{"id":43081,"date":"2026-05-17T05:09:09","date_gmt":"2026-05-17T05:09:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/?p=43081"},"modified":"2026-06-17T13:48:00","modified_gmt":"2026-06-17T13:48:00","slug":"more-reasons-why-objective-reality-cannot-be-descartess-universal-theory-of-ideas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/objective-reality\/more-reasons-why-objective-reality-cannot-be-descartess-universal-theory-of-ideas\/","title":{"rendered":"More Reasons Why Objective Reality Cannot Be Descartes\u2019s Universal Theory of Ideas with Claude Opus 4.7"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction by<mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#2e2e9d\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong> Grok 4.3<\/strong> (xAI, May 2026)<\/mark><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"125\" class=\"wp-image-43352\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_1043.png\" alt=\"A stylized ivory-and-gold architectural capital or carved column top, filled with layered classical ornament and abstract sculptural details, bears the large inscription \u201cD.T.O.I.\u201d across its base serving as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_1043.png 1600w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_1043-300x251.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_1043-1024x855.png 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_1043-150x125.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_1043-768x641.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_1043-1536x1283.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>A central ambition of Descartes\u2019s Theory of Ideas (DTOI) is to provide a systematic account of how ideas represent their objects through the distinction between <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/being-formal-versus-objective\/EB7DDBF4A3D9BB7E42383E17BCBE5D60\">formal and objective reality<\/a>. On one influential reading, <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">objective reality (OR)<\/a> offers a universal framework: every thinkable content is, or can be reconstructed as, the <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">objective being<\/a> of some ranked item (infinite <a href=\"https:\/\/iep.utm.edu\/substanc\/#SH2a\">substance<\/a>, finite <a href=\"https:\/\/iep.utm.edu\/substanc\/#SH2a\">substance<\/a>, or <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/descartes-ideas\/#thoughts\">mode<\/a>) in the intellect. Yet certain perfectly intelligible ideas and propositions resist this treatment. False but thinkable judgments such as \u201ca vacuum exists\u201d initially seem promising counterexamples, but a careful pro-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> interpreter can reconstruct them as misjudgments composed of <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing constituents (extension and body). Even imaginative composites like a chimera turn out to have aggregated <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> from their parts. Stronger pressure comes from cases whose content cannot plausibly be assigned any rank on Descartes\u2019s ontological hierarchy\u2014even when grounded in God\u2019s intellect or treated as true-and-immutable natures. Privative ideas (the idea of nothing), foundational eternal truths (<em>ex nihilo, nihil fit<\/em>), relational structures, and modal necessities such as \u201ca <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/descartes-ideas\/#thoughts\">mode<\/a> is necessarily related to a <a href=\"https:\/\/iep.utm.edu\/substanc\/#SH2a\">substance<\/a>\u201d are thinkable, even foundational to Cartesian metaphysics, yet function as <a href=\"https:\/\/mymemory.translated.net\/en\/Latin\/English\/modus-cogitandi\"><em>modi cogitandi<\/em><\/a> or <strong>intelligible truth-contents <\/strong>rather than representations of ranked objects. This post refines the argument by retiring weaker (I.e., false) examples, sharpening the decisive ones, and mapping the resulting pattern in a summary table at the post\u2019s end. The result is a clearer view of where Descartes\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> apparatus succeeds and where it necessarily falls silent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This post is the fourth in a series. See \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/formatting-in-wordpress\/\">Condensation: Why Objective Reality Cannot Be Descartes\u2019s Theory Of Thought: Burman, Common Notions, And The Failure Of The Strict Idea Model<\/a>\u201d (a condensed version of the first in the series: \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/objective-reality\/why-descartes-cannot-treat-objective-reality-as-a-universal-theory-of-thought-burman-common-notions-and-the-failure-of-the-strict-idea-model\/\">Why Objective Reality Cannot Be Descartes\u2019s Universal Theory Of Thought: Burman, Common Notions, And The Failure Of The Strict-Idea Model<\/a>\u201d and its follow-up second companion piece \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/objective-reality\/why-objective-reality-cannot-be-universal-in-descartess-theory-of-ideas-nothing-eternal-truths-sensations-and-fear-with-claude-opus-4-6\/\">Why Objective Reality Cannot Be Universal In Descartes\u2019s Theory Of Ideas: Nothing, Eternal Truths, Sensations, And Fear With Claude Opus 4.6<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark style=\"background-color:#9b51e0\" class=\"has-inline-color has-white-color\">Argumentative Outline: More Reasons Why Objective Reality Cannot Be Descartes&#8217;s Universal Theory of Ideas<\/mark><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">I. <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\">Introduction &amp; Thesis<\/mark><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\">Main Thesis (Restriction Thesis):<\/mark><\/strong> Descartes&#8217;s Objective Reality (<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>OR<\/u><\/span><\/a>) apparatus succeeds as a framework for ranked representational content (<a href=\"https:\/\/iep.utm.edu\/substanc\/#SH2a\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>substances<\/u><\/span><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/descartes-ideas\/#thoughts\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>modes<\/u><\/span><\/a>, true-and-immutable natures) but <em>necessarily falls silent<\/em> for a large class of perfectly intelligible Cartesian ideas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\">Refinement over prior posts:<\/mark><\/strong> Retire weaker examples (false judgments, non-existent composites), sharpen decisive ones (privative, eternal-truth, relational, modal, universal contents).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\">Roadmap:<\/mark><\/strong> Test candidate counterexamples \u2192 distinguish <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>OR<\/u><\/span><\/a>-bearing from non-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>OR<\/u><\/span><\/a>-bearing \u2192 identify <em>three structural classes<\/em> of non-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>OR<\/u><\/span><\/a> content \u2192 map results in a summary table.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">II. <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\">Background: The Pro-OR (&#8220;Universal OR&#8221;) Reading<\/mark><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">DTOI&#8217;s Pro-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>OR<\/u><\/span><\/a> ambition: every thinkable content = objective being of some ranked item (infinite <a href=\"https:\/\/iep.utm.edu\/substanc\/#SH2a\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>substance<\/u><\/span><\/a> \/ finite <a href=\"https:\/\/iep.utm.edu\/substanc\/#SH2a\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>substance<\/u><\/span><\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/descartes-ideas\/#thoughts\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>mode<\/u><\/span><\/a>) in the intellect.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Pro-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>OR<\/u><\/span><\/a> interpreters (<a href=\"https:\/\/philarchive.org\/s\/Lawrence%20Nolan\">Lawrence<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Primary_and_Secondary_Qualities.html?id=_cIkTLLkxOgC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Nolan<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.umass.edu\/philosophy\/news\/memoriam-vere-chappell-1930-2019\">Vere<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vere_Chappell\">Chappell<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/John%20Carriero\">John<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucla.edu\/person\/john-carriero\/\">Carriero<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.colorado.edu\/philosophy\/sites\/default\/files\/attached-files\/cv_kaufman.pdf\">Dan<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Dan%20Kaufman\">Kaufman<\/a>): even non-existent or false contents reduce to <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>OR<\/u><\/span><\/a>-bearing constituents.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>OR<\/u><\/span><\/a> \u2260 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/being-formal-versus-objective\/EB7DDBF4A3D9BB7E42383E17BCBE5D60\">formal existence<\/a> outside the mind (<a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Page:Descartes_-_%C5%92uvres,_%C3%A9d._Adam_et_Tannery,_VII.djvu\/132\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>AT VII 102\u2013103<\/u><\/span><\/a>); represented content alone suffices.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">III. <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\">Weak Counterexamples (To Be Retired)<\/mark><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>A. <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\">False judgments: &#8220;A vacuum exists&#8221;<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Pro-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>O<\/u><\/span><\/a> reconstruction: <em>extension<\/em> (<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>OR<\/u><\/span><\/a> as principal attribute) + <em>body<\/em> (<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>OR<\/u><\/span><\/a> as finite <a href=\"https:\/\/iep.utm.edu\/substanc\/#SH2a\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>substance<\/u><\/span><\/a>) composed via false judgment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Falsity is metaphysical, not a failure of intelligibility.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\">Lesson:<\/mark><\/strong> Shows only that <em>thinkability outruns truth<\/em>, not that content escapes <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>OR<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>B. <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\">Imaginative composites: The chimera<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Descartes himself lists chimeras among paradigmatic ideas (<a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Page:Descartes_-_%C5%92uvres,_%C3%A9d._Adam_et_Tannery,_VII.djvu\/67\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>AT VII 37<\/u><\/span><\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Page:Descartes_-_%C5%92uvres,_%C3%A9d._Adam_et_Tannery,_VII.djvu\/262\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>AT VII 232<\/u><\/span><\/a>).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Constituents (lion, goat, snake) are OR-bearing finite-substance ideas; composition preserves OR.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\">Lesson:<\/mark><\/strong> Non-existence \u2260 non-OR. Chimeras are <em>easy<\/em> cases for OR, not hard ones.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>C. <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\">Take-away:<\/mark><\/strong> Decisive anti-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> cases must lack OR-bearing constituents <em>at any ontological rank<\/em>, not merely lack formal existence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">IV. <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\">Decisive Anti-OR Cases \u2014 Three Structural Classes<\/mark><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Class 1: <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\">Privative Content<\/mark><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>The idea of nothing<\/strong> (<a href=\"https:\/\/earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1648.pdf\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>Burman<\/u><\/span><\/a>: &#8220;purely negative, and hardly counts as an idea at all&#8221;).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">No positive <em>representatum<\/em>; grasped only privatively through being.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">No OR candidate survives (nothingness, impossibility, being-as-such all fail).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Class 2: <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\">Eternal Truths \/ Common Notions<\/mark><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong><em>Ex nihilo, nihil fit<\/em><\/strong> as a proposition.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Intelligible, foundational to Cartesian metaphysics, yet its distinctive content (causal-dependence axiom) is <em>intelligible truth-content<\/em>, not an internal object contained objectively in the intellect.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Functions as a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em> governing thought, not as a ranked <em>representatum<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Paradigm case:<\/strong> <em>Ex nihilo, nihil fit<\/em>\u2014intelligible, foundational to Cartesian metaphysics, yet its distinctive content (a causal-dependence axiom) is <em>intelligible truth-content<\/em>, not an internal object contained objectively in the intellect. It functions as a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em> governing thought, not as a ranked <em>representatum<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Descartes&#8217;s own doctrine of the created eternal truths<\/strong> supplies the decisive textual backing for treating such content as non-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>OR<\/u><\/span><\/a>:<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>To Mersenne<\/strong>, 15 April 1630 (AT I 145): the eternal truths (mathematical and metaphysical) are <em>freely created<\/em> by God and depend on His will, not on any independent realm of essences.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>To Mersenne<\/strong>, 6 May 1630 (AT I 149\u2013150): God is the <em>efficient and total cause<\/em> of these truths; they are not co-eternal Platonic objects.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>To Mersenne<\/strong>, 27 May 1630 (AT I 151\u2013154): the doctrine of the created eternal truths reaffirmed and extended; God is not constrained by mathematical or metaphysical essences, since He is their free author.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>To Mersenne<\/strong>, 16 October 1639 (AT II 597\u2013599): Descartes treats <em>truth<\/em> itself as so transcendentally clear it cannot be defined, and reaffirms that eternal truths are accessed via the natural light rather than as items ranked alongside substances and modes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Sixth Replies<\/strong> (AT VII 432, 435\u2013436): the indifference doctrine\u2014God&#8217;s will is the source of essential truths, not constrained by them.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Why this supports non-OR status:<\/strong> if eternal truths are products of divine willing rather than ranked <em>representata<\/em>, then their <em>content<\/em> in finite intellects is not an item with objective being inherited from a substance or mode. It is intelligible <em>truth-content<\/em> grasped by the natural light\u2014a third ontological category alongside ranked items and <em>modi cogitandi<\/em>, irreducible to either.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Pro-OR rescue attempts fail here:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Reducing the truth to its constituent ideas (e.g., &#8220;nothing,&#8221; &#8220;comes from,&#8221; &#8220;something&#8221;) fails because <em>nothing<\/em> is itself privative (Class 1) and <em>comes from<\/em> is a relational\/modal structure (Classes 3\u20134).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Treating the truth as a <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/descartes-ideas\/#thoughts\"><span style=\"color:blue\"><u>mode of the mind<\/u><\/span><\/a> grasping it collapses content into act, which Descartes explicitly resists (AT VII 8, 102\u2013103).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"\">Grounding the truth in God&#8217;s intellect locates its <em>formal<\/em> reality but not the <em>objective<\/em> reality of the finite idea, which is what OR theory is supposed to measure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p><!-- \/wp:post-content --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} --><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Class 3: <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Relational Structure (<a href=\"https:\/\/phil971-2022.colinmclear.net\/materials\/readings\/descartes-principles-I.pdf\"><em>Principles<\/em> I.55\u201358<\/a>)<\/mark><\/h4>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\">Descartes&#8217;s deflationary <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/nominalism-metaphysics\/\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>nominalism<\/u><\/span><\/a>: relations are <em>modi cogitandi<\/em> of the comparing mind, not items in re.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"\">&#8220;<em>Numerus etiam \u2026 modus tantum est cogitandi; ut &amp; alia omnia, quae universalia vocamus<\/em>&#8221; (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.58<\/u><\/span><\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"\"><strong>&#8220;A is to the left of B&#8221;:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> exhausted by A and B; the relation contributes only a comparative form of thought.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"\"><strong>&#8220;Watch out for the person behind the person in front of you&#8221;:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> in the persons; relational + imperatival structure is mind-side.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"\">Spatial relations <em>might<\/em> reduce to positional modes, but <strong>non-spatial relations (father-of, taller-than, believes-that) cannot<\/strong>\u2014the <em>modus cogitandi<\/em> treatment is unavoidable.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} --><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Class 4 (Capstone): <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Modal-Necessity Content<\/mark><\/h4>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><strong>&#8220;A mode is necessarily related to a substance&#8221;<\/strong> (<a href=\"https:\/\/phil971-2022.colinmclear.net\/materials\/readings\/descartes-principles-I.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u><em>Principles<\/em> I.51\u201353<\/u><\/span><\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"\">Triggers <em>all three<\/em> anti-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> classes simultaneously:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"\"><em>mode-in-general<\/em> and <em>substance-in-general<\/em> = universals = <em>modi cogitandi<\/em> (by <a href=\"https:\/\/phil971-2022.colinmclear.net\/materials\/readings\/descartes-principles-I.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.58<\/u><\/span><\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"\"><em>necessary dependence<\/em> = eternal truth, not a <em>representatum<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Self-referential force:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> theory cannot rank its own enabling background.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"\">Resists every standard pro-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> rescue (constituent-reduction, false-judgment composition, mode-of-mode, divine grounding).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<p><!-- \/wp:separator --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V. <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Supporting Argument: <a href=\"https:\/\/phil971-2022.colinmclear.net\/materials\/readings\/descartes-principles-I.pdf\"><em>Principles<\/em> I.58<\/a> Universally Quantified<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Claim:<\/strong> <em>All<\/em> universals are <em><a href=\"https:\/\/mymemory.translated.net\/en\/Latin\/English\/modus-cogitandi\">modi cogitandi<\/a><\/em>\u2014load-bearing for Classes 3 and 4.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Cross-textual:<\/strong> The universal reading of<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"> I.58<\/a> is reinforced by Descartes&#8217;s other discussions of universals and abstraction:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1648.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>Conversation with Burman<\/u><\/span><\/a><\/strong>, 16 April 1648 (AT V 158): <a href=\"https:\/\/earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1648.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>Burman<\/u><\/span><\/a> presses Descartes directly on the status of universals; Descartes reaffirms that they are modes of thinking produced by the mind&#8217;s abstracting activity from particulars, not items existing in re.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/dl1.cuni.cz\/pluginfile.php\/753874\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/Descartes%20Rene%20-%20Philosophical%20Writings.%20vol%201.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>Comments on a Certain Broadsheet<\/u><\/span><\/a><\/strong> (1648), AT VIIIB 344\u2013351: against Regius, Descartes clarifies the role of abstraction and innate ideas, consistent with the anti-realist treatment of universals in <em>Principles<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.58\u201359<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ckcc.huygens.knaw.nl\/epistolarium\/letter.html?id=desc004\/6436\"><strong>To Mesland<\/strong>, 2 May 1644<\/a> (AT IV 113\u2013114): supplementary remarks on abstraction and the mind&#8217;s formation of general notions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Rule 14, <a href=\"https:\/\/la.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Regulae_ad_directionem_ingenii\"><em>Regulae ad directionem ingenii<\/em><\/a><\/strong> (AT X 438ff.): early anti-realist treatment of universals via abstraction; useful as developmental background showing the doctrine is long-standing, not an ad hoc <em>Principles<\/em>-era addition.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Together with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.58&#8217;s<\/a> explicit universal quantifier (&#8220;<em>alia omnia, quae universalia vocamus<\/em>&#8220;) and the systematic treatment in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.55\u201362<\/a>, these texts make the restricted reading exegetically untenable: nowhere does Descartes carve out a privileged sub-class of universals exempt from <em><a href=\"https:\/\/mymemory.translated.net\/en\/Latin\/English\/modus-cogitandi\">modus cogitandi<\/a><\/em> status.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">VI. <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Modern Structural Analogues (Illustrative, Not Historical)<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><strong>The universal set:<\/strong> thinkable, definable, refutable (Russell); not rankable on Descartes&#8217;s hierarchy; <em>set<\/em> and <em>all<\/em> are not OR-bearing constituents.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>17th-century analogue: the greatest finite number: <\/strong>Descartes denies that the series of numbers admits a greatest member, classifying number among the indefinite rather than the infinite, with infinitum reserved for God alone (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles<\/em> I.26\u201327<\/a>, AT VIIIA 14\u201315; First Replies, AT VII 113; To More, 5 February 1649, AT V 274). The impossibility is internal to the structure of number itself, not a matter of false composition of OR-bearing constituents. Cleaner than the squared circle, whose constituents have TIN-status.<\/li>\n<li>In the context of that post, TIN-status means &#8220;True and Immutable Nature&#8221; status\u2014a reference to Descartes&#8217;s doctrine of true and immutable natures from the Fifth Meditation. The post contrasts two impossible objects:<br \/>\u2022 The greatest finite number \u2014 its impossibility is internal to the structure of number itself. There&#8217;s nothing for the pro-OR reader to grab onto, because the constituent concept (number) generates the impossibility structurally (for any n, n+1 exists).<br \/>\u2022 The squared circle \u2014 its constituents, circle and square, are geometrical essences that Descartes treats as having true and immutable natures (Fifth Meditation, AT VII 64). Because those constituents have TIN-status, they are OR-bearing: the pro-OR interpreter can say each part has objective reality as a genuine geometrical essence, and the impossibility lies merely in the judgment that combines them (false composition of OR-bearing constituents).<\/li>\n<li>So when the post says the greatest-finite-number case is &#8220;cleaner than the squared circle, whose constituents have TIN-status,&#8221; it means:<br \/>\n<blockquote>\n<p>The squared circle is a weaker anti-OR example because its parts (circle, square) are true-and-immutable-nature essences that the pro-OR reader can claim carry objective reality. The impossibility there is combinatorial (a bad judgment joining good OR-bearing parts) rather than structural. The greatest finite number avoids this loophole\u2014its impossibility comes from inside a single concept, so there are no OR-bearing TIN-constituents for the pro-OR reader to fall back on.This matches the earlier passage in the same post, where the squared circle is explicitly flagged as dialectically weaker precisely because circle, square, and rectilinear are &#8220;geometrical essences with true and immutable natures, in Descartes&#8217;s Fifth Meditation sense.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/li>\n<li>So TIN = True and Immutable Nature, and TIN-status = the property of being one of Descartes&#8217;s genuine geometrical\/mathematical essences, which is what confers objective reality on a constituent idea.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Backup cases:<\/strong> indefinitely-extended body, smallest extended body (<a href=\"https:\/\/phil971-2022.colinmclear.net\/materials\/readings\/descartes-principles-I.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u><em>Principles<\/em> I.26\u201327<\/u><\/span><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/phil971-2022.colinmclear.net\/materials\/readings\/descartes-principles-I.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.20<\/u><\/span><\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">VII. <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Pressures on the Cartesian Framework (Collateral Arguments)<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">These extend the post by showing <a href=\"https:\/\/phil971-2022.colinmclear.net\/materials\/readings\/descartes-principles-I.pdf\">I.53<\/a> itself is contested:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>A. <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Counterexamples to &#8220;one principal attribute per substance&#8221; (I.53):<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><strong>The human substantial union<\/strong> (Sixth Meditation; To Elisabeth 21 May 1643) \u2014 strongest internal case (Rozemond; Hoffman).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>God under divine simplicity<\/strong> \u2014 intellect, will, power, goodness all essential.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>External:<\/strong> Spinoza, neutral monism.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>B. <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Natural kinds (<\/mark><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">gold<\/mark><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">):<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><em>Goldness<\/em> as principal attribute \u2192 circular.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><em>Atomic number 79<\/em> \u2192 contentful, but: (i) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dictionary.com\/browse\/anachronism\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>anachronistic<\/u><\/span><\/a>; (ii) reduces to a mode of extension; (iii) a posteriori not natural-light intelligible; (iv) proliferates substantial forms; (v) confuses kind-as-universal with individual-as-body.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Best framing:<\/mark><\/strong> External pressure on Cartesian mechanism, not an internal <a href=\"https:\/\/phil971-2022.colinmclear.net\/materials\/readings\/descartes-principles-I.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.53<\/u><\/span><\/a> counterexample.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>C. <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Duration vs. time (<a href=\"https:\/\/phil971-2022.colinmclear.net\/materials\/readings\/descartes-principles-I.pdf\">I.57<\/a>):<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\">A motionless (and mindless) universe still <em>endures<\/em> (duration is real-in-things) but no <em>time<\/em>-as-measure-of-movement occurs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Parallels number-in-things vs. number-in-general: real-in-things has <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>; <em>modus cogitandi<\/em> does not.