jpeg",1536,1083,true],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Alt6-2048x1444.jpeg",2048,1444,true],"ultp_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Alt6-1200x800.jpeg",1200,800,true],"ultp_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Alt6-870x570.jpeg",870,570,true],"ultp_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Alt6-600x900.jpeg",600,900,true],"ultp_layout_square":["https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Alt6-600x600.jpeg",600,600,true]},"category_info":"<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/category\/orientation\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Orientation<\/a>","tag_info":"Orientation","comment_count":"0","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26825","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26825"}],"version-history":[{"count":396,"href":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26825\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":42390,"href":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26825\/revisions\/42390"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/27366"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26825"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26825"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26825"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}