{"id":30279,"date":"2025-09-13T18:37:10","date_gmt":"2025-09-13T18:37:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/?p=30279"},"modified":"2025-09-21T03:22:43","modified_gmt":"2025-09-21T03:22:43","slug":"formatting-for-publication","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/bibliography\/formatting-for-publication\/","title":{"rendered":"Formatting for publication"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Academic publications care about formatting and its peculiarities because they adhere to a standard of excellence, make it easy to track and verify sources, and communicate to readers consistently and effectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is a guide for students in the Humanities<\/a> on Turabian formatting<\/a><\/strong>, dash types<\/strong>, quotation marks<\/strong>, and other formatting essentials for writing a scholarly paper using the Turabian style<\/a><\/strong>, based on the Chicago Manual of Style<\/em> (17th ed.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Refer to Turabian: A Manual for Writers<\/em><\/a>, particularly pages that explain how to format footnotes and bibliographies as seen below. The key difference is that footnotes separate items with commas, while bibliographies use periods. Notice there are no commas<\/strong> before or after using parentheses in footnotes. Also, notice that the year of publication is never in parentheses immediately after the author\u2019s name, as can be found in scientific journals. AI often formats it this wrong way for papers in the Humanities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How to format Stephanus numbers<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"One<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\"One<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\"One<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

I. Dashes and Hyphens: When and How to Use Them<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

1. Hyphen (\u2010)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  • Used to join compound words<\/strong> (e.g., well-being<\/em>, twenty-four<\/em>, Greek-speaking philosopher<\/em>).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Not used to indicate breaks in thought or sentence structure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    How to type it<\/strong>: Standard hyphen key on any keyboard: -<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    <\/div>\n\n\n\n
    \n\n\n\n
    <\/div>\n\n\n\n

    2. En-dash (\u2013)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    • Used for ranges<\/strong>: dates, page numbers, etc.\n
        \n
      • Example: pp. 24\u201336<\/em>, 400\u2013347 BCE<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Also used in compound adjectives<\/strong> where one element is open or already hyphenated:\n
          \n
        • Example: pre\u2013Socratic-era dialogue<\/em>, Plato\u2013Aristotle relationship<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          How to type it<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \n
          • Mac<\/strong>: Option<\/code> + -<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Windows<\/strong>: Alt<\/code> + 0150<\/code> on numeric keypad (hold Alt<\/code>, type 0150<\/code>, release)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
            <\/div>\n\n\n\n
            \n\n\n\n
            <\/div>\n\n\n\n

            Typing an en-dash (\u2013) on an iPad Pro requires a small workaround, because the standard iPad keyboard does not directly show the en-dash as a visible key. However, you can easily insert it using one of these methods:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \u2705 <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Method 1: Tap-and-Hold the Hyphen Key<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \n
            1. Open any app where you can type (e.g., Notes, Word, Pages).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            2. Tap and hold the hyphen – key on the iPad onscreen keyboard.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            3. A popup menu will appear with punctuation options.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            4. Slide your finger to select the en-dash (\u2013) and release.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

              \ud83d\udfe2 This method also often gives you access to the em-dash (\u2014), depending on the app and keyboard version.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u2705 <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Method 2: Use a Text Replacement Shortcut<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \n
              1. Go to Settings > General > Keyboard > Text Replacement.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              2. Tap the \u201c+\u201d icon.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              3. In Phrase, paste the en-dash: \u2013
                (You can copy this one right here.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              4. In Shortcut, type something like –n or en-<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              5. Tap Save.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                Now, typing –n will auto-replace with an en-dash.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u2705 <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Method 3: Use an External Keyboard (Magic Keyboard or Bluetooth)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                If you\u2019re using a physical keyboard (e.g., Apple Magic Keyboard):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \n
                • En-dash (\u2013): Option + –<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Em-dash (\u2014): Shift + Option + –<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                  These are the same as on a Mac and will work identically on the iPad Pro.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u2705 <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  Method 4: Copy and Paste<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  You can always copy this en-dash right here and keep it in your Notes app for quick access:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u2013 \u2190 en-dash<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \u2014 \u2190 em-dash<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  Summary Table for iPad Pro<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  Dash Type<\/strong><\/td>Symbol<\/strong><\/td>Onscreen Keyboard<\/strong><\/td>Physical Keyboard Shortcut<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
                  Hyphen<\/td>–<\/td>Direct key<\/td>–<\/td><\/tr>
                  En-dash<\/td>\u2013<\/td>Hold -, select<\/td>Option + –<\/td><\/tr>
                  Em-dash<\/td>\u2014<\/td>Hold -, select<\/td>Shift + Option + –<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

                  Use Method 1 or 3 if you want consistent typographical control in academic papers, especially when formatting page ranges (e.g., 201\u2013210) or compound modifiers involving open compounds (e.g., Plato\u2013Socrates comparison).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  <\/div>\n\n\n\n
                  \n\n\n\n
                  <\/div>\n\n\n\n