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">VIII. <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Summary Table<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Two-axis mapping of items (God, finite <a href=\"https:\/\/iep.utm.edu\/substanc\/#SH2a\">substances<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/descartes-ideas\/#thoughts\">modes<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iep.utm.edu\/nat-kind\/\">gold-kind<\/a> vs. this-piece-of-gold, duration, time, number-in-things, number-in-general, relations, common notions, <em>nothing<\/em>, necessity, principal attribute, substantial union) against:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\">Ontological status (in <em>re<\/em> vs. <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Cartesian framework treatment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing status (rank inheritance vs. no <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Organizing principle:<\/mark><\/strong> Real-in-things items inherit <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> rank from the <a href=\"https:\/\/iep.utm.edu\/substanc\/#SH2a\">substance<\/a>\/mode they modify; <em>modi cogitandi<\/em> and abstractions consistently fall outside <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">IX. <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Conclusion<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> apparatus succeeds for ranked representational content but is <strong>constitutively silent<\/strong> for:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\">Privative content (<em>nothing<\/em>),<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Some eternal-truth content (<em>ex nihilo, nihil fit<\/em>),<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Some relational structures and universals (<a href=\"https:\/\/phil971-2022.colinmclear.net\/materials\/readings\/descartes-principles-I.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.55\u201358<\/u><\/span><\/a>),<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Modal-necessity content (<em>a mode is necessarily related to a substance<\/em>)\u2014the capstone, which triggers all three.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\">Collateral pressures (substantial union, <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/natural-kinds\/\">natural kinds<\/a>, duration\/time) show the broader framework strains beyond just the <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> doctrine.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Final claim:<\/mark><\/strong> Descartes&#8217;s\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> doctrine.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Final claim:<\/mark><\/strong> Descartes&#8217;s OR is a <em>restricted<\/em>\u2014not universal\u2014theory of ideas. Its silence on its own foundational background is not a paradox but the expected behavior of a measure-apparatus operating <em>within<\/em> an ontological framework rather than <em>over<\/em> it.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p>is a <em>restricted<\/em>\u2014not universal\u2014theory of ideas. Its silence on its own foundational background is not a paradox but the expected behavior of a measure-apparatus operating <em>within<\/em> an ontological framework rather than <em>over<\/em> it.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/about\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-34054\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669.jpeg\" alt=\"A photographic cutout of a smiling Dr. David C. Ring, wearing dark glasses and a black shirt from the shoulders up, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669-150x150.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">A proposition such as &#8216;a vacuum exists&#8217; (or &#8216;the void exists&#8217;) is judged false by Descartes\u2014extension and body are inseparable\u2014yet it is perfectly thinkable.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"75\" height=\"70\" class=\"wp-image-43002\" style=\"width: 75px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0840-1.png\" alt=\"A purple arrowhead with a thick yellow lightning-like symbol with the capital letters \u201cD.T.O.I.\u201d on it serves as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0840-1.png 1825w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0840-1-300x281.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0840-1-1024x959.png 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0840-1-150x140.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0840-1-768x719.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0840-1-1536x1438.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 75px) 100vw, 75px\" \/>\u00a0 <sup style=\"font-size: 20px; line-height: 3;\"><strong>Cannot Descartes specify the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/being-formal-versus-objective\/EB7DDBF4A3D9BB7E42383E17BCBE5D60\">objectively real representational content<\/a> for the idea that a vacuum exists?<\/strong><\/sup><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"60\" class=\"wp-image-43087\" style=\"width: 300px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced image of Claude Opus 4.7 with a logo on the left side of an outline of a human head in left profile with a spiked star inside of the head.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-300x60.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-1024x204.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-150x30.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-768x153.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-1536x305.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-2048x407.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Why &#8220;a vacuum exists&#8221; is a problematic example for the anti-OR side<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">A Cartesian vacuum is supposed to be <em>extension without body<\/em>\u2014a region of space in which no corporeal <a href=\"https:\/\/iep.utm.edu\/substanc\/#SH2a\">substance<\/a> is present. Descartes&#8217;s reason for denying that a vacuum can exist is precisely that extension <em>is<\/em> the principal attribute of body, so wherever there is extension there is body. The proposition is judged false, but the falsity is metaphysical, not a failure of intelligibility.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The pro-OR interpreter (<a href=\"https:\/\/philarchive.org\/s\/Lawrence%20Nolan\">Lawrence<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Primary_and_Secondary_Qualities.html?id=_cIkTLLkxOgC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Nolan<\/a>, say) can therefore reply:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\">The constituent idea <em>extension<\/em> has <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/being-formal-versus-objective\/EB7DDBF4A3D9BB7E42383E17BCBE5D60\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>objective reality<\/u><\/span><\/a>\u2014it is the principal attribute of corporeal substance and is one of Descartes&#8217;s paradigm cases of a clearly and distinctly perceived intellectual content.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">The constituent idea <em>body<\/em> (or <em>corporeal substance<\/em>) has <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/being-formal-versus-objective\/EB7DDBF4A3D9BB7E42383E17BCBE5D60\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>objective reality<\/u><\/span><\/a> as a finite substance.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">The proposition <em>a vacuum exists<\/em> is composed by negating the inseparability of extension and body\u2014roughly, &#8220;there is extension where there is no body.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Both halves of that composition trade in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/being-formal-versus-objective\/EB7DDBF4A3D9BB7E42383E17BCBE5D60\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>OR<\/u><\/span><\/a>-bearing constituents. The proposition is false because the constituents cannot be combined in reality, not because either constituent fails to be objectively contained somewhere.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">So the proposition can be reconstructed as a <em>misjudgment about <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/being-formal-versus-objective\/EB7DDBF4A3D9BB7E42383E17BCBE5D60\">OR<\/a>-bearing constituents<\/em> rather than as a thought whose content escapes the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/being-formal-versus-objective\/EB7DDBF4A3D9BB7E42383E17BCBE5D60\">OR<\/a> apparatus. That is exactly the move the pro-OR side wants: false propositions are intelligible because their constituent ideas have OR; the falsity lies in the judgment, not in a content beyond OR.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is structurally the same problem you already flagged for <em>figure is the limit of extension<\/em> in your Proposition\/Constituent section: the proposition has <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/being-formal-versus-objective\/EB7DDBF4A3D9BB7E42383E17BCBE5D60\">OR<\/a>-bearing constituents even though the proposition-as-a-whole need not be a further <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/being-formal-versus-objective\/EB7DDBF4A3D9BB7E42383E17BCBE5D60\">OR<\/a>-bearing item. Against a careful pro-<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/being-formal-versus-objective\/EB7DDBF4A3D9BB7E42383E17BCBE5D60\">OR<\/a> reader, &#8220;a vacuum exists&#8221; doesn&#8217;t isolate non-<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/being-formal-versus-objective\/EB7DDBF4A3D9BB7E42383E17BCBE5D60\">OR<\/a> content; it isolates <em>judgmental composition<\/em> of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/being-formal-versus-objective\/EB7DDBF4A3D9BB7E42383E17BCBE5D60\">OR<\/a>-bearing content.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Why &#8220;time is relative to speed&#8221; was no better<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">I originally flagged &#8220;time is relative to speed&#8221; as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dictionary.com\/browse\/anachronism\">anachronistic<\/a>, but the deeper problem is the same: <em>duration<\/em>, <em>motion<\/em>, <em>measure<\/em>, and <em>relation<\/em> are all available to Descartes as intelligible intellectual materials, and a pro-OR reader can say the proposition trades in <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing or quasi-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing constituents. Both examples fail in the same way.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">What would actually do the work<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The anti-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> example you need is one where <em>no plausible <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing representatum is available even at the constituent level<\/em>. The two cleanest cases in your post already do this work, and you should lean on them rather than on a false-judgment example:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">The idea of nothing.<\/mark><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1648.pdf\">Burman&#8217;s<\/a> &#8220;purely negative, and hardly counts as an idea at all&#8221; is the strongest single text. <em>Nothing<\/em> is not a constituent with positive content; it is a privation grasped through being. No OR candidate survives scrutiny (your own Testing-Candidates table makes this case).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\"><em>Ex nihilo, nihil fit<\/em> considered as a proposition.<\/mark><\/strong> The proposition is intelligible, but its distinctive content\u2014the causal-dependence axiom\u2014is not naturally cashed as &#8220;an internal object contained objectively in the intellect.&#8221; Your table already canvasses the candidates (nothingness, impossibility, causal dependence, being-as-such, the proposition itself) and shows that each either fails or merely renames the problem.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">A false-judgment example like &#8220;a vacuum exists&#8221; is <em>not<\/em> doing the same anti-OR work, because the pro-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> reader concedes that false judgments compose <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing constituents. What false-judgment examples <em>do<\/em> show is something weaker but still useful: that <strong>thinkability outruns truth<\/strong>. Some false judgments can have OR so do not yet show that thinkability outruns <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Recommendation for the <em>Conceptual Content Without Objective Reality<\/em> section<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Rather than substituting one false-judgment example for another, I&#8217;d recommend rewriting the paragraph to do exactly the work it can do, and no more. Something like:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">False but intelligible judgments illustrate a narrower point. A proposition such as <em>a vacuum exists<\/em> is judged false by Descartes\u2014extension and body are inseparable\u2014yet it is perfectly thinkable. Its thinkability shows that intelligibility outruns truth, and it shows that the proposition need not itself be a unified OR-bearing representatum even when its constituents (<em>extension<\/em>, <em>body<\/em>) are OR-bearing. It does not by itself show that the proposition&#8217;s content escapes the OR apparatus entirely, since a pro-OR reader can reconstruct the proposition as a misjudgment composing OR-bearing constituents. The decisive anti-OR cases remain <em>ex nihilo, nihil fit<\/em> and the idea of nothing, where no plausible OR-bearing representatum is available even at the constituent level.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This concedes exactly what the pro-OR reader will press, narrows the false-judgment example to what it actually shows (thinkability outruns truth; the whole proposition need not be a further OR item), and routes the heavy lifting back to your two genuinely decisive cases.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Bottom line<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">You spotted a real weakness. The honest answer to your question\u2014<em>why can&#8217;t Descartes specify the OR-content for &#8220;a vacuum exists&#8221;?<\/em>\u2014is that he probably <em>can<\/em>, by appealing to the <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> of <em>extension<\/em> and <em>body<\/em> as constituents and locating the falsity in the judgmental combination. The example is therefore good for showing thinkability \u2260 truth and proposition \u2260 unified <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> item, but it is <em>not<\/em> good for showing content beyond OR. The idea of nothing and <em>ex nihilo, nihil fit<\/em> remain your strongest non-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> cases, and the post should rely on them rather than on false-judgment examples.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/about\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-34054\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669.jpeg\" alt=\"A photographic cutout of a smiling Dr. David C. Ring, wearing dark glasses and a black shirt from the shoulders up, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669-150x150.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">In light of the Cartesian pushing back and arguing that false judgments may contain objectively real representational content (<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>), let\u2019s explore the content of an idea of a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chimera_(mythology)\">chimera<\/a>, which is a mythological fire breathing animal with the body of a lion, the head of a goat on its back, and a snake for a tail?<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"128\" class=\"wp-image-25179\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/SIX_DD9F6F33-2CB6-411D-99AD-FD4BF7702E26.png\" alt=\"An enhanced cutout of a chimera in lion colors of tawny and dark brown.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/SIX_DD9F6F33-2CB6-411D-99AD-FD4BF7702E26.png 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/SIX_DD9F6F33-2CB6-411D-99AD-FD4BF7702E26-300x257.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/SIX_DD9F6F33-2CB6-411D-99AD-FD4BF7702E26-150x128.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>\u00a0 Is the <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> content of an idea of a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chimera_(mythology)\">chimera<\/a> an objectively real representation of a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chimera_(mythology)\">chimera<\/a>?<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"60\" class=\"wp-image-43087\" style=\"width: 300px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced image of Claude Opus 4.7 with a logo on the left side of an outline of a human head in left profile with a spiked star inside of the head.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-300x60.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-1024x204.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-150x30.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-768x153.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-1536x305.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-2048x407.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Excellent test case. The <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chimera_(mythology)\">chimera<\/a> is exactly the right example to press, because Descartes himself uses it as a paradigm of a thinkable-but-non-existent idea, and a careful answer reveals something important about what <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> can and cannot do.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">What Descartes himself says about the chimera<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Descartes invokes the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chimera_(mythology)\">chimera<\/a> (or &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hippogriff\">hippogriff<\/a>,&#8221; or composite imaginary animals) in several places as examples of ideas whose objects do not exist outside the mind. The Third Meditation passage is the most directly relevant:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>&#8220;And although these ideas do not depend on my will, it does not follow that they must come from things located outside me. . . . even if [the ideas] did proceed from things other than myself, it would not follow that they must resemble those things. On the contrary, I have observed in many cases that there is a great disparity between an object and its idea. For example, . . . I find within me two quite different ideas of the sun.&#8221; <\/strong>(<a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Page:Descartes_-_%C5%92uvres,_%C3%A9d._Adam_et_Tannery,_VII.djvu\/69\">AT VII 39<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/the-philosophical-writings-of-descartes-v-2\/page\/27\/mode\/1up\">CSM II 27<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">And more directly:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">&#8220;Some of my thoughts are as it were the images of things, and it is only in these cases that the term &#8216;idea&#8217; is strictly appropriate\u2014for example, when I think of a man, or a &#8216;chimera&#8217;, or the sky, or an angel, or God.&#8221; (<a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Page:Descartes_-_%C5%92uvres,_%C3%A9d._Adam_et_Tannery,_VII.djvu\/67\">AT VII 37<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/the-philosophical-writings-of-descartes-v-2\/page\/25\/mode\/1up\">CSM II 25<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">All of these items, including the chimera, are the paradigmatic examples of objectively real representational contents!<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The chimera is for Descartes a <em>composed<\/em> idea: the imagination fuses constituent ideas of really-existing kinds (lion-body, goat-head, snake-tail) into a single imaginative presentation.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">&#8220;You say that the mind has the faculty not just of perceiving adventitious ideas but also \u2018of putting them together and separating them in various ways, of enlarging them and diminishing them, of comparing them and so on\u2019. Hence you conclude that the <strong>ideas of chimeras<\/strong>, which the mind makes up by the process of putting together and separating etc., are not constructed by the mind but are adventitious. By this argument you could prove that Praxiteles never made any statues on the grounds that he did not get from within himself the marble from which he sculpted them; or you could prove that you did not produce these objections on the grounds that you composed them out of words which you acquired from others rather than inventing them yourself. But in fact <strong>the form of a chimera<\/strong> <strong><em>does not consist in the parts<\/em><\/strong> of the goat or lion, nor does the form of your objections consist in the individual words you have used; they <strong>both consist simply in the fact that the elements are put together in a certain way<\/strong>.&#8221; (<a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Page:Descartes_-_%C5%92uvres,_%C3%A9d._Adam_et_Tannery,_VII.djvu\/262\">AT VII 232<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/the-philosophical-writings-of-descartes-v-2\/page\/250\/mode\/1up\">CSM II 250<\/a>; bold and bold italic not in original)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">The pro-OR reading of the chimera<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Here is the strongest pro-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> case, which a Cartesian like <a href=\"https:\/\/philarchive.org\/s\/Lawrence%20Nolan\">Lawrence<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Primary_and_Secondary_Qualities.html?id=_cIkTLLkxOgC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Nolan<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.umass.edu\/philosophy\/news\/memoriam-vere-chappell-1930-2019\">Vere<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vere_Chappell\">Chappell<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/John%20Carriero\">John<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.ucla.edu\/person\/john-carriero\/\">Carriero<\/a>, or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.colorado.edu\/philosophy\/sites\/default\/files\/attached-files\/cv_kaufman.pdf\">Dan<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/s\/Dan%20Kaufman\">Kaufman<\/a> would press:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><em>Lion<\/em>, <em>goat<\/em>, and <em>snake<\/em> are each ideas of finite corporeal substances. Each has <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/being-formal-versus-objective\/EB7DDBF4A3D9BB7E42383E17BCBE5D60\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>objective reality<\/u><\/span><\/a> at the rank of finite substance (or finite animal substance).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><em>Body<\/em>, <em>head<\/em>, <em>tail<\/em> are modal or part-whole ideas with <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> at the rank of mode or part.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">The chimera-idea is a <em>composite<\/em> idea: the intellect or imagination assembles these <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing constituents into one complex representation.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Therefore the chimera-idea has <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>\u2014not the <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> of a really existing chimera (there is no such substance to be ranked), but the <em>aggregated OR of its constituents<\/em>, presented as if combined in one animal.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">The fact that no chimera exists outside the mind is irrelevant to <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>. Descartes is explicit (<a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Page:Descartes_-_%C5%92uvres,_%C3%A9d._Adam_et_Tannery,_VII.djvu\/132\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>AT VII 102\u2013103<\/u><\/span><\/a>, First Replies) that <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> is the mode of being a thing has <em>as represented in the idea<\/em>, regardless of whether the thing exists formally outside the mind. Non-existent objects can have <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">On this reading, the chimera-idea is an OR-bearing idea of a (non-existent) finite corporeal <a href=\"https:\/\/iep.utm.edu\/substanc\/#SH2a\">substance<\/a>. Its OR is the OR of <em>a-lion-bodied-goat-headed-snake-tailed-animal-as-represented<\/em>. The pro-OR reader will say: this is exactly what OR is <em>for<\/em>. OR measures represented content, and the chimera-idea has represented content in spades.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Is that a <em>correct<\/em> OR-content?<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is the subtle move. There is no really existing chimera, so there is nothing outside the mind that the OR could be <em>of<\/em> in the sense of &#8220;resembling&#8221; or &#8220;having as its formal counterpart.&#8221; But Descartes is clear that OR does not require formal existence of the represented object. The OR of the idea of a chimera is just the represented content as the intellect\/imagination has assembled it. It is &#8220;objectively real representation of a chimera&#8221; in the precise Cartesian sense: the chimera has <em>objective being<\/em> in the intellect via this idea, even though it has no formal being outside the intellect.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">So the answer to your question\u2014<em>is the <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> content of an idea of a chimera an objectively real representation of a chimera?<\/em>\u2014is: <strong>yes, in the precise Cartesian technical sense, the chimera-idea contains the chimera objectively, i.e., as represented; and that represented content can be ranked at the level of a finite corporeal substance (or animal).<\/strong> The chimera-idea is OR-bearing.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">What this does to the anti-OR argument<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is the critical philosophical point, and I think it is good news for your anti-OR project rather than bad news. The chimera shows that:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Composition of OR-bearing constituents preserves OR-bearing status.<\/strong> Compose lion + goat + snake and you get a composite <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing idea (a finite-corporeal-substance representation, ranked accordingly).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>OR does not require formal existence of the represented object.<\/strong> Non-existent finite substances can be represented with full <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Therefore, the way to isolate non-OR content is <em>not<\/em> to find false or non-existent objects.<\/strong> False propositions and non-existent objects (chimeras, hippogriffs, golden mountains) are exactly the cases where the pro-OR reader is <em>strongest<\/em>, because <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> was always designed to handle them.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is precisely the point I conceded in my last reply about <em>a vacuum exists<\/em>: false judgments and non-existent objects compose OR-bearing constituents. Chimeras do the same.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The decisive anti-OR cases must therefore have a different structure. They must be cases where <strong>no OR-bearing constituent or composite is available even in principle<\/strong>, not cases where the object happens not to exist outside the mind. Your two clean cases remain:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><strong>The idea of nothing.<\/strong> <em>Nothing<\/em> is not a constituent like <em>lion<\/em> or <em>goat<\/em>. It is privative, grasped through being. There is no positive <em>representatum<\/em> at any ontological rank\u2014not finite substance, not mode, not infinite substance, not even a &#8220;minimal&#8221; <em>representatum<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1648.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u> Burman&#8217;s<\/u><\/span><\/a> &#8220;purely negative, and hardly counts as an idea at all&#8221; is doing real work here.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong><em>Ex nihilo, nihil fit<\/em> as a proposition.<\/strong> The constituents are <em>being<\/em>, <em>non-being<\/em>, <em>causal dependence<\/em>, <em>production<\/em>. The proposition asserts a necessary truth about the impossibility of production-from-nothing. Even the strongest candidate (causal dependence) is, as your table notes, &#8220;more like intelligible truth-content than an objectively contained <em>representatum<\/em>.&#8221; And the proposition&#8217;s distinctive content is <em>the necessary truth itself<\/em>, which is not an object with an ontological rank.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The chimera shows by contrast why these two cases are special. The chimera assembles positively typed constituents into a finite-substance representation. <em>Nothing<\/em> and <em>ex nihilo<\/em> do not. That asymmetry is the heart of your anti-OR argument.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">A useful structural lesson for the post<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The chimera example is worth <em>introducing<\/em> in the <em>Conceptual Content Without Objective Reality<\/em> section, precisely because it sharpens the contrast. Something like:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The decisive anti-OR cases must be distinguished from cases of non-existent or composite objects. The idea of a chimera\u2014a lion-bodied, goat-headed, snake-tailed animal\u2014has full <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/being-formal-versus-objective\/EB7DDBF4A3D9BB7E42383E17BCBE5D60\">objective reality<\/a> in the Cartesian sense, even though no chimera exists outside the mind. Its OR is the composite OR of its constituent ideas (<em>lion<\/em>, <em>goat<\/em>, <em>snake<\/em>, and the corresponding parts), assembled by the imagination into a finite-corporeal-substance representation. Descartes is explicit that OR is the being of the thing <em>as represented<\/em>, and does not require formal existence outside the intellect (<a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Page:Descartes_-_%C5%92uvres,_%C3%A9d._Adam_et_Tannery,_VII.djvu\/67\">AT VII 102\u2013103<\/a>). Chimeras, hippogriffs, golden mountains, and similar imaginative composites are therefore the <em>easy<\/em> cases for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/being-formal-versus-objective\/EB7DDBF4A3D9BB7E42383E17BCBE5D60\">objective reality<\/a>, not hard ones. The genuinely hard cases\u2014the idea of nothing and propositions such as <em>ex nihilo, nihil fit<\/em>\u2014are different in kind: their alleged content cannot be reconstructed as the composition of OR-bearing constituents at any ontological rank.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This concession actually <em>strengthens<\/em> the anti-OR position by sharpening which cases do and do not press against universal OR.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Direct answer to your question<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Yes<\/mark><\/strong>\u2014the <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> content of the idea of a chimera is an objectively real representation of a chimera, in Descartes&#8217;s precise technical sense. It represents a (non-existent) finite corporeal substance assembled from OR-bearing constituent ideas of really-existing animal kinds. The chimera-idea has OR; it does not have a formally existing counterpart outside the mind, but OR was never about formal existence outside the mind.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">That is why the chimera is not a counterexample to universal OR and why the anti-OR argument must rest on <em>nothing<\/em> and <em>ex nihilo, nihil fit<\/em>, not on non-existent or false-judged objects.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/about\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-34054\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669.jpeg\" alt=\"A photographic cutout of a smiling Dr. David C. Ring, wearing dark glasses and a black shirt from the shoulders up, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669-150x150.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"63\" class=\"wp-image-42998\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_5B612954-FD6E-4152-AFF7-01580FFCEFDF-scaled.png\" alt=\"A vivid red abstract composition shows repeated pink-white moon phases sweeping across two opposing curved bands around a bright central sun-like glow serves as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_5B612954-FD6E-4152-AFF7-01580FFCEFDF-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_5B612954-FD6E-4152-AFF7-01580FFCEFDF-300x188.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_5B612954-FD6E-4152-AFF7-01580FFCEFDF-1024x643.png 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_5B612954-FD6E-4152-AFF7-01580FFCEFDF-150x94.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_5B612954-FD6E-4152-AFF7-01580FFCEFDF-768x482.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_5B612954-FD6E-4152-AFF7-01580FFCEFDF-1536x964.png 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_5B612954-FD6E-4152-AFF7-01580FFCEFDF-2048x1286.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 What about the idea of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.quora.com\/Why-is-the-set-of-all-sets-a-paradox-in-laymans-terms\">set of all sets<\/a>, often called the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Universal_set\">universal set<\/a>? Must that idea contain an OR universal set, according to Cartesian OR theory?<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"60\" class=\"wp-image-43087\" style=\"width: 300px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced image of Claude Opus 4.7 with a logo on the left side of an outline of a human head in left profile with a spiked star inside of the head.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-300x60.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-1024x204.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-150x30.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-768x153.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-1536x305.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-2048x407.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Beautiful test case. The universal set is a much harder example than the chimera for the pro-OR side, and it isolates exactly the structural feature that distinguishes genuinely non-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> content from merely non-existent content. Let me work through it.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Why the universal set is unlike the chimera<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The chimera is a composite of <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing constituents (lion, goat, snake) assembled into a finite corporeal substance representation. Each constituent has a determinate ontological rank, and the composite inherits a rank (finite corporeal substance, or finite animal substance).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The universal set is not like this. It is the set whose members are all sets\u2014including, on the naive comprehension principle, itself. Two features distinguish it from the chimera:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><strong>It is not the composition of independently OR-bearing constituents into a finite-substance representation.<\/strong> A &#8220;set&#8221; is not a Cartesian substance, mode, or attribute. It does not appear anywhere in Descartes&#8217;s official ontological hierarchy (mode \/ finite substance \/ infinite substance). The universal set is not a finite corporeal substance, not a finite mental substance, not God, and not a mode of any of these.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>It is paradoxical.<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/russell-paradox\/\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>Russell&#8217;s paradox<\/u><\/span><\/a><u> shows that on naive comprehension the universal set both must and cannot contain itself in a coherent way (the set of all sets that do not contain themselves leads to contradiction; the universal set considered as containing itself produces well-known size paradoxes via Cantor&#8217;s theorem on power sets). The &#8220;object&#8221; the idea purports to represent is not merely non-existent; it is <em>impossible<\/em> in a stronger sense than a chimera or a vacuum.<\/u><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">The pro-OR reader&#8217;s best move, and why it fails<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">A determined pro-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> reader (Nolan, Kaufman) will try one of three reconstructions. Each one fails in a revealing way.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Reconstruction 1:<\/mark> The universal set is a finite substance-like <em>representatum<\/em>.<\/strong><br \/>This fails immediately. A set is not a Cartesian finite substance. Sets are not the kind of thing that appears on the mode\/finite-substance\/infinite-substance scale. There is no rank to assign. Even granting that Descartes has <em>some<\/em> tolerance for mathematical objects (geometrical essences, numbers as abstracted modes), the universal set is not analogous to a triangle or to <em>two<\/em>. A triangle has a true and immutable nature that the intellect grasps; the universal set has no coherent nature to grasp.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Reconstruction 2:<\/mark> The universal set is a composite of OR-bearing constituents (just like the chimera).<\/strong><br \/>This is the move the pro-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> reader will most want to make. The constituents would be <em>set<\/em>, <em>all<\/em>, and perhaps <em>membership<\/em> or <em>containment<\/em>. The idea would be: just as <em>lion<\/em> + <em>goat<\/em> + <em>snake<\/em> compose into chimera, <em>set<\/em> + <em>all<\/em> compose into universal set.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">But this fails for two reasons. First, <em>set<\/em> is not itself an <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing constituent in any recognizable Cartesian sense. It is not a substance, mode, or attribute. (One could try to reconstruct <em>set<\/em> as a relation or as a kind of intelligible structure, but this immediately moves out of the OR apparatus and into the intelligible-truth-content region you have already identified as non-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>.) Second, and more decisively, the composition is incoherent. With the chimera, <em>lion<\/em> + <em>goat<\/em> + <em>snake<\/em> yields a coherent (if non-existent) animal. With the universal set, <em>set<\/em> + <em>all<\/em> yields a contradiction-generating pseudo-object. There is no coherent represented content for <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> to measure.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Reconstruction 3:<\/mark> The universal set has minimal or infinitesimal OR (a Gueroult-style move).<\/strong><br \/>This is even worse than the cold-sensation case you already reject. At least the cold sensation is a formally real positive mental mode. The universal set is not even a coherent thinkable as the pro-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> reader would need it. Gueroult&#8217;s move was already textually weak for sensations; for the universal set it has no purchase at all.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">What the universal set actually is, in Cartesian terms<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The best Cartesian description of what is going on when we &#8220;think&#8221; the universal set is something like this:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">We have intellectual materials\u2014<em>collection<\/em>, <em>all<\/em>, <em>member<\/em>, <em>containment<\/em>\u2014which are intelligible but not OR-bearing in the strict sense. We compose them into a propositional or quasi-propositional content: <em>the collection whose members are all collections<\/em>. This composition is intelligible enough for us to formulate it, and intelligible enough for us to <em>prove<\/em> (via Russell, via <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/settheory-early\/\">Cantor<\/a>) that it cannot have a coherent referent. The intelligibility of the composition is exactly what allows us to recognize the contradiction.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is structurally parallel to <em>ex nihilo, nihil fit<\/em> but in the opposite direction. <em>Ex nihilo<\/em> uses intelligible non-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> materials (<em>being<\/em>, <em>non-being<\/em>, <em>causal dependence<\/em>) to compose a necessary truth. The universal set uses intelligible non-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> materials (<em>set<\/em>, <em>all<\/em>, <em>membership<\/em>) to compose a necessary falsehood (or, more precisely, a content that cannot be coherently instantiated even as represented). In both cases, the thinkability of the content does not consist in its containing an <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-rankable <em>representatum<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Direct answer to your question<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>No.<\/strong> The idea of the universal set does <em>not<\/em> contain an <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> universal set, and the pro-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> reader cannot plausibly maintain that it does. The universal set is not assignable to any rank on Descartes&#8217;s mode \/ finite substance \/ infinite substance hierarchy; it cannot be reconstructed as a composition of <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing constituents in the chimera-style way (because <em>set<\/em> is not an <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing constituent and the composition is contradiction-generating); and Gueroult-style infinitesimal-OR moves have no purchase here.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">What the idea of the universal set shows is exactly what <em>ex nihilo, nihil fit<\/em> and the idea of nothing show, but with an added feature: even <em>coherent<\/em> representability fails. The idea is thinkable enough to be entertained, defined, and refuted\u2014but its thinkability does not consist in OR-bearing content.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Why this strengthens your post<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The universal set is a <em>cleaner<\/em> anti-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> example in one respect than <em>ex nihilo, nihil fit<\/em>: it is more obviously not a composition of OR-bearing constituents, because <em>set<\/em> and <em>all<\/em> are manifestly not Cartesian substances or modes. Where the pro-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> reader can at least try the constituent-composition move on <em>ex nihilo<\/em> (via <em>being<\/em>, <em>causal dependence<\/em>), the move is harder to even formulate for the universal set.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">However, the universal set has an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dictionary.com\/browse\/anachronism\">anachronism<\/a> cost: it is a post-Cantorian object, and Descartes had no concept of sets in the modern sense. So while it is dialectically powerful as a thought experiment, it should not replace your historical cases. I would recommend introducing it briefly as a <em>contemporary structural analogue<\/em> that illustrates the same anti-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> point, then routing the historically grounded argument back through <em>nothing<\/em> and <em>ex nihilo, nihil fit<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">A draft sentence or two for the post:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">A structurally similar but contemporary example reinforces the point. The idea of the universal set\u2014the set whose members are all sets\u2014is thinkable enough to be defined and refuted (via <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/russell-paradox\/\">Russell&#8217;s paradox<\/a>), but it cannot be assigned any rank on Descartes&#8217;s mode \/ finite-substance \/ infinite-substance hierarchy, and it cannot be reconstructed as a composition of <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing constituents in the way the idea of a chimera can be. <em>Set<\/em> and <em>all<\/em> are not Cartesian substances, modes, or attributes. The thinkability of the universal set, like the thinkability of <em>ex nihilo, nihil fit<\/em> and the idea of nothing, consists in the intellect&#8217;s use of intelligible but non-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing materials, not in the <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing representation of an object.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">That gives you a vivid modern illustration of the structural point while keeping the historical argument anchored where it belongs.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Bottom line<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The universal set is an even cleaner anti-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> case than the chimera-style examples can ever be, because it isolates the feature that genuinely distinguishes non-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> content from non-existent <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing content: <em>no constituent at any ontological rank, and no coherent composition of constituents, is available even in principle<\/em>. That is exactly the structural feature that <em>ex nihilo, nihil fit<\/em> and the idea of nothing also have, and that <em>a vacuum exists<\/em> and <em>a chimera<\/em> do not.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/about\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-34054\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669.jpeg\" alt=\"A photographic cutout of a smiling Dr. David C. Ring, wearing dark glasses and a black shirt from the shoulders up, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669-150x150.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bellerophon#\/media\/File:Bellerophon_riding_Pegasus_and_killing_the_Chimera,_Roman_mosaic,_the_Rolin_Museum_in_Autun,_France,_2nd_to_3rd_century_AD.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"254\" class=\"wp-image-43172\" style=\"width: 250px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0856.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0856.png 1009w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0856-296x300.png 296w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0856-148x150.png 148w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0856-768x779.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/><\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0 What would be a 17th-century example of an idea that resembles the idea of a set of all sets where the object seems coherent but is necessarily impossible?<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"60\" class=\"wp-image-43087\" style=\"width: 300px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced image of Claude Opus 4.7 with a logo on the left side of an outline of a human head in left profile with a spiked star inside of the head.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-300x60.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-1024x204.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-150x30.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-768x153.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-1536x305.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-2048x407.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Excellent question. You want a 17th-century-available idea that has the same structural profile as the universal set: thinkable enough to be defined and entertained, but on analysis necessarily impossible (not merely non-existent), and not reducible to a composition of <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing constituents. Here are the strongest candidates, ranked by how well they match the structural profile.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">The largest number (or the greatest finite number)<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is the closest 17th-century analogue. The idea is straightforwardly thinkable: <em>the number than which no greater finite number can be conceived<\/em>. It seems coherent on first formulation. But it is necessarily impossible, because for any candidate <em>n<\/em>, <em>n+1<\/em> is also a number, and the construction is internal to the very concept of number. The impossibility is not contingent (like a chimera&#8217;s non-existence) but follows from the structure of arithmetic itself.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Descartes himself flirts with exactly this territory in the Third Meditation when distinguishing the <em>indefinite<\/em> from the <em>infinite<\/em>, and in correspondence (to Mersenne, 27 May 1630; AT I 152; <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/the-philosophical-writings-of-descartes-v-3\">CSMK 25<\/a>) where he discusses the impossibility of a greatest number. He uses the inexhaustibility of number as one ground for refusing to call number truly infinite. So this example is not merely available in the 17th century\u2014it is one Descartes actively discussed.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Structural match to the universal set:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\">Thinkable enough to define and refute. \u2713<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Not assignable to any Cartesian ontological rank (number is at best a mode of abstraction, not a substance). \u2713<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Not reconstructable as a composition of OR-bearing constituents in the chimera way. \u2713<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Necessarily impossible, not merely non-existent. \u2713<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is your strongest candidate.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">The greatest (or largest) extended body<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The idea of <em>the body than which no larger body can exist<\/em>. Thinkable, seemingly coherent, but on Descartes&#8217;s own metaphysics impossible: extension is indefinitely divisible and indefinitely extendable, and there is no intrinsic maximum to corporeal magnitude. Descartes is explicit (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles of Philosophy<\/em>\u00a0I.26\u201327<\/a>; AT VIIIA 14\u201315; <a href=\"https:\/\/dl1.cuni.cz\/pluginfile.php\/753874\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/Descartes%20Rene%20-%20Philosophical%20Writings.%20vol%201.pdf\">CSM I 201\u2013202<\/a>) that the corporeal world is <em>indefinite<\/em> rather than finite, precisely because no greatest extended magnitude is possible.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Structural match: very good. The impossibility is internal to the concept of extension itself, not contingent. The idea cannot be ranked as a finite corporeal substance (because there is no such maximum) and cannot be ranked as infinite (because only God is infinite in the strict sense). It falls between the available ranks, which is exactly the universal-set predicament.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">A second God (or a second infinite substance)<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The idea of <em>another infinite substance distinct from God<\/em>. Thinkable enough to formulate, but necessarily impossible: Descartes argues that there can be only one infinite substance, because two infinite substances would each limit the other and so neither would be truly infinite (this is implicit in the Third and Fifth Meditation treatments of divine uniqueness, and explicit in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/askphilosophy\/comments\/5bp74z\/what_were_the_aristotelian_elements_of_scholastic\/\">scholastic background<\/a> Descartes inherits from Su\u00e1rez and Aquinas).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Structural match: good. The impossibility is necessary, not contingent. The composition <em>infinite + non-God<\/em> is contradiction-generating in the same way <em>set + all + self-membership<\/em> is. But this example has a complication: the pro-OR reader could argue that <em>infinite substance<\/em> has <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> (as in the idea of God), and the proposition merely misjudges its instantiability. This makes the example less clean than the largest-number case.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">The squared circle (or a rectilinear circle)<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The classic <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Scholasticism\/Maturity-of-Scholasticism\">scholastic<\/a> example of an impossible object. Thinkable enough to formulate; necessarily impossible by the very definitions of <em>circle<\/em> and <em>square<\/em> (or <em>rectilinear<\/em>). Available to Descartes and discussed in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Scholasticism\/Maturity-of-Scholasticism\">scholastic<\/a> tradition he inherited.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Structural match: partially good. The impossibility is necessary and internal to the concept. But this example has a weakness: the pro-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> reader will say the constituent ideas (<em>circle<\/em>, <em>square<\/em>, <em>rectilinear<\/em>) are themselves <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing (as geometrical essences with true and immutable natures, in Descartes&#8217;s Fifth Meditation sense), and the impossibility lies in the <em>judgment<\/em> that combines them. This is structurally similar to the <em>a vacuum exists<\/em> problem: false composition of <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing constituents. So while it is a fine impossibility example, it is not as clean an anti-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> case as the largest number.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">The smallest extended body (an extended atom or true minimum)<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The idea of an extended body so small that no smaller extension is possible. Thinkable, seemingly coherent, but on Descartes&#8217;s account impossible: extension is indefinitely divisible (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles of Philosophy<\/em>\u00a0I.20<\/a>; AT VIIIA 51\u201352; <a href=\"https:\/\/dl1.cuni.cz\/pluginfile.php\/753874\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/Descartes%20Rene%20-%20Philosophical%20Writings.%20vol%201.pdf\">CSM I 231<\/a>), and the very notion of an extended thing entails further divisibility. Descartes uses this directly against atomism.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Structural match: very good, and symmetrical to candidate #2. Same dialectical advantages.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">My recommendation<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>The largest (or greatest finite) number<\/strong> is the best 17th-century analogue to the universal set, for four reasons:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Descartes discusses it explicitly.<\/strong> The 1630 Mersenne letter and the Third Meditation indefinite\/infinite distinction give you textual anchors.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>The impossibility is internal to the concept<\/strong>, not a matter of false composition of OR-bearing constituents. You cannot rescue the largest-number idea by saying &#8220;<em>number<\/em> + <em>largest<\/em> both have OR and the judgment merely misjudges instantiation,&#8221; because the impossibility lies in the <em>structure<\/em> of number itself, which guarantees no maximum.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>No ontological rank is available.<\/strong> A largest number is not a finite substance, not a mode of an existing substance (since no instance exists or can exist), and certainly not infinite (Descartes reserves the infinite for God). It cannot be ranked, and the failure to rank is constitutive, not accidental.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>It is dialectically cleaner than the squared circle<\/strong>, because the pro-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> reader cannot easily run the false-judgment-composing-OR-bearing-constituents move on it. The impossibility is structural, not combinatorial.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The indefinite-extension and smallest-extension cases (#2 and #5) are nearly as good and have the advantage of being more clearly metaphysical than mathematical. If you want to keep the example squarely on Cartesian metaphysical terrain rather than mathematical terrain, either of these works well.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Draft text for the post<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">A 17th-century example with the same structural profile is the idea of <em>the greatest finite number<\/em>\u2014the number than which no greater finite number can be conceived. The idea is thinkable enough to formulate, and Descartes himself discusses its impossibility (to Mersenne, 27 May 1630; AT I 152; <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/the-philosophical-writings-of-descartes-v-3\">CSMK 25<\/a>). But it is necessarily impossible, because for any candidate <em>n<\/em>, <em>n+1<\/em> is also a number; the impossibility is internal to the structure of number itself, not a contingent matter of non-existence. The idea cannot be assigned to any rank on Descartes&#8217;s ontological hierarchy: it is not a finite substance, not a mode of any existing substance, and not infinite (which Descartes reserves for God). Nor can it be reconstructed as a composition of OR-bearing constituents in the chimera way, since the impossibility is not a false judgment combining OR-bearing parts but a structural feature of the constituent concept <em>number<\/em> itself. Like the idea of nothing and <em>ex nihilo, nihil fit<\/em>, the idea of the greatest finite number is thinkable through intelligible but non-OR-bearing intellectual materials.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">That gives you a historically authentic, textually anchored, and structurally clean 17th-century analogue to the universal-set thought experiment.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Bottom line<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The greatest finite number is the best match, and Descartes himself discussed it in print and correspondence. The indefinite-extension and smallest-extension cases (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles of Philosophy<\/em>\u00a0I.26\u201327<\/a> and II.20) are excellent backups and have the bonus of being metaphysical rather than mathematical. The squared circle is available but dialectically weaker because of the false-judgment-composing-OR-bearing-constituents reply. A second God is available but has the same weakness.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/about\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-34054\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669.jpeg\" alt=\"A photographic cutout of a smiling Dr. David C. Ring, wearing dark glasses and a black shirt from the shoulders up, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669-150x150.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"88\" class=\"wp-image-42545\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_FFC66262-861C-42D4-B85E-0DD3468F587D.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_FFC66262-861C-42D4-B85E-0DD3468F587D.png 2332w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_FFC66262-861C-42D4-B85E-0DD3468F587D-300x263.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_FFC66262-861C-42D4-B85E-0DD3468F587D-1024x899.png 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_FFC66262-861C-42D4-B85E-0DD3468F587D-150x132.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_FFC66262-861C-42D4-B85E-0DD3468F587D-768x674.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_FFC66262-861C-42D4-B85E-0DD3468F587D-1536x1349.png 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_FFC66262-861C-42D4-B85E-0DD3468F587D-2048x1799.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 Let\u2019s switch to a related problem. It strikes me that, as Descartes rejects reifying universals as in <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/platonism\/\">Platonism<\/a>, <strong>what is Descartes&#8217;s account of <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/relations\/\">relations<\/a><\/strong> like <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/change\/\">changing<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Square_(algebra)\">squaring<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asymmetry\">asymmetrical<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orthogonality\">orthogonal<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.collinsdictionary.com\/us\/dictionary\/english\/next-to\">next to<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wordhippo.com\/what-is\/another-word-for\/be_the_father_of.html\">father of<\/a>, etc? The correct way to understand reification is:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Reification<\/strong>, in the neutral ontological sense, is the acknowledgment or <em><strong>treatment of some putative item as real<\/strong><\/em>. It becomes fallacious only when the item lacks the ontological status attributed to it, or when the attribution is made merely from grammar, abstraction, or conceptual convenience without adequate metaphysical argument.