                  3. Em-dash (\u2014)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                    \n
                  • Used for interruption<\/strong>, apposition<\/strong>, or emphasis:\n
                      \n
                    • Example: The argument is unresolved\u2014but intentionally so.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • No spaces before or after in Turabian.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                      How to type it<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \n
                      • Mac<\/strong>: Shift<\/code> + Option<\/code> + -<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • Windows<\/strong>: Alt<\/code> + 0151<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                        <\/div>\n\n\n\n
                        \n\n\n\n
                        <\/div>\n\n\n\n

                        II. Quotation Marks: Double and Single<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                        1. Double Quotation Marks (\u201c \u201d)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                          \n
                        • Used for all direct quotations<\/strong> in your prose.\n
                            \n
                          • Example: Socrates says, \u201cKnowledge is perception.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                            2. Single Quotation Marks (\u2018 \u2019)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                              \n
                            • Used only within<\/strong> a quotation.\n
                                \n
                              • Example: \u201cThen he said, \u2018Define knowledge for me,\u2019 which Theaetetus did.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                3. Punctuation Placement<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                                  \n
                                • Periods and commas<\/strong> go inside<\/strong> the quotation marks:\n
                                    \n
                                  • Example: Plato writes, \u201cJustice is the concern of all.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                  • Colons and semicolons<\/strong> go outside<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                  • Question marks<\/strong> and exclamation points<\/strong> go inside<\/strong> if part of the quotation, outside<\/strong> if part of your sentence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                                    <\/div>\n\n\n\n
                                    \n\n\n\n
                                    <\/div>\n\n\n\n

                                    III. Short Quotations vs. Block Quotations<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                                    1. Short Quotations (Fewer than 5 lines of prose)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                                      \n
                                    • Enclosed in double quotation marks<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                    • Incorporated into your paragraph.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                    • Use parenthetical or footnote citations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                      2. Block Quotations (5 lines or more)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                                        \n
                                      • No quotation marks<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                      • Indented one-half inch from the left.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                      • Single-spaced.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                      • Citation follows at the end, often in a footnote or parenthesis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                                        \n

                                        Example (Block Quotation):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                        Socrates warns:\n\nKnowledge is not the same thing as true belief, for a man may believe the truth and still not know it, unless he has been given an account of the reason why the belief is true. That is the essence of knowledge: a justified, true belief. (Theaetetus<\/em>, 201c\u2013d)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
                                        <\/div>\n\n\n\n
                                        \n\n\n\n
                                        <\/div>\n\n\n\n
                                        IV. Formatting Footnotes and Bibliographies (Turabian Notes-Bibliography Style)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                                        1. Footnotes (First Use Format)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                                        Include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                                          \n
                                        • Author\u2019s full name<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                        • Title of book<\/em> (italicized)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                        • Editor\/Translator (if any)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                        • Publication info in parentheses<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                        • Page number<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                                          \n
                                          Example<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                                            \n
                                          1. Seth Benardete, The Being of the Beautiful: Plato\u2019s Theaetetus, Sophist, and Statesman<\/em>, ed. Ronna Burger (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 46.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
                                            2. Footnotes (Subsequent Uses)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                                              \n
                                            • Shortened form:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                                              \n
                                                \n
                                              1. Benardete, Being of the Beautiful<\/em>, 46.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
                                                3. Bibliography Format<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                                                  \n
                                                • Author\u2019s last name first<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Inverted names only for the first author<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Title italicized<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Hanging indent<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                                                  \n
                                                  Example<\/strong>:
                                                  Benardete, Seth. The Being of the Beautiful: Plato\u2019s Theaetetus, Sophist, and Statesman<\/em>. Edited by Ronna Burger. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
                                                  Tips:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                                                    \n
                                                  • Alphabetize entries by last name<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                  • Use an en-dash<\/strong> for page ranges: 211\u201352<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                  • Double-space the bibliography but use single spacing<\/strong> within entries.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                                                    <\/div>\n\n\n\n
                                                    \n\n\n\n
                                                    <\/div>\n\n\n\n
                                                    V. How to Use Ellipses in Quotations Correctly<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                                                    <\/div>\n\n\n\n
                                                    The Associated Press (AP) style is three dots without any spaces ( \u2026 ) that is NOT used in the Humanities (although often used by AI models). For philosophy papers, use The Chicago Manual of Style<\/em> (CMS) and Modern Language Association<\/em> (MLA) format that puts spaces between each period ( . . . ). If the ommitted material ends the sentence in a final period use FOUR periods (\u201dFour score and seven years ago . . . .  ). When in doubt, consult the appropriate style guide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                                                    With an ellipsis, you can omit words, phrases or sentences when you\u2019re quoting. Note: You never want to omit words, phrases or sentences that will change the context or facts of a quotation<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                                                    <\/div>\n\n\n\n
                                                    \n\n\n\n
                                                    <\/div>\n\n\n\n
                                                    VI. Formatting Titles: How to Refer to \u201cTheaetetus\u201d<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                                                    1. In Running Text<\/h4>\n\n\n\n