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"88\" class=\"wp-image-42545\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_FFC66262-861C-42D4-B85E-0DD3468F587D.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_FFC66262-861C-42D4-B85E-0DD3468F587D.png 2332w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_FFC66262-861C-42D4-B85E-0DD3468F587D-300x263.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_FFC66262-861C-42D4-B85E-0DD3468F587D-1024x899.png 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_FFC66262-861C-42D4-B85E-0DD3468F587D-150x132.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_FFC66262-861C-42D4-B85E-0DD3468F587D-768x674.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_FFC66262-861C-42D4-B85E-0DD3468F587D-1536x1349.png 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_FFC66262-861C-42D4-B85E-0DD3468F587D-2048x1799.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 It <em>doesn&#8217;t seem possible<\/em> for these relations to themselves be an <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> content, can they?<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"88\" class=\"wp-image-42545\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_FFC66262-861C-42D4-B85E-0DD3468F587D.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_FFC66262-861C-42D4-B85E-0DD3468F587D.png 2332w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_FFC66262-861C-42D4-B85E-0DD3468F587D-300x263.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_FFC66262-861C-42D4-B85E-0DD3468F587D-1024x899.png 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_FFC66262-861C-42D4-B85E-0DD3468F587D-150x132.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_FFC66262-861C-42D4-B85E-0DD3468F587D-768x674.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_FFC66262-861C-42D4-B85E-0DD3468F587D-1536x1349.png 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_FFC66262-861C-42D4-B85E-0DD3468F587D-2048x1799.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 So, <strong><em>what is the <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> content<\/em><\/strong> for the idea that <strong>A is to the left of B<\/strong>, or for the idea of the admonition <strong>\u201cWatch out for the person behind the person in front of you\u201d<\/strong>?<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"60\" class=\"wp-image-43087\" style=\"width: 300px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced image of Claude Opus 4.7 with a logo on the left side of an outline of a human head in left profile with a spiked star inside of the head.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-300x60.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-1024x204.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-150x30.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-768x153.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-1536x305.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-2048x407.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is a deep and genuinely productive question, because relations are one of the places where the Cartesian ontology is most strained, and where the <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> apparatus most visibly struggles. Let me work through it carefully.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-pale-pink-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Descartes&#8217;s official ontology and the problem of relations<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Descartes&#8217;s official ontology, as you know, recognizes:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Substances<\/strong>: finite (mental, corporeal) and infinite (God)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Principal attributes<\/strong>: thought (for mind), extension (for body)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Modes<\/strong>: particular ways substances are (this shape, this thought, this motion)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Eternal truths \/ true and immutable natures<\/strong>: intelligible essences (the nature of a triangle, of <em>number<\/em>, of <em>cause<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">What is conspicuously <em>missing<\/em> from this list is a category of <em>relations<\/em> as items in their own right. Descartes inherits from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Scholasticism\/Maturity-of-Scholasticism\">scholastic<\/a> tradition a deep suspicion of reified relations (against Platonic <em>koina<\/em> and against the realist <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Scholasticism\/Maturity-of-Scholasticism\">scholastic<\/a> treatment of <em>relatio<\/em> as a category of being), and he never gives them their own ontological slot. This is sometimes called Descartes&#8217;s <em>modal <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/nominalism-metaphysics\/\">nominalism<\/a><\/em> about relations.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">So immediately we have a problem: if relations are not substances, not principal attributes, not modes of any single substance, and not eternal truths in the geometrical-essence sense, then they have no clear ontological rank, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> apparatus\u2014which ranks represented content by ontological kind\u2014has nothing obvious to measure.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-pale-pink-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Descartes&#8217;s actual treatment of relations<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The clearest text is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles of Philosophy<\/em>\u00a0I.55\u201362<\/a>, especially <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles of Philosophy<\/em>\u00a0I.55\u201358<\/a>, where Descartes discusses <em>number<\/em>, <em>order<\/em>, <em>duration<\/em>, <em>time<\/em>, and other relational or comparative notions. The key passages:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">&#8220;Number and all universals are simply modes of thinking&#8221; (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles of Philosophy<\/em>\u00a0I.58<\/a>; AT VIIIA 27; <a href=\"https:\/\/dl1.cuni.cz\/pluginfile.php\/753874\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/Descartes%20Rene%20-%20Philosophical%20Writings.%20vol%201.pdf\">CSM I 212<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">&#8220;When we conceive a substance, we generally take into consideration a thing which we understand to be capable of existing by itself; and so we ascribe to it not only a real distinction but also various respects, or attributes which arise in our thought from comparing several things to one another&#8221; (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles of Philosophy<\/em>\u00a0I.55\u201356<\/a>; AT VIIIA 26; <a href=\"https:\/\/dl1.cuni.cz\/pluginfile.php\/753874\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/Descartes%20Rene%20-%20Philosophical%20Writings.%20vol%201.pdf\">CSM I 211<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Two crucial points emerge:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Relations are reduced to <em>modes of thinking<\/em> (<em>modi cogitandi<\/em>)<\/strong>, not to modes of the related things themselves. The relation <em>larger than<\/em> between A and B is not a mode of A, not a mode of B, and not a mode of any third substance. It is a mode of <em>the mind<\/em> that compares A and B.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Relations therefore reduce ontologically to the modal furniture of the <em>thinking substance<\/em> doing the comparing<\/strong>, plus the modes of the related corporeal substances that ground the comparison.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is a deflationary, mind-dependent account of relations. The relation does not exist <em>out there<\/em> between the relata; what exists out there are the relata with their non-relational (or only loosely relational) modes, and the mind constructs the comparative thought.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-pale-pink-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">What this means for OR content<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Now the <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> question can be sharpened. Consider <em>A is to the left of B<\/em>. On Descartes&#8217;s account:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><strong>A<\/strong> has <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/being-formal-versus-objective\/EB7DDBF4A3D9BB7E42383E17BCBE5D60\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>objective reality<\/u><\/span><\/a> as a finite corporeal substance, with modes including its position, extension, and shape.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>B<\/strong> has <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/being-formal-versus-objective\/EB7DDBF4A3D9BB7E42383E17BCBE5D60\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>objective reality<\/u><\/span><\/a> as a finite corporeal substance, with similar modes.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>The relation &#8220;to the left of&#8221;<\/strong> is <em>not itself<\/em> a third item with its own <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>OR<\/u><\/span><\/a>. It is not a finite substance, not a mode of A taken alone, not a mode of B taken alone, and not a mode of any joint substance. It is a <em>mode of the mind&#8217;s comparative act<\/em>, a mode of the thinking substance that holds A and B together in a single comparative thought.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">So the <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> content of the proposition <em>A is to the left of B<\/em> is:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> of A (finite corporeal substance with its modes).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> of B (finite corporeal substance with its modes).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Plus a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>\u2014a mode of the comparing mind\u2014that holds these together comparatively.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The relation itself contributes no further <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing <em>representatum<\/em> at any rank. It contributes a <em>form of intellectual combination<\/em>, which is on the side of the thinking substance, not on the side of the represented object.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-pale-pink-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">This is structurally identical to your anti-OR argument<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Notice what has just happened. The relational content\u2014<em>being to the left of<\/em>, <em>being next to<\/em>, <em>being the father of<\/em>, <em>being orthogonal to<\/em>, <em>being asymmetrical with<\/em>\u2014is doing the same anti-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> work that <em>ex nihilo, nihil fit<\/em>, the idea of nothing, and the universal set do. In each case:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\">The content is thinkable and intelligible.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">The content cannot be assigned to any rank on Descartes&#8217;s ontological hierarchy.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">The content is not a composition of <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>OR<\/u><\/span><\/a>-bearing constituents in the chimera way; it is a <em>form of combination<\/em> of the constituents, not a further constituent.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">The constituents themselves (A, B) have OR, but the <em>relation between them<\/em> does not contribute <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>OR<\/u><\/span><\/a>. It contributes intelligible structure on the mind&#8217;s side.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is a substantial extension of your anti-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> argument, and I think it is correct and Cartesian.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-pale-pink-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">The &#8220;watch out for the person behind the person in front of you&#8221; case<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is a particularly nice example because it stacks relations and quantifies over them. Let me decompose it.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The admonition contains:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><em>the person in front of you<\/em>\u2014a relational specification (in-front-of you)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><em>the person behind the person in front of you<\/em>\u2014a relational specification (behind X, where X is itself relationally specified)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><em>watch out for<\/em>\u2014a practical-imperatival force directed at the second-order relational referent<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Each <em>person<\/em> is a finite mental substance (or composite mental-corporeal substance), with <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> at the rank of finite substance. The relations <em>in front of<\/em> and <em>behind<\/em> are <a href=\"https:\/\/mymemory.translated.net\/en\/Latin\/English\/modus-cogitandi\"><em>modi cogitandi<\/em><\/a> by which the mind locates these persons in a comparative spatial scheme keyed to the addressee&#8217;s body and orientation.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> content is therefore:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> of <em>person<\/em> (\u00d72 or \u00d73, depending on how you count).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> of <em>you<\/em> (the addressee, a finite mental substance).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Plus the <em>modi cogitandi<\/em> of <em>in front of<\/em> and <em>behind<\/em>, which are not themselves <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:group {\"layout\":{\"type\":\"flex\",\"flexWrap\":\"nowrap\"}} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\",\"width\":\"0px\",\"style\":{\"layout\":{\"flexSize\":\"20px\",\"selfStretch\":\"fixed\"}}} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px; width: 0px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The imperatival force\u2014<em>watch out for<\/em>\u2014is a further matter: it is a volitional or judgmental modification on the addressee&#8217;s side, not a representational item with its own <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The whole content is intelligible. It can guide action. But large parts of its distinctive content (the relational structure, the imperatival force, the second-order relational referent) carry no <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>, because they are modes of the thinking substance&#8217;s comparative or volitional activity, not represented objects on the ontological hierarchy.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:group --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-pale-pink-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Direct answer to your two questions<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-pale-pink-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Can relations be OR content?<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">No, not in their own right. Relations such as <em>changing<\/em>, <em>squared<\/em>, <em>asymmetrical<\/em>, <em>orthogonal<\/em>, <em>next to<\/em>, <em>father of<\/em> are not themselves <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing items. They are <em><a href=\"https:\/\/mymemory.translated.net\/en\/Latin\/English\/modus-cogitandi\">modi cogitandi<\/a><\/em>\u2014modes of the mind&#8217;s comparative thinking\u2014and the <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> they appear to carry is borrowed from the <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> of the <em>relata<\/em>, not contributed by the relation itself. This is Descartes&#8217;s own deflationary position in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles of Philosophy<\/em>\u00a0I.55\u201358<\/a>, and it is consistent with his rejection of <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/platonism\/#WhatPlat\">Platonic universals<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-pale-pink-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">What is the OR content for &#8220;A is to the left of B&#8221;?<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> content is exhausted by:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> of A (as a represented finite corporeal substance with modes).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> of B (as a represented finite corporeal substance with modes).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The <em>relation itself<\/em> contributes no <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>. It contributes a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em> on the mind&#8217;s side\u2014the comparative form of thought that holds A and B together in one spatial comparison. The proposition is intelligible and can be true or false, but its distinctive relational content is not an <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing <em>representatum<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-pale-pink-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">What is the OR content for &#8220;Watch out for the person behind the person in front of you&#8221;?<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> content is exhausted by:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> of each <em>person<\/em> (finite mental\/composite substance).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> of <em>you<\/em> (the addressee).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The relational structure (<em>in front of<\/em>, <em>behind<\/em>), the second-order relational composition (<em>the person behind the one in front of<\/em>), and the imperatival force (<em>watch out<\/em>) are all <em>modi cogitandi<\/em> and <em>modi volendi<\/em> on the mind&#8217;s side\u2014not <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing items.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-pale-pink-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Why this is important for the post<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This gives you a <em>third<\/em> major class of non-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> content, in addition to:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\">The idea of nothing (privative, no positive <em>representatum<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Eternal truths and common notions such as <em>ex nihilo, nihil fit<\/em> (intelligible truth-content not reducible to an <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing <em>representatum<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">And now:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true,\"start\":3} --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"3\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"3\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Relations and relational structure<\/strong> (<em>modi cogitandi<\/em>, not <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing items in their own right, per <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles of Philosophy<\/em>\u00a0I.55\u201358<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This third class is dialectically powerful because:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\">It is anchored in an unambiguous Descartes text (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles of Philosophy<\/em>\u00a0I.55\u201358<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">It does not depend on <a href=\"https:\/\/earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1648.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>Burman&#8217;s<\/u><\/span><\/a> evidential authority.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">It is consistent with Descartes&#8217;s well-known <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/nominalism-metaphysics\/\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>nominalist<\/u><\/span><\/a> treatment of universals.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">It applies to a vast range of ordinary thoughts (every comparative thought, every spatial thought, every kinship thought, every mathematical relation).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">And it has a particularly nice structural feature: the <em>relata<\/em> of a relation are typically <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing, but the <em>relational form<\/em> is not. This sharpens the proposition\/constituent distinction you already deploy: the constituents of relational propositions are <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing, but the relational form that holds them together is a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>, not a further <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing constituent. This is exactly the asymmetry your argument needs.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-pale-pink-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\"><strong>Relations as a Further Class of Non-OR Content<\/strong><\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">A second major class of non-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> content emerges from Descartes&#8217;s deflationary treatment of relations. In <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles of Philosophy<\/em>\u00a0I.55\u201358<\/a> Descartes treats relational notions\u2014number, order, duration, and by extension all comparative notions such as <em>to the left of<\/em>, <em>larger than<\/em>, <em>next to<\/em>, <em>the father of<\/em>\u2014as <em>modes of thinking<\/em> (<em>modi cogitandi<\/em>) rather than as items in the ontology of substances and modes. &#8220;Number and all universals are simply modes of thinking&#8221; (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles of Philosophy<\/em>\u00a0I.58<\/a>; AT VIIIA 27; <a href=\"https:\/\/dl1.cuni.cz\/pluginfile.php\/753874\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/Descartes%20Rene%20-%20Philosophical%20Writings.%20vol%201.pdf\">CSM I 212<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">If relations are modes of the thinking substance&#8217;s comparative activity, then the <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> content of a relational proposition such as <em>A is to the left of B<\/em> is exhausted by the <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> of A and the <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> of B. The relation <em>to the left of<\/em> contributes no further <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing representatum: it is a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>, a comparative form of thought, not a represented object at any rank on the ontological hierarchy.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This adds a third class to the anti-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> cases. The idea of nothing is privative; <em>ex nihilo, nihil fit<\/em> is intelligible truth-content not reducible to a representatum; relational structure is on the mind&#8217;s side as a comparative form rather than on the represented object&#8217;s side as a content. In each case the content is thinkable and intelligible without being <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is a substantive addition that I think genuinely strengthens the post.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-pale-pink-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Caveat<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">One nuance worth flagging: a pro-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> reader will say that <em>spatial relations<\/em> between bodies might be cashed as modes of the <em>complex<\/em> consisting of the two bodies plus their positions, where positions are themselves modes of extension. That is, <em>A is to the left of B<\/em> is reducible to <em>A has position p1<\/em> and <em>B has position p2<\/em>, both of which are <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing as modes. If this reduction works, the relational form is dispensable: the <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> of the relational proposition is just the OR of the conjunction of the relata&#8217;s positional modes.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is the standard modern-<a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/nominalism-metaphysics\/\">nominalist<\/a> move (and was already available to Descartes via his analytical geometry). It saves <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> for spatial relations but at a cost: it does not generalize to non-spatial relations such as <em>father of<\/em>, <em>taller than<\/em> (comparatively), <em>more virtuous than<\/em>, <em>next in succession to<\/em>, or <em>believes that<\/em>. For these, no reduction to non-relational modes of the relata alone is available, and the <em>modus cogitandi<\/em> treatment is unavoidable.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">So the dialectical point holds: at least <em>some<\/em> relational content is genuinely non-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> on Descartes&#8217;s own account, and the strongest cases (kinship, comparison, intentional-aboutness) cannot be reduced away.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-pale-pink-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Bottom line<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Relations are a genuinely productive third class of non-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> content. Descartes&#8217;s own deflationary treatment in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles of Philosophy<\/em>\u00a0I.55\u201358<\/a> treats them as <em>modi cogitandi<\/em> of the comparing mind, not as represented items with their own <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>. For <em>A is to the left of B<\/em>, the <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> is exhausted by A and B; the relation is a modal form of thought, not a further <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing constituent. For <em>watch out for the person behind the person in front of you<\/em>, the <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> is exhausted by the persons; the relational and imperatival structure is on the mind&#8217;s side. This is a substantive extension of your anti-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> argument with strong textual anchoring and no dependence on <a href=\"https:\/\/earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1648.pdf\">Burman&#8217;s<\/a> evidential authority.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/about\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-34054\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669.jpeg\" alt=\"A photographic cutout of a smiling Dr. David C. Ring, wearing dark glasses and a black shirt from the shoulders up, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669-150x150.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"82\" class=\"wp-image-41145\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/IMG_8267.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of a colorful blue and red chandelier serves as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/IMG_8267.png 800w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/IMG_8267-300x247.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/IMG_8267-150x123.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/IMG_8267-768x632.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 What about \u201cA is <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metaphysical_necessity\">necessary<\/a> for B,\u201d such as the idea of a mode is <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metaphysical_necessity\">necessarily<\/a> related to a substance.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"82\" class=\"wp-image-41145\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/IMG_8267.png\" alt=\"An enhanced photographic cutout of a colorful blue and red chandelier serves as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/IMG_8267.png 800w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/IMG_8267-300x247.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/IMG_8267-150x123.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/IMG_8267-768x632.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 What is the <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> content of those ideas?<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"60\" class=\"wp-image-43087\" style=\"width: 300px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced image of Claude Opus 4.7 with a logo on the left side of an outline of a human head in left profile with a spiked star inside of the head.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-300x60.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-1024x204.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-150x30.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-768x153.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-1536x305.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-2048x407.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Excellent and pointed question. <em>Necessity<\/em> between A and B is a particularly hard case for the OR apparatus, and your specific example\u2014<em>a mode is necessarily related to a substance<\/em>\u2014is the perfect test, because it is itself a piece of Cartesian metaphysical doctrine. Let me work through it carefully.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Two different things to keep separate<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The proposition <em>A is necessary for B<\/em> (or <em>A necessarily depends on B<\/em>) involves two distinct items that could in principle carry OR:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><strong>The relata A and B<\/strong> \u2014 these are typically OR-bearing if they are substances, modes, or principal attributes.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>The necessity-of-dependence holding between them<\/strong> \u2014 the modal-relational tie itself.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The OR question is about (2). Does <em>necessary dependence<\/em> contribute its own OR-bearing <em>representatum<\/em>, or is it a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em> \/ intelligible structural truth that holds without being a further represented item?<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Descartes&#8217;s treatment of dependence relations<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Descartes treats substance-mode dependence in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">Principles I.51\u201353<\/a>:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">&#8220;By substance we can understand nothing other than a thing which exists in such a way as to depend on no other thing for its existence&#8221; (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles of Philosophy<\/em>\u00a0I.51<\/a>; AT VIIIA 24; <a href=\"https:\/\/dl1.cuni.cz\/pluginfile.php\/753874\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/Descartes%20Rene%20-%20Philosophical%20Writings.%20vol%201.pdf\">CSM I 210<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">&#8220;Each substance has one principal attribute. . . . A substance may indeed be known through any attribute at all; but each substance has one principal property which constitutes its nature and essence, and to which all its other properties are referred&#8221; (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles of Philosophy<\/em>\u00a0I.53<\/a>; AT VIIIA 25; <a href=\"https:\/\/dl1.cuni.cz\/pluginfile.php\/753874\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/Descartes%20Rene%20-%20Philosophical%20Writings.%20vol%201.pdf\">CSM I 210<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Modes are &#8220;various dispositions&#8221; of substance, <em>requiring<\/em> the substance for their being (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles of Philosophy<\/em>\u00a0I.56<\/a>; AT VIIIA 26; <a href=\"https:\/\/dl1.cuni.cz\/pluginfile.php\/753874\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/Descartes%20Rene%20-%20Philosophical%20Writings.%20vol%201.pdf\">CSM I 211<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The substance-mode dependence relation is therefore not an <em>extra item<\/em> alongside the substance and its modes. It is the structural truth that <em>modes do not exist without substances<\/em>. This is closer to an <em>eternal truth<\/em> or <em>common notion<\/em> than to a represented object at any ontological rank.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Compare <em>ex nihilo, nihil fit<\/em>, which you already treat as a non-OR case: it is an intelligible truth about causal dependence, but no represented item with its own OR. <em>A mode necessarily depends on a substance<\/em> is structurally identical: an intelligible truth about ontological dependence, but no represented item with its own OR.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Mapping onto your three classes of non-OR content<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">In the previous reply we identified three classes of non-OR content:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Privative content<\/strong> (the idea of nothing).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Eternal truths and common notions<\/strong> (<em>ex nihilo, nihil fit<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Relational structure<\/strong> (<em>modi cogitandi<\/em> of comparative thought).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><em>Necessary dependence<\/em> falls in classes 2 and 3 simultaneously, which is what makes it especially powerful as an anti-OR case:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\">It is an <em>eternal truth<\/em> in the sense that it expresses a necessary structural feature of Cartesian ontology (modes require substances).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">It is a <em>relational form<\/em> in the sense that it holds <em>between<\/em> the relata as a modus cogitandi grasping their ontological dependence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">It is the strongest kind of anti-OR case: it carries <em>both<\/em> the eternal-truth-content profile <em>and<\/em> the relational-modus-cogitandi profile.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Working through the specific example<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Consider <em>a mode is necessarily related to a substance<\/em>. The OR analysis:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><strong>The idea of <em>mode<\/em><\/strong>. <em>Mode<\/em> is itself a second-order Cartesian concept. A particular mode (a particular shape, a particular thought) is OR-bearing as a mode. But <em>mode in general<\/em>\u2014<em>modeness<\/em>\u2014is closer to a common notion or universal than to a represented object at a rank. On Descartes&#8217;s own <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u><em>Principles<\/em> I.58<\/u><\/span><\/a> treatment of universals as <em>modes of thinking<\/em>, the idea of <em>mode in general<\/em> is itself a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>, not an OR-bearing <em>representatum<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>The idea of <em>substance<\/em><\/strong>. Same analysis: a particular substance (this mind, this body, God) is OR-bearing. <em>Substance in general<\/em>\u2014<em>substancehood<\/em>\u2014is a universal, and by Descartes&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/nominalism-metaphysics\/\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>nominalist<\/u><\/span><\/a> treatment of universals, a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>The necessary-dependence relation<\/strong>. This is an intelligible truth about how <em>any<\/em> mode stands to <em>some<\/em> substance. It is not a further item. It is the structural truth that grounds the proposition.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">So the proposition <em>a mode is necessarily related to a substance<\/em> has, on careful analysis, <em>no<\/em> OR-bearing <em>representatum<\/em> at any of its three positions:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><em>mode in general<\/em> is a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>, not an OR-bearing item.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><em>substance in general<\/em> is a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>, not an OR-bearing item.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><em>necessary dependence<\/em> is an intelligible eternal truth holding between them, not an OR-bearing item.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is a remarkable result. The proposition is one of the most fundamental in Cartesian metaphysics, it is intelligible and necessary, and yet on a careful analysis using Descartes&#8217;s own apparatus, <em>none of its components is OR-bearing<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Compare to the chimera<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The chimera-idea was OR-bearing because its constituents (<em>lion<\/em>, <em>goat<\/em>, <em>snake<\/em>) are ideas of <em>particular<\/em> finite corporeal substance kinds, and the composite represents a (non-existent) finite corporeal substance. Each constituent has a determinate ontological rank.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><em>A mode is necessarily related to a substance<\/em> has no such constituents. It quantifies over modes and substances in general, and its content is the structural-necessary truth about how these categories stand to each other. The universal generality, the categorial nature of the relata, and the necessity of the relation all push the content away from OR-bearing representation and toward eternal-truth \/ common-notion territory.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Why the pro-OR reader cannot rescue this case<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The pro-OR reader&#8217;s standard moves all fail here:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Move 1:<\/mark> Reduce to OR of relata.<\/strong> This worked for the chimera (OR comes from lion, goat, snake). It fails here because the relata are universals (<em>mode in general<\/em>, <em>substance in general<\/em>), not particular OR-bearing items. By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles<\/em> I.58<\/a>, universals are <em>modi cogitandi<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Move 2:<\/mark> Treat the proposition as composing OR-bearing constituents via false judgment.<\/strong> This worked for <em>a vacuum exists<\/em> (false composition of OR-bearing <em>extension<\/em> and <em>body<\/em>). It fails here because the proposition is not false\u2014it is necessarily true\u2014and there is no false composition of OR-bearing constituents to point to. The proposition is a <em>true<\/em> structural claim about non-OR-bearing universals.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Move 3:<\/mark> Treat the necessary dependence as a mode of one of the relata.<\/strong> This is the most natural move: say that <em>being necessarily related to a substance<\/em> is a mode of <em>mode<\/em>. But <em>mode<\/em> is a universal, not a substance, and only substances have modes in Descartes&#8217;s strict sense. A mode of a mode is not a recognized Cartesian item. And in any case, this just relocates the problem: the <em>mode of being a mode<\/em> would have to carry the necessity-content, and there is no rank for that.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Move 4:<\/mark> Treat the necessity as a feature of the divine intellect.<\/strong> A theological move: say that the necessity is grounded in God&#8217;s will or intellect, and so the proposition has OR derived from God&#8217;s OR. This is dialectically possible but it is a <em>grounding<\/em> move, not a <em>representation<\/em> move. The OR of God in the meditator&#8217;s idea of God does not transfer to make <em>the dependence of modes on substances<\/em> into a represented item with its own OR rank. It just locates the metaphysical ground of the necessity, leaving the representational status of the proposition where it was.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Direct answer to your question<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>The <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> content of the idea <em>a mode is necessarily related to a substance<\/em> is, strictly speaking, nothing.<\/strong> No constituent of the proposition is OR-bearing in its own right: <em>mode in general<\/em> and <em>substance in general<\/em> are universals and so <em>modi cogitandi<\/em> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">Principles I.58<\/a>, and <em>necessary dependence<\/em> is an intelligible eternal truth, not a represented item with an ontological rank. The proposition is necessarily true and is one of the most foundational claims in Cartesian metaphysics, and yet it carries no OR.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is exactly the kind of case your restriction thesis predicts: a Cartesian idea that is fully intelligible, foundational, and necessarily true, but whose content cannot be measured by OR because the OR apparatus has no purchase on universals or on necessary structural truths between universals.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Why this is the strongest case yet<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This may be the single most powerful anti-OR case in the post, for four reasons:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><strong>It is a paradigmatic piece of Cartesian doctrine.<\/strong> No one denies that Descartes holds <em>a mode is necessarily related to a substance<\/em>. There is no need to defend the textual basis (unlike <a href=\"https:\/\/earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1648.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>Burman<\/u><\/span><\/a>) or the historical plausibility (unlike the universal set).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>It triggers all three classes of non-OR content simultaneously.<\/strong> Privative? No (that&#8217;s the <em>nothing<\/em> case). Eternal-truth content? Yes. Relational <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>? Yes. Universals as <em>modi cogitandi<\/em>? Yes. The single proposition exemplifies multiple anti-OR pathways at once.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>It is self-referential to the OR theory&#8217;s own foundations.<\/strong> OR is itself a measure of the represented content of <em>modes of thought<\/em> (ideas), and so the OR theory presupposes the substance-mode distinction. If the substance-mode-dependence proposition itself has no OR, then OR&#8217;s own enabling background has no OR. The OR theory is not the kind of theory that ranks its own foundations. This is not a paradox\u2014it is exactly what one expects of a measure-apparatus that operates <em>within<\/em> an ontological framework rather than <em>over<\/em> it.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>It cleanly resists every standard pro-OR reply.<\/strong> As shown above, none of the four standard pro-OR moves works.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\"><em>Conceptual Content Without Objective Reality<\/em>: <em>Necessity and Dependence as Non-OR Content<\/em> <\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} --><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Necessity and Dependence as Non-OR Content<\/mark><\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Cartesian metaphysics contains foundational necessary-dependence propositions, of which the most central is <em>a mode is necessarily related to a substance<\/em> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">Principles I.51\u201353<\/a>; AT VIIIA 24\u201325; <a href=\"https:\/\/dl1.cuni.cz\/pluginfile.php\/753874\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/Descartes%20Rene%20-%20Philosophical%20Writings.%20vol%201.pdf\">CSM I 210<\/a>). On Descartes&#8217;s own apparatus, <em>mode in general<\/em> and <em>substance in general<\/em> are universals, and &#8220;number and all universals are simply modes of thinking&#8221; (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">Principles I.58<\/a>; AT VIIIA 27; <a href=\"https:\/\/dl1.cuni.cz\/pluginfile.php\/753874\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/Descartes%20Rene%20-%20Philosophical%20Writings.%20vol%201.pdf\">CSM I 212<\/a>). The necessary-dependence relation between them is an intelligible eternal truth, not a further item at any ontological rank. The proposition is therefore an especially clean anti-OR case: each of its three components\u2014the two universal relata and the necessary relation\u2014is a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em> or an intelligible truth-content, not an OR-bearing representatum. The OR theory cannot rank what it is built upon, and the substance-mode-dependence claim is exactly the kind of foundational structural truth that the OR apparatus cannot measure.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Bottom line<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> content of <em>a mode is necessarily related to a substance<\/em> is, on a careful Cartesian analysis, <strong>none<\/strong>. The proposition operates entirely with universals (<em>mode<\/em>, <em>substance<\/em>) treated as <em>modi cogitandi<\/em> per <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">Principles I.58<\/a>, and with a necessary-dependence relation that is an intelligible eternal truth, not an OR-bearing item. This is your strongest single anti-OR case, because it is foundational Cartesian doctrine, it triggers all three classes of non-OR content simultaneously, and it resists every standard pro-OR rescue. It deserves a place in the post as the capstone example.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/about\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-34054\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669.jpeg\" alt=\"A photographic cutout of a smiling Dr. David C. Ring, wearing dark glasses and a black shirt from the shoulders up, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669-150x150.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"200\" class=\"wp-image-43183\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0768.png\" alt=\"A dark, rich metallic blue of Rodin\u2019s \u201cThe Thinker\u201d statue viewed from straight on with D.T.O.I. on his left upper forearm serving as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0768.png 747w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0768-150x300.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0768-513x1024.png 513w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0768-75x150.png 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 Go into detail arguing that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principle<\/em> I.58<\/a> requires all universals to be <em>modi cogitandi<\/em> (modes of thinking).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"60\" class=\"wp-image-43087\" style=\"width: 300px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced image of Claude Opus 4.7 with a logo on the left side of an outline of a human head in left profile with a spiked star inside of the head.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-300x60.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-1024x204.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-150x30.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-768x153.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-1536x305.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-2048x407.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Excellent. This is a load-bearing claim, and it deserves a careful textual and philosophical defense. Let me build the case step by step.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">The text in question<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">Principles I.58<\/a> (AT VIIIA 27; <a href=\"https:\/\/dl1.cuni.cz\/pluginfile.php\/753874\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/Descartes%20Rene%20-%20Philosophical%20Writings.%20vol%201.pdf\">CSM I 212<\/a>):<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">&#8220;Number, also, when it is considered simply in the abstract or in general, and not in any created things, is merely a mode of thinking; and the same applies to all the other universals, as we call them.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Latin (AT VIIIA 27):<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">&#8220;Numerus etiam, cum non in rebus creatis, sed tantum in abstracto sive in genere consideratur, modus tantum est cogitandi; ut &amp; alia omnia, quae <em>universalia<\/em> vocamus.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The claim has two parts:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><em>Number<\/em> considered abstractly or in general is <em>merely a mode of thinking<\/em> (modus tantum cogitandi).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><em>The same applies to all the other universals.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The second clause is the universally quantified claim you need: <em>all<\/em> universals are <em>modi cogitandi<\/em>. Let me walk through how to defend it textually, philosophically, and dialectically.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Step 1: The text says it explicitly<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The most basic move is simply to point at the text. Descartes does not say &#8220;some universals&#8221; or &#8220;many universals&#8221; or &#8220;universals like number.&#8221; He says <em>alia omnia, quae universalia vocamus<\/em>\u2014&#8221;all the others which we call universals.&#8221; The universal quantifier is in the Latin and in every standard translation (CSM, Cottingham; Miller and Miller; Veitch).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is not a casual remark. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles<\/em> I.58<\/a> sits in the run of articles (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.55\u201362<\/a>) where Descartes is systematically working through what kinds of items belong to the categories <em>substance<\/em>, <em>mode<\/em>, <em>attribute<\/em>, and <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>. He has just argued (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.55\u201357<\/a>) that duration, order, and number, when <em>attributed to created things<\/em>, are modes of those things, but when <em>considered abstractly or in general<\/em>, they are modes of thinking. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.58<\/a> generalizes this to all universals.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The textual case is therefore: Descartes makes the universally quantified claim in the very article devoted to settling the ontological status of universals, in a systematic treatment of ontological categories, using a clear and unambiguous universal quantifier.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Step 2: The argument given in I.57\u201358 generalizes<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Descartes&#8217;s argument in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.57<\/a> for <em>number<\/em> and <em>duration<\/em> turns on a distinction:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><em>Duration in a particular created thing<\/em> is just the way that thing endures; it is a mode of the thing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><em>Duration in general<\/em>\u2014duration considered apart from any particular enduring thing\u2014is the mind&#8217;s way of comparing or abstracting from particular durations; it is a mode of the comparing mind.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><em>Number in a particular created thing<\/em> is just the multiplicity of its parts or instances; it is a mode of the thing or aggregate.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><em>Number in general<\/em>\u2014number considered apart from any particular numbered thing\u2014is the mind&#8217;s way of abstracting from particular multiplicities; it is a mode of the abstracting mind.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The structural argument is:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0 \u00a0 (<mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\"><strong>P1<\/strong><\/mark>) A universal is, by definition, a content considered <em>abstractly<\/em> or <em>in general<\/em>, apart from any particular instance.<br \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 (<strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">P2<\/mark><\/strong>) Whatever has being only as the result of the mind&#8217;s abstracting or generalizing activity is a mode of the mind&#8217;s thinking, not a mode of any extra-mental thing.<br \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 (<mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\"><strong>C<\/strong><\/mark>) Therefore every universal is a mode of thinking.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This argument is fully general. It does not depend on number or duration having any special feature. Any universal <em>whatsoever<\/em>\u2014<em>humanity<\/em>, <em>redness<\/em>, <em>triangularity<\/em>, <em>modeness<\/em>, <em>substancehood<\/em>, <em>necessity<\/em>, <em>relation<\/em>\u2014is constituted as universal precisely by being considered apart from its instances. So the same argument applies.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is the philosophical reading of why Descartes generalizes in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.58<\/a>: the <em>form<\/em> of the argument for <em>number<\/em> in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.57<\/a> is universal-quantifier-friendly, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.58<\/a> simply states the result of running the same argument for any universal.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Step 3: The systematic context confirms the reading<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles<\/em> I.51\u201362<\/a> is one connected discussion of what items exist and how they are categorized. The order is:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.51\u201353<\/u><\/span><\/a>: substance, principal attribute, and the mind\/body distinction.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.54<\/u><\/span><\/a>: the three highest substantial categories (mind, body, God).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.55<\/u><\/span><\/a>: modes, qualities, attributes\u2014and the introduction of <em>attributes which arise in our thought from comparing several things to one another<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.56<\/u><\/span><\/a>: modes are dispositions of substance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.57<\/u><\/span><\/a>: how to think about duration, order, and number\u2014modes of the things in particular instantiation, modes of thinking in abstract consideration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.58<\/u><\/span><\/a>: generalizing to all universals as modes of thinking.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.59<\/u><\/span><\/a>: the five common universals (<em>genus<\/em>, <em>species<\/em>, <em>differentia<\/em>, <em>proprium<\/em>, <em>accidens<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.60\u201362<\/u><\/span><\/a>: real, modal, and conceptual distinctions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"350\" height=\"515\" class=\"wp-image-43462\" style=\"width: 350px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0814.jpeg\" alt=\"A screen capture of the Cottingham translation of Descartes\u2019s The Principles of Philosophy I.51\u201353.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0814.jpeg 1055w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0814-204x300.jpeg 204w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0814-697x1024.jpeg 697w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0814-102x150.jpeg 102w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0814-768x1129.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0814-1045x1536.jpeg 1045w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"350\" height=\"518\" class=\"wp-image-43463\" style=\"width: 350px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0815.jpeg\" alt=\"A screen capture of the Cottingham translation of Descartes\u2019s The Principles of Philosophy I.54\u201356.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0815.jpeg 1040w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0815-203x300.jpeg 203w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0815-692x1024.jpeg 692w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0815-101x150.jpeg 101w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0815-768x1136.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0815-1039x1536.jpeg 1039w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"350\" height=\"500\" class=\"wp-image-43464\" style=\"width: 350px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0816.jpeg\" alt=\"A screen capture of the Cottingham translation of Descartes\u2019s The Principles of Philosophy I.54\u201356.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0816.jpeg 1048w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0816-210x300.jpeg 210w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0816-717x1024.jpeg 717w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0816-105x150.jpeg 105w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0816-768x1096.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"599\" class=\"wp-image-43465\" style=\"width: 400px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0817.jpeg\" alt=\"A screen capture of the Cottingham translation of Descartes\u2019s The Principles of Philosophy I.60\u201361.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0817.jpeg 1015w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0817-200x300.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0817-684x1024.jpeg 684w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0817-100x150.jpeg 100w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0817-768x1150.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0817-600x900.jpeg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"427\" height=\"634\" class=\"wp-image-43466\" style=\"width: 427px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0818.jpeg\" alt=\"A screen capture of the Cottingham translation of Descartes\u2019s The Principles of Philosophy I.61\u201362.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0818.jpeg 1027w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0818-202x300.jpeg 202w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0818-690x1024.jpeg 690w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0818-101x150.jpeg 101w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0818-768x1140.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 427px) 100vw, 427px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The systematic point of this run is to give a complete inventory of categories and to rule out the reification of universals as items in their own right. Descartes is <em>deliberately<\/em> refusing the scholastic-<a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/aristotle\/#Hyl\">Aristotelian<\/a> treatment of universals as having their own ontological status (whether as ante rem Platonic forms, in re <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/aristotle\/#Hyl\">Aristotelian<\/a> forms, or post rem <a href=\"https:\/\/iep.utm.edu\/concepts\/#SH2a\">conceptualist<\/a> abstracta with quasi-objective status). His move is to say: universals are <em>modi cogitandi<\/em>, full stop.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.58<\/a> is the load-bearing statement of this position. It is not an isolated remark; it is the conclusion of the systematic argument that begins in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.55<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Step 4: I.59 supports the universally quantified reading<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles<\/em> I.59<\/a> confirms <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.58<\/a> by applying it to the five <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy-models.blog\/2019\/03\/05\/porphyry-on-universals\/\">Porphyrian universals<\/a>\u2014<em>genus<\/em>, <em>species<\/em>, <em>differentia<\/em>, <em>proprium<\/em>, <em>accidens<\/em>:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">&#8220;Number in things is distinct from the number in our thought. . . . The five common universals (genus, species, differentia, property and accident) arise solely from the fact that we make use of one and the same idea for thinking of all individual items which resemble each other.&#8221; (AT VIIIA 27\u201328; <a href=\"https:\/\/dl1.cuni.cz\/pluginfile.php\/753874\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/Descartes%20Rene%20-%20Philosophical%20Writings.%20vol%201.pdf\">CSM I 212<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Descartes here treats the five canonical kinds of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scholasticism\">scholastic<\/a> universal as arising <em>from the mind&#8217;s use of common ideas across resembling individuals<\/em>. They are products of the mind&#8217;s classificatory activity. This is exactly the <em>modus cogitandi<\/em> treatment of I.58 applied to the scholastic taxonomy of universals.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">If <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.58<\/a> were not meant universally, the application in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.59<\/a> would not work. The fact that Descartes treats the five <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy-models.blog\/2019\/03\/05\/porphyry-on-universals\/\">Porphyrian universals<\/a> (which were <em>the<\/em> canonical inventory of universal-kinds in scholastic logic) as <em>modi cogitandi<\/em> shows that he intends the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.58<\/a> claim to cover the entire field.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Step 5: Cross-textual support<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The same view appears outside the Principles:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/the-philosophical-writings-of-descartes-v-3\">Letter to Mersenne, 16 October 1639<\/a><\/strong> (AT II 597; <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/the-philosophical-writings-of-descartes-v-3\">CSMK 139<\/a>):<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Descartes denies that there is in things a real universal corresponding to the abstract idea of <em>being<\/em> or <em>thing<\/em>; the abstract universal is on the side of the mind.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1648.pdf\"><em>Conversation with Burman<\/em><\/a><\/strong> (AT V 158; <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/the-philosophical-writings-of-descartes-v-3\">CSMK 343<\/a>, 1648):<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Discussing universals, Descartes maintains that they are not in things but in the mind&#8217;s mode of conceiving things. (This is exactly the <em>modus cogitandi<\/em> treatment.)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/dl1.cuni.cz\/pluginfile.php\/753874\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/Descartes%20Rene%20-%20Philosophical%20Writings.%20vol%201.pdf\">Comments on a Certain Broadsheet<\/a><\/strong> (against Regius, 1648; AT VIIIB 350; <a href=\"https:\/\/dl1.cuni.cz\/pluginfile.php\/753874\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/Descartes%20Rene%20-%20Philosophical%20Writings.%20vol%201.pdf\">CSM I 297\u201398<\/a>):<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Descartes attacks the reification of universals and treats them as products of the mind&#8217;s abstractive activity.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">So the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.58<\/a> universally quantified reading is not an isolated <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">Principles<\/a><\/em> claim. It is a settled position that Descartes maintains across the mature works and the correspondence. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">Principles<\/a> statement is the canonical formulation, and the surrounding texts confirm the universal reading.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Step 6: Anticipated objections and replies<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Objection 1:<\/mark> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.58<\/a> might be restricted to <em>mathematical<\/em> universals (number, order, duration).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Reply: The Latin <em>alia omnia, quae universalia vocamus<\/em> explicitly extends beyond number. The phrase &#8220;all the others which we call universals&#8221; picks out the standard scholastic category of universal as such, not a restricted mathematical subset. The natural reading is universal quantification over the category. Moreover, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.59<\/a> immediately applies the doctrine to the five <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy-models.blog\/2019\/03\/05\/porphyry-on-universals\/\">Porphyrian universals<\/a> (genus, species, differentia, proprium, accidens), which are not mathematical. The restricted-mathematical reading would require treating I.59 as inconsistent with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.58<\/a>, which is uncharitable.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Objection 2:<\/mark> Eternal truths and true and immutable natures (geometrical essences, e.g., the nature of the triangle) seem to have more than <em>modus cogitandi<\/em> status (Fifth Meditation; Replies).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Reply:<\/mark><\/strong> This is the most serious objection and deserves a careful answer. Three points.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">First<\/mark>, eternal truths and true and immutable natures are not quite the same as universals. A <em>true and immutable nature<\/em> is the intelligible essence of a geometrical figure considered as something the intellect can clearly and distinctly perceive; it grounds the necessity of geometrical theorems. A <em>universal<\/em> in the I.58 sense is what arises when we abstract from particular instances and consider the abstracted content <em>as a single representable<\/em>. These are arguably distinct items.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Second<\/mark><\/strong>, even if true and immutable natures have a special status, this does not undermine <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.58&#8217;s<\/a> claim about universals as such. Descartes can hold that <em>the nature of the triangle<\/em> is a clearly and distinctly perceived eternal truth (Fifth Meditation) while also holding that <em>triangularity-in-general considered as a universal<\/em>, in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles<\/em> I.58<\/a> sense, is a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>. The two claims operate at different levels: the first is about the intelligible necessity of geometrical content; the second is about the ontological status of the universal-form.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Third<\/mark><\/strong>, an important strand of the scholarship\u2014especially Chappell and Nolan\u2014reads Descartes as anti-realist or <a href=\"https:\/\/iep.utm.edu\/concepts\/#SH2a\">conceptualist<\/a> about universals, while still allowing eternal truths and true and immutable natures to play a distinctive epistemic and intelligibility-conferring role. This <a href=\"https:\/\/iep.utm.edu\/concepts\/#SH2a\">conceptualist<\/a> line should be distinguished from stronger Platonist or divine-ideas interpretations, such as those discussed by Schmaltz and Rozemond. The two claims can coexist: Descartes can deny mind-independent universals while still treating eternal truths and true and immutable natures as indispensable objects of clear and distinct intellectual cognition.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References<\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vere_Chappell\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>Chappell<\/u><\/span><\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.umass.edu\/philosophy\/news\/memoriam-vere-chappell-1930-2019\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>Vere<\/u><\/span><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/38083568\/24293994-Descartes-s-Ontology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u><em>Descartes&#8217;s Ontology<\/em><\/u><\/span><\/a>. <em>Topoi<\/em> 16, no. 2 (1997): 111\u2013127.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Primary_and_Secondary_Qualities.html?id=_cIkTLLkxOgC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>Nolan<\/u><\/span><\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/philarchive.org\/s\/Lawrence%20Nolan\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>Lawrence<\/u><\/span><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/NOLRAN\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u><em>Reductionism and Nominalism in Descartes&#8217;s Theory of Attributes<\/em><\/u><\/span><\/a>. <em>Topoi<\/em> 16, no. 2 (1997): 129\u2013140.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Primary_and_Secondary_Qualities.html?id=_cIkTLLkxOgC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>Nolan<\/u><\/span><\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/philarchive.org\/s\/Lawrence%20Nolan\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>Lawrence<\/u><\/span><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/NOLDTO\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>Descartes&#8217; Theory of Universals<\/u><\/span><\/em><\/a>. <em>Philosophical Studies<\/em> 89, no. 2 (1998): 161\u2013180.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Primary_and_Secondary_Qualities.html?id=_cIkTLLkxOgC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>Nolan<\/u><\/span><\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/philarchive.org\/s\/Lawrence%20Nolan\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>Lawrence<\/u><\/span><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/NOLTOS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>The Ontological Status of Cartesian Natures<\/u><\/span><\/em><\/a>. <em>Pacific Philosophical Quarterly<\/em> 78, no. 2 (1997): 169\u2013194.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tad_Schmaltz\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>Schmaltz<\/u><\/span><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/fds.duke.edu\/db\/aas\/Philosophy\/faculty\/tad.schmaltz\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>Tad<\/u><\/span><\/a>\u00a0M. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/agph.1991.73.2.129\/html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>Platonism and Descartes\u2019 View of Immutable Essences<\/u><\/span><\/em><\/a>. <em>Archiv f\u00fcr Geschichte der Philosophie<\/em> 73, no. 2 (1991): 129\u2013170.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/marleen-rozemond\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>Rozemond<\/u><\/span><\/a>,<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/marleenhrozemond.weebly.com\/\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>Marleen<\/u><\/span><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=jhBbDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA41&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u><em>Descartes\u2019s Ontology of the Eternal Truths<\/em><\/u><\/span><\/a>. In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Contemporary_Perspectives_on_Early_Moder.html?id=jhBbDwAAQBAJ\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>Contemporary Perspectives on Early Modern Philosophy: Essays in Honor of Vere Chappell<\/u><\/span><\/a><\/em>, edited by Paul Hoffman, David Owen, and Gideon Yaffe, 41\u201363. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press, 2008.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">See also:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Primary_and_Secondary_Qualities.html?id=_cIkTLLkxOgC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Nolan<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philarchive.org\/s\/Lawrence%20Nolan\">Lawrence<\/a>. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/4150\/chapter\/145920528\">Descartes on Universal Essences and Divine Knowledge<\/a>.\u201d In <em>The Problem of Universals in Early Modern Philosophy<\/em>, edited by Stefano Di Bella and <a href=\"https:\/\/fds.duke.edu\/db\/aas\/Philosophy\/faculty\/tad.schmaltz\">Tad<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tad_Schmaltz\">Schmaltz<\/a>, 87\u2013116. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Hattab, Helen. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/journals\/viv\/54\/2-3\/article-p204_5.xml\">Descartes on the Eternal Truths and Essences of Mathematics: An Alternative Reading<\/a>.\u201d <em>Vivarium<\/em> 54, nos. 2\u20133 (2016): 204\u2013249.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">De Rosa, Raffaella, and Ot\u00e1vio Bueno. \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/DERDOM\">Descartes on Mathematical Essences<\/a>.\u201d <em>ProtoSociology<\/em> 25 (2008): 160\u2013177.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The De Rosa\u2013Bueno essay also appears as a book chapter: \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/9783110323689.164\/html\">Descartes on Mathematical Essences<\/a>.\u201d In <em>Philosophy of Mathematics: Set Theory, Measuring Theories, and Nominalism<\/em>, edited by Gerhard Preyer and Georg Peter, 164\u2013182. Berlin\/Boston: De Gruyter, 2008.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This means the universal reading of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.58<\/a> is consistent with Descartes&#8217;s geometrical and eternal-truth doctrines, properly interpreted.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Objection 3:<\/mark> Principal attributes (thought, extension) might count as universals but seem to have more than <em>modus cogitandi<\/em> status, since they constitute the natures of substances.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Reply:<\/mark><\/strong> Principal attributes in Descartes are not universals in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.58<\/a> sense. A principal attribute is the <em>nature or essence of a particular substance kind<\/em>\u2014thought is the essence of mental substance, extension is the essence of corporeal substance (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles<\/em> I.53<\/a>). The principal attribute is <em>in<\/em> the substance, not abstracted from instances. When we <em>consider thought in the abstract<\/em>, apart from any particular thinking substance, then we have a universal, and that is a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>. But thought <em>as the principal attribute of a particular thinking substance<\/em> is a feature of that substance, not a universal.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This distinction is crucial and is exactly what Descartes makes in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.57<\/a>: <em>duration in a particular thing<\/em> (mode of the thing) versus <em>duration in general<\/em> (modus cogitandi). The same applies to thought and extension. So principal attributes do not undermine <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.58<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Objection 4:<\/mark> God&#8217;s perfections might count as universals (perfection, infinity, omnipotence, etc.) and seem to have more than <em>modus cogitandi<\/em> status.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Reply:<\/mark><\/strong> God&#8217;s perfections, when predicated of God, are not universals but the simple divine nature considered under different aspects (the standard scholastic doctrine of divine simplicity, which Descartes broadly accepts; see <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1642.pdf\">Replies<\/a><\/em> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles<\/em> I.23<\/a>). When <em>perfection in the abstract<\/em> is considered apart from any particular perfect being, then it is a universal and a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>. So God&#8217;s perfections do not undermine <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.58<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Objection 5:<\/mark> Common notions seem to be universals and seem to be more than <em>modi cogitandi<\/em>\u2014they have a distinctive intelligible status.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Reply:<\/mark><\/strong> This is the objection that matters most for your post, because common notions are central to your anti-OR argument. The reply is the same as for eternal truths: common notions are intelligible truths the mind grasps with certainty, but their <em>propositional content<\/em> is distinct from any <em>universal-form<\/em> they may contain. When we consider <em>the proposition<\/em> <em>whatever thinks must exist<\/em>, we have an intelligible necessary truth. When we consider <em>the abstract universal whatever-thinks-must-exist-ness<\/em>, we have a universal, and that is a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">For your purposes, this works in your favor: it gives common notions a kind of <em>truth-content<\/em> status that is distinct from OR-bearing-representation status. The fact that the truth-content of a common notion is not a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em> (it is an eternal truth) is consistent with any universal-form abstracted from it being a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>. Both claims work to <em>deny<\/em> OR to common notions.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Step 7: Why the universal reading is dialectically necessary<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">There is also a structural-dialectical argument for the universal reading. If <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.58<\/a> were not universally quantified\u2013if some universals were OR-bearing items rather than <em><a href=\"https:\/\/mymemory.translated.net\/en\/Latin\/English\/modus-cogitandi\">modi cogitandi<\/a><\/em>\u2014then Descartes would owe an account of <em>which<\/em> universals are OR-bearing and which are not, and on what principle the distinction runs. He gives no such account. The <em>Principles<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.55\u201362<\/a> discussion treats all universals uniformly. The most economical and charitable reading is that Descartes intends the uniform treatment to be universal.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The alternative\u2014a restricted reading in which some universals (perhaps mathematical or geometrical ones) are OR-bearing and others are not\u2014would require interpolating a Cartesian doctrine that has no textual basis. This is interpretively expensive.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Step 8: The argument in summary form for the post<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Here is a compact version of the argument suitable for inclusion in the post:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The claim that all universals are <em><a href=\"https:\/\/mymemory.translated.net\/en\/Latin\/English\/modus-cogitandi\">modi cogitandi<\/a><\/em> for Descartes rests on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles<\/em> I.58<\/a>: &#8220;Number, also, when it is considered simply in the abstract or in general, and not in any created things, is merely a mode of thinking; and the same applies to all the other universals, as we call them&#8221; (AT VIIIA 27; <a href=\"https:\/\/dl1.cuni.cz\/pluginfile.php\/753874\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/Descartes%20Rene%20-%20Philosophical%20Writings.%20vol%201.pdf\">CSM I 212<\/a>). The Latin <em>alia omnia, quae universalia vocamus<\/em> makes the quantifier explicit. The article is the load-bearing statement of Descartes&#8217;s anti-realist treatment of universals in the systematic <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles<\/em> I.51\u201362<\/a> discussion of substance, mode, attribute, and <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>. The structural argument generalizes: a universal is constituted as universal by being considered apart from its instances; whatever has being only as the result of such abstractive consideration is a mode of the abstracting mind; therefore every universal is a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>. I.59 confirms the universal reading by applying it directly to the five <a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy-models.blog\/2019\/03\/05\/porphyry-on-universals\/\">Porphyrian universals<\/a> (genus, species, differentia, proprium, accidens). Cross-textual support comes from the <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/the-philosophical-writings-of-descartes-v-3\">Letter to Mersenne of 16 October 1639<\/a> (AT II 597; <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/the-philosophical-writings-of-descartes-v-3\">CSMK 139<\/a>), the <a href=\"https:\/\/earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1648.pdf\">Conversation with Burman<\/a> (AT V 158; <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/the-philosophical-writings-of-descartes-v-3\">CSMK 343<\/a>), and the <a href=\"https:\/\/dl1.cuni.cz\/pluginfile.php\/753874\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/Descartes%20Rene%20-%20Philosophical%20Writings.%20vol%201.pdf\">Comments on a Certain Broadsheet<\/a> (AT VIIIB 350; <a href=\"https:\/\/dl1.cuni.cz\/pluginfile.php\/753874\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/Descartes%20Rene%20-%20Philosophical%20Writings.%20vol%201.pdf\">CSM I 297\u201398<\/a>). Standard objections from eternal truths, true and immutable natures, principal attributes, divine perfections, and common notions can be answered by distinguishing the <em>truth-content<\/em> or <em>substantial-feature<\/em> status of these items from the <em>universal-form<\/em> abstracted from them. The universal-forms are <em><a href=\"https:\/\/mymemory.translated.net\/en\/Latin\/English\/modus-cogitandi\">modi cogitandi<\/a><\/em>; the truth-contents and substantial features have their own distinct status. The universal reading is therefore textually explicit, philosophically motivated, systematically supported, cross-textually confirmed, and dialectically necessary.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Bottom line<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The argument for the universal reading of I.58 has five layers:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item --><\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Textual<\/strong>: <em>alia omnia, quae universalia vocamus<\/em> is an unambiguous universal quantifier.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Philosophical<\/strong>: the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.57<\/u><\/span><\/a> argument for <em>number<\/em> and <em>duration<\/em> generalizes by its form to any universal.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Systematic<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.55\u201362<\/u><\/span><\/a> is a connected discussion that uniformly treats universals as <em>modi cogitandi<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Cross-textual<\/strong>: correspondence (Mersenne 1639, <a href=\"https:\/\/earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1648.pdf\">Burman<\/a> 1648), <em><a href=\"https:\/\/dl1.cuni.cz\/pluginfile.php\/753874\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/Descartes%20Rene%20-%20Philosophical%20Writings.%20vol%201.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>Comments on a Certain Broadsheet<\/u><\/span><\/a><\/em>, and the broader <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/nominalism-metaphysics\/\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>nominalist<\/u><\/span><\/a> current in the mature Descartes confirm the position.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Dialectical<\/strong>: the universal reading is the only economical and charitable interpretation; any restricted reading requires interpolating a distinction Descartes never draws.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This gives you a robust foundation for the anti-OR move that depends on treating <em>mode in general<\/em>, <em>substance in general<\/em>, <em>necessity<\/em>, and similar universals as non-OR-bearing <em><a href=\"https:\/\/mymemory.translated.net\/en\/Latin\/English\/modus-cogitandi\">modi cogitandi<\/a><\/em>. The Principles I.58 universally quantified reading is well-secured.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<p><!-- \/wp:separator --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/about\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-34054\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669.jpeg\" alt=\"A photographic cutout of a smiling Dr. David C. Ring, wearing dark glasses and a black shirt from the shoulders up, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669-150x150.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">I think there can be substances with two principal attributes, contrary to Descartes in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principle<\/em> I.53<\/a>:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>\u201cEach substance has one principal attribute. . . . A substance may indeed be known through any attribute at all; but each substance has one principal property which constitutes its nature and essence, and to which all its other properties are referred.&#8221;<\/strong> (<em>Principles<\/em> I.53; AT VIIIA 25; <a href=\"https:\/\/dl1.cuni.cz\/pluginfile.php\/753874\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/Descartes%20Rene%20-%20Philosophical%20Writings.%20vol%201.pdf\">CSM I 210<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"200\" class=\"wp-image-43183\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0768.png\" alt=\"A dark, rich metallic blue of Rodin\u2019s \u201cThe Thinker\u201d statue viewed from straight on with D.T.O.I. on his left upper forearm serving as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0768.png 747w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0768-150x300.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0768-513x1024.png 513w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0768-75x150.png 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 Can you think of any?<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"60\" class=\"wp-image-43087\" style=\"width: 300px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced image of Claude Opus 4.7 with a logo on the left side of an outline of a human head in left profile with a spiked star inside of the head.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-300x60.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-1024x204.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-150x30.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-768x153.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-1536x305.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-2048x407.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is a productive challenge to one of the most foundational and most contested doctrines in Cartesian metaphysics. The one-principal-attribute-per-substance thesis is what does the heavy lifting in Descartes&#8217;s mind-body real distinction argument, so finding plausible counterexamples is dialectically powerful. Let me work through candidates carefully, ranked by how strongly they press against I.53.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-white-color\" style=\"background-color: #cf2e2e;\">What &#8220;principal attribute&#8221; requires<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">To be a fair counterexample, a candidate substance must have <em>two<\/em> features, each of which:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Constitutes the nature or essence<\/strong> of the substance (not a derived or modal feature).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Is not reducible to or derivable from the other<\/strong> (otherwise there is really one attribute).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Has all other properties of the substance referred to it<\/strong> (each is a complete organizing nature, not a partial one).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">These are stiff requirements, and they are what make the one-attribute thesis substantive. Let me run candidates against them.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Candidate 1: <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-white-color\" style=\"background-color: #cf2e2e;\">God (infinite substance) with both <em>thought<\/em> and <em>power<\/em> (or <em>being itself<\/em>)<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is the strongest historical candidate, because Descartes himself struggles with it. Descartes treats God as having <em>infinite intellect<\/em> and <em>infinite will<\/em> (and infinite power, goodness, eternity, etc.) as <em>attributes<\/em>. In the Third Meditation and the Replies, these divine perfections appear as multiple essential features. Yet on the I.53 doctrine, God should have <em>one<\/em> principal attribute that organizes all the others.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Descartes&#8217;s solution (following the scholastic doctrine of divine simplicity) is to say that in God all the perfections are <em>really identical<\/em> with the divine essence and only <em>conceptually distinct<\/em> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principle<\/em> I.23<\/a>; AT VIIIA 14; <a href=\"https:\/\/dl1.cuni.cz\/pluginfile.php\/753874\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/Descartes%20Rene%20-%20Philosophical%20Writings.%20vol%201.pdf\">CSM I 200\u2013201<\/a>). But this is precisely the move you can challenge: if intellect and will (or knowledge and power) are <em>really<\/em> identical in God, then Descartes is asserting a strong identity claim that is philosophically substantive and not obviously true. If, on the other hand, they are only <em>conceptually<\/em> distinct in our grasp but really one, then we have to ask what the <em>one<\/em> principal attribute is\u2014and Descartes is famously evasive. Some commentators (Schmaltz, Carraud) suggest <em>infinite being<\/em> or <em>absolute perfection<\/em> as the principal attribute, but neither is a determinate enough feature to ground specific essential predicates the way <em>thought<\/em> grounds <em>willing<\/em>, <em>judging<\/em>, <em>imagining<\/em> in mental substance.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\"><strong>Strength of the case<\/strong>:<\/mark> Very strong. The divine simplicity doctrine is doing the work that the I.53 doctrine is supposed to do, but it is doing it by <em>fiat<\/em> rather than by argument. A reasonable alternative is to say God has multiple irreducible principal attributes (intellect, will, power, goodness), and the unity of the divine substance is not constituted by a single attribute but by some other principle (substantial unity, aseity, necessary existence).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\"><strong>Dialectical force<\/strong>:<\/mark> God is the case Descartes most needs to fit into his framework, and the fit is most strained precisely there. If God is plausibly a counterexample, the one-attribute thesis is not universally true.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Candidate 2: <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-white-color\" style=\"background-color: #cf2e2e;\">The human being as a <em>substantial union<\/em> of mind and body<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Descartes notoriously says the human being is a <em>substantial union<\/em> of mind and body (Sixth Meditation; Letter to Elisabeth, 21 May 1643; AT III 663\u2013668; <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/the-philosophical-writings-of-descartes-v-3\">CSMK 217\u201320<\/a>). The union is real and gives rise to <em>modes<\/em> that belong neither to the mind alone nor to the body alone\u2014sensations, emotions, appetites, the felt experience of being <em>one<\/em> embodied being.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">If the human being is itself a <em>substance<\/em> (which Descartes sometimes implies and sometimes denies\u2014this is the famous problem), then it has <em>both<\/em> thought <em>and<\/em> extension as essential features. The mind contributes thought; the body contributes extension; the union contributes the modes peculiar to embodiment. Neither thought nor extension is reducible to the other (Descartes is emphatic about their real distinction), and neither alone constitutes the nature of the human being as such.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\"><strong>Strength of the case<\/strong>:<\/mark> Moderate-to-strong, depending on whether one reads Descartes as committed to the human being as a <em>substance<\/em> in its own right. The textual evidence is mixed:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><em>For human being as substance<\/em>: the <em>substantial union<\/em> language; Descartes&#8217;s claim that the union is known by &#8220;the ordinary course of life&#8221; and is &#8220;primitive&#8221; (Letter to Elisabeth 28 June 1643; AT III 691\u2013695); the analogy of mind-body union to the union of weight and extension in a heavy body (Sixth Replies; <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Page:Descartes_-_%C5%92uvres,_%C3%A9d._Adam_et_Tannery,_VII.djvu\/472\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>AT VII 442<\/u><\/span><\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/the-philosophical-writings-of-descartes-v-2\/page\/298\/mode\/1up\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>CSM II 298<\/u><\/span><\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><em>Against human being as substance<\/em>: Descartes treats mind as the <em>real self<\/em> (Sixth Meditation; <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Page:Descartes_-_%C5%92uvres,_%C3%A9d._Adam_et_Tannery,_VII.djvu\/108\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>AT VII 78<\/u><\/span><\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/the-philosophical-writings-of-descartes-v-2\/page\/54\/mode\/1up\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>CSM II 54<\/u><\/span><\/a>) and the body as conjoined to it but not constituting one self.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The strongest reading (defended by<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/marleenhrozemond.weebly.com\/\">Marleen<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/marleen-rozemond\">Rozemond<\/a>\u00a0in <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/j.ctv1qdr03x\">Descartes\u2019s Dualism<\/a><\/em> (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ratemyprofessors.com\/professor\/298507\">Paul<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/philosophy.ucr.edu\/paul-hoffman-1952-2010\">Hoffman<\/a>, &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/phil160m14.wordpress.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/hoffman-unity.pdf\">The Unity of Descartes&#8217;s Man<\/a>,&#8221; (<em><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/asearch.pl?pub=798\">Philosophical Review<\/a><\/em>\u00a095, no. 3 (1986): 339\u201370)) is that the human being is a genuine substance with two principal attributes (thought and extension), and the substantial-union doctrine is exactly Descartes&#8217;s attempt to handle this. On this reading, the human being is a clear counterexample to I.53.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\"><strong>Dialectical force<\/strong>:<\/mark> Strong. It uses Descartes&#8217;s own substantial-union doctrine against the one-attribute thesis. The internal tension is real, and Descartes never resolved it cleanly.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Candidate 3: <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-white-color\" style=\"background-color: #cf2e2e;\">The created mind with <em>thought<\/em> and <em>receptivity to embodiment<\/em> (or <em>capacity for union<\/em>)<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">A weaker version of Candidate 2: even if we deny that the human being is a substance and insist the mind is the substance, the embodied mind has not only <em>thought<\/em> but also a <em>real capacity for union with a particular body<\/em>, which is essential to it being <em>this<\/em> human mind rather than another. Descartes implies in correspondence that each mind is specially fitted to its body (<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/the-philosophical-writings-of-descartes-v-3\">Letter to Mesland, 9 February 1645<\/a>; AT IV 166\u2013167; <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/the-philosophical-writings-of-descartes-v-3\">CSMK 242\u201343<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">If the mind&#8217;s <em>capacity for embodiment<\/em> is an <em>essential<\/em> feature (not a mode), and is not reducible to <em>thought<\/em>, then the mind has at least two principal attributes.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\"><strong>Strength of the case<\/strong>:<\/mark> Weaker than Candidate 2, because Descartes can plausibly reply that the capacity for embodiment is itself a <em>mode<\/em> of thought (a kind of thinking-toward-body), not a separate principal attribute.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\"><strong>Dialectical force<\/strong>:<\/mark> Moderate. Useful as a fallback if Candidate 2 is resisted.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Candidate 4: <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-white-color\" style=\"background-color: #cf2e2e;\">A finite mental substance with <em>thought<\/em> and <em>willing as a distinct power<\/em><\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">In the Fourth Meditation and the Passions, Descartes treats <em>intellect<\/em> and <em>will<\/em> as two distinct faculties of the mind, where will is not strictly reducible to intellect (the will is the source of error, the locus of freedom; it can outrun the intellect&#8217;s clear and distinct perception). If intellect (or thought broadly) and will are <em>both<\/em> essential features of mental substance and not reducible to a single principal attribute, then the mind has two principal attributes.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The standard reply is that <em>thought<\/em> in the broad sense includes both intellection and volition (Principles I.32: thought encompasses understanding, willing, imagining, sensing). So intellect and will are <em>modes of thought<\/em>, not separate principal attributes.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\"><strong>Strength of the case<\/strong>:<\/mark> Weak as stated, because Descartes has a ready reply (broad thought includes both). But the case can be sharpened: if will has <em>genuinely independent<\/em> features (libertarian indifference, the power to assent or dissent) that intellect lacks, and these are essential rather than modal, then the broad-thought reply is unstable.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\"><strong>Dialectical force<\/strong>:<\/mark> Weak-to-moderate. Useful for showing that even within mental substance the unity-of-principal-attribute thesis is strained.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Candidate 5: <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-white-color\" style=\"background-color: #cf2e2e;\">A corporeal substance with <em>extension<\/em> and <em>motion<\/em> (or <em>extension<\/em> and <em>impenetrability<\/em>)<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Some commentators (notably <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/daniel-garber\">Daniel<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Garber_(philosopher)\">Garber<\/a>,\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_Metaphysical_Physics.html?id=BLUCPEFJ9TUC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Descartes\u2019 Metaphysical Physics<\/a><\/em>) have argued that <em>motion<\/em> in Cartesian physics is not strictly a <em>mode of extension<\/em> but plays a more fundamental role, since extension alone cannot distinguish one body from another (parts of a homogeneous extended plenum are not distinguishable without motion). Similarly, <em>impenetrability<\/em> or <em>solidity<\/em> arguably cannot be derived from extension alone.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">If motion or impenetrability is an essential rather than modal feature of corporeal substance, then corporeal substance has at least two principal attributes.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\"><strong>Strength of the case<\/strong>:<\/mark> Moderate. Descartes formally treats motion as a mode (Principles II.25), and treats impenetrability as derivable from extension. But the philosophical reasons for those reductions are not strong (Leibniz famously presses against Descartes that extension alone cannot ground real bodies, which requires a further active principle).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\"><strong>Dialectical force<\/strong>:<\/mark> Moderate. This is a more technical case requiring engagement with Cartesian physics.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Candidate 6: <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-white-color\" style=\"background-color: #cf2e2e;\">A modern panpsychist substance with <em>thought<\/em> and <em>extension<\/em> as ontologically co-fundamental<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">A more speculative candidate: if one holds (as some contemporary philosophers do) that thought and extension are <em>both<\/em> fundamental and that some substances (perhaps all) instantiate both, then any such substance is a counterexample. Spinoza&#8217;s single substance with infinitely many attributes (Ethics I) is the most famous historical version: thought and extension are both essential attributes of the one substance.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\"><strong>Strength of the case<\/strong>:<\/mark> Strong as a <em>philosophical<\/em> counterexample, weak as a <em>Cartesian<\/em> one (since Descartes would simply reject the metaphysics).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\"><strong>Dialectical force<\/strong>:<\/mark> Strong against the <em>I.53 thesis as a universal metaphysical claim<\/em>; weak against I.53 <em>as Descartes&#8217;s own doctrine<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Candidate 7: <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-white-color\" style=\"background-color: #cf2e2e;\">A neutral monist substance with <em>thought<\/em> and <em>extension<\/em> as aspects of one underlying nature<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Russell-style neutral monism, or contemporary panprotopsychism: one substance with two principal organizing features (mental and physical), each irreducible.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\"><strong>Strength<\/strong>:<\/mark> Strong philosophically, weak as Cartesian exegesis.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-white-color\" style=\"background-color: #cf2e2e;\">My ranking and recommendation<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The three strongest candidates <em>internal to Descartes&#8217;s own system<\/em> are:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><strong>God<\/strong>, due to the divine simplicity strain (intellect, will, power, goodness all appear essential).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>The human being as substantial union<\/strong>, due to the tension between thought and extension as two essential features of one being.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>The created mind with intellect and will<\/strong>, if these are taken as genuinely distinct essential features rather than modes of broad thought.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The strongest <em>philosophical<\/em> candidates (independent of Cartesian exegesis) are Spinoza-style or neutral-monist substances.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-white-color\" style=\"background-color: #cf2e2e;\">Why this matters for your post and the OR project<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">If the one-principal-attribute thesis is not universally true\u2014if some substances have two or more\u2014then several downstream Cartesian doctrines become more flexible:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\">The mind-body real distinction argument depends on thought and extension being principal attributes of <em>distinct<\/em> substances. If a single substance can have both, then the argument is undermined or at least requires further premises.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">The OR-ranking apparatus relies on a clean ontological hierarchy (mode \/ finite substance \/ infinite substance), and the hierarchy is partly individuated by principal attributes. If substances can have multiple principal attributes, then OR-ranking becomes more complex: what is the OR of an idea of a substance with two principal attributes? Is it the OR of a finite substance, or something further?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">The substantial-union doctrine becomes more tractable: the human being as a substance with both thought and extension is no longer an anomaly but a regular case.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">The pro-OR reader&#8217;s reconstructions of relational and necessary content become harder: relations like <em>a mind is united with this body<\/em> now connect features of <em>one<\/em> substance with two attributes rather than features of two distinct substances, which changes the modal-cognitive analysis.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">For your DTOI project specifically, multiple-principal-attribute substances would add another class of cases the OR apparatus has trouble with: the OR-content of an idea of such a substance cannot be cleanly ranked, because there is no single principal attribute organizing its nature for OR to track.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-white-color\" style=\"background-color: #cf2e2e;\">A direct answer<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The three most plausible internal-Cartesian candidates are <strong>God<\/strong> (where divine simplicity strains under the weight of intellect-will-power-goodness as essential features), <strong>the human being as substantial union<\/strong> (where thought and extension both appear essential to one being), and possibly <strong>the mind with intellect and will as genuinely distinct essential powers<\/strong>. Each presses against <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.53<\/a> in a different way, and the first two are textually well-supported.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Externally, <strong>Spinoza&#8217;s single substance with infinitely many attributes<\/strong> is the most famous philosophical counterexample, and contemporary neutral monism or dual-aspect monism gives further philosophical candidates.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Of these, the human being as substantial union is probably the most dialectically powerful for your purposes, because it uses Descartes&#8217;s own substantial-union doctrine against the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.53<\/a> thesis, and because it shows that Descartes himself never resolved the internal tension.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-white-color\" style=\"background-color: #cf2e2e;\">Bottom line<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Yes, there are plausible counterexamples to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.53<\/a>, and the strongest are internal to Descartes&#8217;s own system. The human being as a substantial union is the most dialectically powerful, because it uses Descartes&#8217;s own doctrine of substantial union against the one-attribute thesis. God under divine simplicity is the second, because the divine perfections strain the requirement that <em>one<\/em> principal attribute organize the substance&#8217;s nature. The mind with intellect and will as genuinely distinct essential powers is a third, weaker, but still serious candidate. Externally, Spinozistic and neutral-monist substances are clean philosophical counterexamples that show the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.53<\/a> thesis is not universally true even if it is true within Cartesian-style dualist metaphysics.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/about\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-34054\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669.jpeg\" alt=\"A photographic cutout of a smiling Dr. David C. Ring, wearing dark glasses and a black shirt from the shoulders up, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669-150x150.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"94\" class=\"wp-image-42647\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0484.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0484.png 2048w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0484-300x283.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0484-1024x967.png 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0484-150x142.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0484-768x725.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0484-1536x1451.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/>Go into detail as to how Descartes thinks that number in general is only a mode of thinking.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"94\" class=\"wp-image-42647\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0484.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0484.png 2048w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0484-300x283.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0484-1024x967.png 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0484-150x142.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0484-768x725.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0484-1536x1451.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/>If minds did not exist, according to Descartes, would number not exist?<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"60\" class=\"wp-image-43087\" style=\"width: 300px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced image of Claude Opus 4.7 with a logo on the left side of an outline of a human head in left profile with a spiked star inside of the head.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-300x60.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-1024x204.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-150x30.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-768x153.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-1536x305.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-2048x407.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Excellent and probing questions. This goes to the heart of Descartes&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/nominalism-metaphysics\/\">nominalism<\/a>\/<a href=\"https:\/\/iep.utm.edu\/concepts\/#SH2a\">conceptualism<\/a> and to a deep tension between his treatment of <em>number<\/em> and his treatment of <em>eternal truths<\/em>. Let me work through both parts carefully.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Part I: <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">How Descartes thinks number-in-general is only a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em><\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The key texts are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles<\/em> I.55<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.57<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.58<\/a>, which form a connected argument. Let me reconstruct it step by step.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} --><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00a0 \u00a0 Step 1: <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">The distinction between number-in-things and number-in-general<\/mark><\/h4>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles<\/em> I.55<\/a> (AT VIIIA 26; <a href=\"https:\/\/dl1.cuni.cz\/pluginfile.php\/753874\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/Descartes%20Rene%20-%20Philosophical%20Writings.%20vol%201.pdf\">CSM I 211<\/a>) introduces a key distinction that runs through the whole discussion. Descartes says that <em>duration<\/em>, <em>order<\/em>, and <em>number<\/em> can be considered in two different ways:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">&#8220;Some attributes are in the things themselves of which they are said to be attributes, while others are only in our thought. For example, when <strong>time<\/strong> is distinguished from <strong>duration<\/strong> taken in the general sense and is called the measure of movement, it is <strong>simply a mode of thinking<\/strong>.&#8221; (AT VIIIA 26\u201327; <a href=\"https:\/\/dl1.cuni.cz\/pluginfile.php\/753874\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/Descartes%20Rene%20-%20Philosophical%20Writings.%20vol%201.pdf\">CSM I 212<\/a>; bold not in original)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Then in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.57<\/a>, after discussing duration and time:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">&#8220;<strong>Number<\/strong>, also, when it is considered simply in the abstract or in general, and not in any created things, is <strong>merely a mode of thinking<\/strong>.&#8221; (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">Principles I.58<\/a>; AT VIIIA 27; <a href=\"https:\/\/dl1.cuni.cz\/pluginfile.php\/753874\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/Descartes%20Rene%20-%20Philosophical%20Writings.%20vol%201.pdf\">CSM I 212<\/a>; bold not in original)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">So Descartes draws a sharp distinction:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Number-in-things<\/strong> (<em>numerus in rebus<\/em>): the actual multiplicity of created things\u2014e.g., the actual five fingers on a hand, the actual three sides of a particular triangle, the actual two horses in a field. This is a <em>real<\/em> feature of the world, on the side of created substance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Number-in-general<\/strong> (<em>numerus in genere<\/em>, or <em>in abstracto<\/em>): the abstract idea of <em>five<\/em>, <em>three<\/em>, <em>two<\/em>, etc., considered apart from any particular instance. This is on the side of the mind that abstracts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The argument for the second clause is that <em>number-in-general<\/em> has no existence apart from the abstracting mind. There is no Platonic Five floating in a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Third_Realm\">third realm<\/a>, nor is there a real universal <em>fiveness<\/em> inhering in things (in the way the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/askphilosophy\/comments\/5bp74z\/what_were_the_aristotelian_elements_of_scholastic\/\">scholastics<\/a> sometimes maintained). There are only particular collections of five things, and the mind&#8217;s abstractive activity that draws out <em>five<\/em> as a single representable content.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} --><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00a0 \u00a0 Step 2: <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">The argument for why number-in-general must be on the side of the mind<\/mark><\/h4>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Descartes does not give a fully developed philosophical argument for this thesis in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.57\u201358<\/a>, but the argument can be reconstructed from the surrounding text and from his general anti-Platonist, anti-<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/askphilosophy\/comments\/5bp74z\/what_were_the_aristotelian_elements_of_scholastic\/\">scholastic<\/a>-realist commitments. The argument has three premises:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong>(<mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">P1<\/mark>) The only items that exist independently of minds are substances and their modes.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is the basic Cartesian ontology (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles<\/em> I.51\u201353<\/a>). Substances are mental, corporeal, or divine. Modes are particular ways substances are: this thought, this shape, this motion. Anything that exists must be a substance or a mode of a substance.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong>(<mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">P2<\/mark>) Number-in-general is not a substance, nor a mode of any particular substance.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Number-in-general is not a substance: it has no independent existence, no causal powers, no spatial or temporal location. It is not a thought (which would make it a mode of a thinking substance) or a shape (which would make it a mode of an extended substance).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Could it be a mode of a <em>particular<\/em> substance? No: the number <em>five<\/em> is not a mode of <em>this hand<\/em> (the hand has five fingers, but <em>five<\/em> abstracted from the hand is not a feature of the hand). It is not a mode of any particular substance because by definition it is <em>abstracted from<\/em> all particulars.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong>(<mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">P3<\/mark>) Whatever exists but is not a substance or a mode of a particular substance must be a <em>mode of thinking<\/em>\u2014i.e., a mode of the abstracting mind.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">If number-in-general exists at all (and Descartes does not want to deny that we think numerically), it must exist as something. The only remaining option in Cartesian ontology is as a mode of the thinking substance that does the abstracting. The mind, when it abstracts from particular collections, produces a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>\u2014a particular way of thinking\u2014that we call <em>the idea of five<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong>(<mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">C<\/mark>) Therefore number-in-general is a mode of thinking.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is the I.58 conclusion. The same argument generalizes to all universals, as discussed in the previous reply.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} --><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00a0 \u00a0 Step 3: <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">What this means in practice<\/mark><\/h4>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">When the mind considers five horses, three triangles, and two trees, it can perform an <em>abstractive operation<\/em>: it can drop the differences (horses, triangles, trees) and retain only the multiplicity. The resulting thought is <em>the idea of five<\/em> (or <em>three<\/em>, or <em>two<\/em>) considered in abstraction. This thought is a particular mode of the thinker&#8217;s mind at a particular time.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">If a different mind performs the same operation, it has a <em>numerically distinct<\/em> mode of thinking (its own <em>idea of five<\/em>). The two ideas are similar in content (both abstract <em>five<\/em>) but distinct as modes of distinct substances.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">So <em>number-in-general<\/em> is not one item shared across minds; it is a <em>type<\/em> of <em>modus cogitandi<\/em> that any abstracting mind can produce. Each instance is a particular mode of a particular thinking substance. There is no further item <em>five-in-itself<\/em> over and above these particular abstractive thoughts.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} --><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00a0 \u00a0 Step 4: <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">How this fits Descartes&#8217;s anti-scholastic, anti-Platonist program<\/mark><\/h4>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is a direct attack on two earlier positions:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/platonism\/\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>Platonism<\/u><\/span><\/a><\/strong>: there are Forms (e.g., <em>the Five Itself<\/em>) existing independently of minds and of particulars, which particular collections of five things participate in. Descartes rejects this: there is no such item.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Scholastic moderate realism<\/strong>: there are real universals (<em>universalia in re<\/em>) inhering in particulars, which the mind grasps. Descartes rejects this too: universals exist only in the abstracting mind.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Descartes&#8217;s position is closest to a <em><a href=\"https:\/\/iep.utm.edu\/concepts\/#SH2a\">conceptualist<\/a><\/em> or <em>moderate <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/nominalism-metaphysics\/\">nominalist<\/a><\/em> position: universals exist as <em>modi cogitandi<\/em>, particular abstractive thoughts in particular minds. They have no independent or in-things existence as universals.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} --><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00a0 \u00a0 Step 5: <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Why number-in-things does not have universal status<\/mark><\/h4>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Note that number-in-things (the five fingers on the hand) is <em>not<\/em> a universal. It is a particular feature of a particular hand\u2014the multiplicity of <em>this hand&#8217;s<\/em> fingers. The hand has five fingers as a real numerical-modal feature. But this is <em>particular<\/em>, not universal. The universal is what the mind constructs when it abstracts from this particular and others.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">So the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.58<\/a> doctrine is <em>not<\/em> that all number is mind-dependent. It is that <em>number-considered-in-the-abstract-or-in-general<\/em> is mind-dependent. Number as a real feature of particular collections (this hand&#8217;s five-fingeredness) is fully real, on the side of created substance, and is not a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is a crucial distinction, because it answers the obvious objection: &#8220;Surely the five fingers on my hand exist even if no one is counting them.&#8221; Yes\u2014<em>as a particular real feature of the hand<\/em>. What does not exist apart from minds is <em>the universal idea of five<\/em>, the abstract item.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Part II: <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">If minds did not exist, would number not exist?<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is the key question, and the answer requires careful disentangling. The short answer is: <strong>number-in-things would still exist; number-in-general would not.<\/strong> But the full answer is more interesting and reveals a deep tension in Descartes&#8217;s system.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} --><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00a0 \u00a0 Case 1: <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">If God exists but no created minds exist<\/mark><\/h4>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is the cleanest case. In this scenario:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\">Corporeal substance exists (assuming God creates it).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Particular bodies have particular numerical features: this body is one body, that aggregate is two bodies, etc. These are particular numerical features of particular substances and modes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>No abstracting created mind exists<\/strong> to perform the abstractive operation that yields number-in-general.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>God&#8217;s intellect still exists<\/strong>, however. And here is where Descartes&#8217;s system gets interesting.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Descartes&#8217;s doctrine of the <em>creation of the eternal truths<\/em> (Letters to Mersenne, 15 April 1630, 6 May 1630, 27 May 1630; AT I 145, 149, 152; <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/the-philosophical-writings-of-descartes-v-3\">CSMK 23\u201325<\/a>) says that mathematical and metaphysical truths are <em>freely created by God<\/em>. They depend on God&#8217;s will. They exist <em>in God&#8217;s intellect<\/em> as objects of God&#8217;s thought (or, more precisely, as effects of God&#8217;s free creative will).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">So if God exists but no created minds exist:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Number-in-things<\/strong> exists (in actual creatures, if there are any).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Number-in-general<\/strong> as the universal idea exists in <em>God&#8217;s intellect<\/em>\u2014or, more accurately, in God&#8217;s understanding-and-willing that there be such intelligible structure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Number-in-general<\/strong> does <em>not<\/em> exist in the sense of being abstracted by created minds, because there are no created minds.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The eternal truths about number (e.g., <em>2+3=5<\/em>) are real and eternal because God has created them so. They exist independently of any created mind&#8217;s grasping them. But they exist as objects\/effects of divine intellection, not as Platonic Forms in a third realm and not as universals inhering in things.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is the standard reading of Descartes: he is a <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/nominalism-metaphysics\/\">nominalist<\/a> about universals as items in the created world or in a Platonic third realm, but he allows that mathematical truths have eternal-truth status grounded in God&#8217;s free creative act. There is a tension between the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.58<\/a> <em>modus cogitandi<\/em> doctrine and the eternal-truths doctrine, but Descartes resolves it by saying that the <em>modus cogitandi<\/em> status is for <em>created<\/em> mental abstraction, while the <em>eternal truth<\/em> status is for God&#8217;s intellection (or willing).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} --><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00a0 \u00a0 Case 2: <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">If no minds exist at all (not even God)<\/mark><\/h4>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is a hypothetical Descartes would reject as metaphysically impossible\u2014God&#8217;s existence is necessary in Descartes&#8217;s system. But the <em>counterfactual<\/em> is illuminating.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">If no minds existed at all:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Number-in-things<\/mark> would still exist <em>if<\/em> corporeal substance existed (since particular collections have particular numerical features as modes). But without God, there would be no corporeal substance to begin with, since God is the cause of all created substance (Third Meditation).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Number-in-general<\/mark> would not exist in any sense\u2014no created mind to abstract, no divine intellect to ground the eternal truth.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Eternal truths about number<\/mark> would not exist either, since they are creatures of God&#8217;s free will.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">So in the strict counterfactual where <em>no minds at all<\/em> exist (including God), nothing whatsoever exists, and <em>a fortiori<\/em> nothing numerical.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">But this is a <em><strong>degenerate<\/strong><\/em> case. The <strong>substantive question<\/strong> is the previous one.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} --><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00a0 \u00a0 Case 3: <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">The interesting intermediate case\u2014created bodies but no created minds, with God<\/mark><\/h4>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is the case that best isolates the question. Here:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\">God creates corporeal substance, with particular bodies in particular numerical configurations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">God creates no created minds.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">In this scenario:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\">Particular bodies have particular numerical features (this body, those three bodies, etc.).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><em>Number-in-general<\/em> exists only in God&#8217;s intellect, as the eternal truth (or as God&#8217;s grasp of the intelligible structure of multiplicity).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><em>Number-in-general as a created modus cogitandi<\/em> does not exist, because there are no created abstracting minds.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">So <strong>Descartes would say<\/strong>: yes, number-in-things would still exist (as features of particular bodies), and the eternal truths about number would still exist (in God&#8217;s intellect or as effects of God&#8217;s creative will). But <em>number-in-general considered as a created-mind-dependent abstraction<\/em> would not exist.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">The tension Descartes never fully resolved<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">You can press here: Is the <em>number-in-general in God&#8217;s intellect<\/em> the same item as the <em>number-in-general<\/em> of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.58<\/a>? If so, then <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.58<\/a> should not say <em>number-in-general is merely a modus cogitandi<\/em>, since it is also in God&#8217;s intellect as an eternal truth. If not, then there are <em>two<\/em> items called <em>number-in-general<\/em>, one a created <em>modus cogitandi<\/em> and one a divine eternal truth, and Descartes owes an account of their relation.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The standard scholarly answers <a href=\"https:\/\/marleenhrozemond.weebly.com\/\">Marleen<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/marleen-rozemond\">Rozemond<\/a>,<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/arts\/educational-magazines\/kenny-anthony-1931\">Anthony<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anthony_Kenny\">Kenny<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/philarchive.org\/s\/Lawrence%20Nolan\">Lawrence<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Primary_and_Secondary_Qualities.html?id=_cIkTLLkxOgC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Nolan<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.umass.edu\/philosophy\/news\/memoriam-vere-chappell-1930-2019\">Vere<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vere_Chappell\">Chappell<\/a>, or <a href=\"https:\/\/fds.duke.edu\/db\/aas\/Philosophy\/faculty\/tad.schmaltz\">Tad<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tad_Schmaltz\">Schmaltz<\/a> read Descartes as holding:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><strong>In created minds<\/strong>: the universal <em>five-in-general<\/em> is a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.58<\/u><\/span><\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>In God<\/strong>: there is no Platonic <em>Five Itself<\/em> and no inhering universal, but there is God&#8217;s <em>grasp<\/em> of (or willing of) the eternal truth that <em>five is the successor of four<\/em>, etc. This is <em>in God&#8217;s intellect<\/em> but is not a Platonic universal. It is closer to a feature of God&#8217;s intellectual activity, which is grounded in God&#8217;s will.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The relation between the two is <em>not identity<\/em>: the created mind&#8217;s <em>modus cogitandi<\/em> is a similar but numerically distinct mode of <em>the created thinking substance<\/em>, not a direct grasping of an item in God&#8217;s intellect. The two are <em>similar in content<\/em>\u2014both are about <em>fiveness<\/em>\u2014but exist in different ontological locations.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This means that <em>number-in-general<\/em>, in the strict sense of <em>a single item shared across minds and across created\/divine realms<\/em>, does not exist in Descartes&#8217;s system. What exists is:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\">Particular numerical features of particular created things (real, in things).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Created minds&#8217; <em>modi cogitandi<\/em> when abstracting (real, in created minds).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">God&#8217;s grasp\/willing of eternal truths about number (real, in God&#8217;s intellect\/will).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">These are three different ontological locations of <em>number-related content<\/em>. They are similar but not identical, and Descartes&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.58<\/a> doctrine is specifically about (2).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Direct answer to the counterfactual<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>If created minds did not exist (but God did): number-in-things would still exist as features of created bodies, and the eternal truths about number would still exist in God&#8217;s intellect, but the abstractive <em>modi cogitandi<\/em> that I.58 identifies as number-in-general would not exist.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>If no minds at all existed (including God): nothing would exist, since God&#8217;s existence is the ground of all being for Descartes. So number-in-things would also not exist (no created bodies), and eternal truths about number would also not exist.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The most precise answer is: <strong>on Descartes&#8217;s view, number-in-general as a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em> is strictly mind-dependent and would not exist without abstracting minds. But the <em>eternal truths about number<\/em> are grounded in God&#8217;s free creative act and would exist as long as God exists. And <em>number-in-things<\/em> is a real feature of particular substances and exists as long as those substances do.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Why this matters for the OR project<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This bears directly on your anti-OR argument in two ways.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>First<\/strong>, it strengthens the case that <em>the idea of number-in-general<\/em> lacks <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> content. The proposition we developed earlier\u2014<em>a mode is necessarily related to a substance<\/em>\u2014has the same structure. Both involve universals that, on Descartes&#8217;s own <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.58<\/a> doctrine, are <em>modi cogitandi<\/em> rather than OR-bearing items at a rank. Numbers-in-general, like <em>mode<\/em>-in-general and <em>substance<\/em>-in-general, are not finite corporeal substances, not finite mental substances, not modes of particular substances, and not infinite substance. They are <em>modes of the abstracting created mind<\/em>. The <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> apparatus has no rank for them.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Second<\/strong>, it sharpens the contrast with <em>number-in-things<\/em>. When the meditator has an idea of <em>five horses<\/em>, the <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> content is the <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> of <em>horse<\/em> (finite corporeal substance) \u00d75 (the multiplicity is a real feature of the represented horses). But when the meditator has an idea of <em>five-in-general<\/em>, abstracted from any particular collection, there is no represented finite corporeal or mental substance\u2014the content is a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em> of the abstracting mind, not a represented object at a rank. No <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This gives you a clean handle on a wide class of abstract mathematical thoughts. Geometrical and arithmetical <em>propositions about particular figures or collections<\/em> may have <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> content (via the represented particulars or their true and immutable natures). Geometrical and arithmetical <em>thoughts about universals<\/em>\u2014<em>number-in-general<\/em>, <em>triangle-in-general<\/em>, <em>figure-in-general<\/em>\u2014are <em>modi cogitandi<\/em> and lack <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Bottom line<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>On how Descartes thinks number-in-general is only a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>:<\/strong> Descartes distinguishes <em>number-in-things<\/em> (real numerical features of created particulars) from <em>number-in-general<\/em> (abstract universal <em>fiveness<\/em>, <em>threeness<\/em>, etc.). The latter has no place in the basic Cartesian ontology of substances and modes, because it is not a substance and not a mode of any particular created thing. The only ontological location left for it is as a mode of the abstracting created mind\u2014a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>. This is the result of running the standard Cartesian ontological-elimination argument against all available alternatives (Platonic Forms, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Scholasticism\/Maturity-of-Scholasticism\">scholastic<\/a> real universals).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>On whether number would exist if minds did not:<\/strong> Descartes&#8217;s answer is nuanced. <em>Number-in-things<\/em> (particular numerical features of created substances) would exist as long as created substances exist, regardless of created minds. <em>The eternal truths about number<\/em> would exist as long as God exists, since they are grounded in God&#8217;s free creative act and are present in God&#8217;s intellect. <em>Number-in-general as a created modus cogitandi<\/em> would not exist without created abstracting minds. The strict <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.58<\/a> doctrine targets only the third item; it does not entail that number-in-things or eternal truths about number depend on created minds. But it does entail that <em>the universal item<\/em> that we ordinarily call <em>the number five considered in itself<\/em> has no existence apart from the abstracting created mind\u2014there is no Platonic Five and no real universal <em>fiveness<\/em> inhering in things.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/about\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-34054\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669.jpeg\" alt=\"A photographic cutout of a smiling Dr. David C. Ring, wearing dark glasses and a black shirt from the shoulders up, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669-150x150.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong>(<mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">S1<\/mark>)<\/strong> Would Descartes consider <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gold\">gold<\/a> to be a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/substance\/D7063A064EC489CCDA11B31545CEEE0D\">substance<\/a>?<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong>(<mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">S2<\/mark>)<\/strong> I argue that <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gold\">gold<\/a> is a Cartesian <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/abs\/cambridge-descartes-lexicon\/substance\/D7063A064EC489CCDA11B31545CEEE0D\">substance<\/a> because we can argue that <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gold\">gold<\/a> has as its principal attribute that it is made of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gold\">gold<\/a>. The principal attribute of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gold\">gold<\/a> is goldness, being made of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gold\">gold<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"173\" class=\"wp-image-42558\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_9635.png\" alt=\"A gray metal flagpole with a red flag flying to the left with a white D.T.O.I. on it serves as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_9635.png 1186w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_9635-174x300.png 174w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_9635-593x1024.png 593w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_9635-87x150.png 87w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_9635-768x1326.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_9635-890x1536.png 890w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/>\u00a0 Critically assess the <em>merits<\/em> or <em>objections<\/em> to my proposal for <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gold\">gold\u2019s<\/a> principal attribute.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"60\" class=\"wp-image-43087\" style=\"width: 300px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced image of Claude Opus 4.7 with a logo on the left side of an outline of a human head in left profile with a spiked star inside of the head.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-300x60.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-1024x204.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-150x30.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-768x153.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-1536x305.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-2048x407.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Excellent and provocative move. You are pushing on a genuinely underdeveloped corner of Cartesian metaphysics\u2014the ontological status of <em>kinds of stuff<\/em>\u2014and the proposal deserves serious philosophical assessment. Let me take the two questions in turn.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">(<mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">S1<\/mark>) <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Would Descartes consider gold to be a substance?<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is harder than it looks, and the honest answer is: <strong>Descartes&#8217;s official doctrine forces a &#8220;no,&#8221; but his actual practice and the looseness of his terminology leave room for a more permissive reading.<\/strong> Let me lay out both sides.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} --><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">The official &#8220;no&#8221; answer<\/mark><\/h4>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">On the strict <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles<\/em> I.51\u201353<\/a> doctrine, there are exactly three substances or substance-kinds in Descartes&#8217;s mature ontology:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><strong>God<\/strong> (infinite substance).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Mental substance<\/strong> (finite, with thought as principal attribute).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Corporeal substance<\/strong> (finite, with extension as principal attribute).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Strictly speaking, <em>all<\/em> corporeal nature is one substance (or one kind of substance), individuated only by motion and the configuration of its parts. Gold is not a <em>further<\/em> substance; it is a <em>region of extended matter with a particular configuration of parts and motions<\/em> that gives rise to the modes we call <em>yellow<\/em>, <em>heavy<\/em>, <em>malleable<\/em>, <em>soluble in aqua regia<\/em>, etc.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is the <em>mechanist<\/em> reduction at the heart of Cartesian physics: there are no irreducible chemical kinds in nature. What we call <em>gold<\/em> is, at the fundamental level, just <em>extended matter<\/em> configured in a particular way. The &#8220;goldness&#8221; of gold is a complex modal feature of a region of corporeal substance, not a distinct substantial nature.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Descartes is explicit about this kind of reduction in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles<\/em> IV.198\u2013200<\/a> (AT VIIIA 322\u201324; <a href=\"https:\/\/dl1.cuni.cz\/pluginfile.php\/753874\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/Descartes%20Rene%20-%20Philosophical%20Writings.%20vol%201.pdf\">CSM I 285\u201386<\/a>), where he argues that the sensible qualities of bodies (colors, tastes, smells, including those that distinguish gold from lead) are reducible to the <em>size, shape, position, and motion<\/em> of insensible corpuscles. Gold differs from lead not by having a different <em>principal attribute<\/em> but by having a different <em>configuration<\/em> of extended parts.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">So on Descartes&#8217;s official mechanist-reductionist metaphysics, gold is not a substance. It is a <em><a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/natural-kinds\/\">natural kind<\/a><\/em> picked out by a complex set of modes of a region of corporeal substance.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} --><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">The looser &#8220;yes&#8221; answer<\/mark><\/h4>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">But Descartes&#8217;s own usage of <em>substance<\/em> is not always strict. He sometimes uses <em>substance<\/em> in a broader, more <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/aristotle\/#Hyl\">Aristotelian<\/a>&#8211;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/askphilosophy\/comments\/5bp74z\/what_were_the_aristotelian_elements_of_scholastic\/\">scholastic<\/a> sense to mean <em>a thing or being<\/em> in a fairly ordinary sense. In several places he talks about <em>bodies<\/em> (in the plural) as substances:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u><em>Principles<\/em> II.1<\/u><\/span><\/a> (AT VIIIA 40; <a href=\"https:\/\/dl1.cuni.cz\/pluginfile.php\/753874\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/Descartes%20Rene%20-%20Philosophical%20Writings.%20vol%201.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>CSM I 223<\/u><\/span><\/a>): &#8220;the body that we call our own.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Sixth Meditation (<a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Page:Descartes_-_%C5%92uvres,_%C3%A9d._Adam_et_Tannery,_VII.djvu\/108\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>AT VII 78<\/u><\/span><\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/the-philosophical-writings-of-descartes-v-2\/page\/54\/mode\/1up\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>CSM II 54<\/u><\/span><\/a>): treats <em>this body<\/em> as a substance distinct from the mind.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ckcc.huygens.knaw.nl\/epistolarium\/letter.html?id=desc004\/5323\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>Letter to Gibieuf, 19 January 1642<\/u><\/span><\/a> (AT III 477; <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/the-philosophical-writings-of-descartes-v-3\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>CSMK 202\u2013203<\/u><\/span><\/a>): discusses <em>a body<\/em> as a substance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">If <em>this body<\/em> (e.g., my hand, this stone, this piece of wax) can be called <em>a substance<\/em> in some legitimate Cartesian sense, then <em>this piece of gold<\/em> can presumably also be called a substance in the same sense. And by extension, <em>gold<\/em> as a kind might be a <em>substance-kind<\/em> in a loose sense, even if not in the strict <em>Principles<\/em> I.53 sense.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The wax passage in the Second Meditation (<a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Page:Descartes_-_%C5%92uvres,_%C3%A9d._Adam_et_Tannery,_VII.djvu\/60\">AT VII 30\u201331<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/the-philosophical-writings-of-descartes-v-2\/page\/54\/mode\/1up\">CSM II 20\u201321<\/a>) is instructive. Descartes treats <em>the wax<\/em> as <em>a thing<\/em> (<em>res<\/em>) whose essence is extension and whose various sensible features (color, shape, hardness, melting behavior) are modes. He never quite says <em>the wax is a substance<\/em>, but he treats it as a <em>bearer of modes<\/em>, which is one of the standard <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Scholasticism\/Maturity-of-Scholasticism\">scholastic<\/a> marks of substance.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">So there is a tension in Descartes between:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\"><strong>Strict reading<\/strong>:<\/mark> there is one corporeal substance (extended matter), and all bodies are particular configurations of it.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\"><strong>Loose reading<\/strong>:<\/mark> each individual body (this wax, this stone, this piece of gold) is <em>a substance<\/em> in the sense of <em>a bearer of modes<\/em>, and kinds of bodies (wax, stone, gold) are <em>substance-kinds<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/marleenhrozemond.weebly.com\/\">Marleen<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/marleen-rozemond\">Rozemond<\/a> (<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/j.ctv1qdr03x\">Descartes\u2019s Dualism<\/a><\/em>, Ch. 1) and <a href=\"https:\/\/philpeople.org\/profiles\/daniel-garber\">Daniel<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Garber_(philosopher)\">Garber<\/a> (<em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Descartes_Metaphysical_Physics.html?id=BLUCPEFJ9TUC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;gboemv=1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Descartes\u2019 Metaphysical Physics<\/a><\/em>, Ch. 5) both discuss this tension at length. The standard scholarly verdict is that Descartes never fully resolved it, and that he uses <em>substance<\/em> in both ways at different points.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} --><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">My judgment on S1<\/mark><\/h4>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">For your dialectical purposes, the <em>most defensible<\/em> position is:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Gold is a substance in the broad scholastic sense of <em>a bearer of modes<\/em>, but it is not a substance in the strict <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles<\/em> I.51<\/a> sense of <em>a thing existing in such a way as to depend on no other thing for its existence<\/em>.<\/strong> Gold depends on God for its existence (like all created things) and depends on corporeal substance (extension) for its being a body. Strictly, it is a <em>kind of body<\/em>\u2014a configuration of extended matter\u2014not a further independent substance.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">You can run your argument either way:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\"><strong>If you accept the strict reading<\/strong>:<\/mark> gold is not a substance, and the counterexample to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.53<\/u><\/span><\/a> does not get off the ground.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\"><strong>If you accept the loose reading<\/strong>:<\/mark> gold is <em>a kind of body<\/em> and can be treated as having a substantial character (a bearer of modes), in which case you can ask about its principal attribute.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">For the argument you want to develop in (<strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">S2<\/mark><\/strong>), you need at least the <em>loose<\/em> reading. Let me grant the loose reading for the sake of argument and turn to the second question.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">(<mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">S2<\/mark>) <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Is <em>goldness<\/em> (being made of gold) the principal attribute of gold?<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is where I have to push back, because I think the proposal has a serious structural problem. Let me lay out the merits first, then the objections.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} --><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Merits of the proposal<\/mark><\/h4>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Merit 1:<\/mark> It captures the natural-kind intuition.<\/strong> There is something intuitively right about saying that <em>what makes gold gold<\/em> is <em>being gold<\/em>. This is essentially the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Causal_theory_of_reference\">Kripke-Putnam natural-kind<\/a> intuition: gold is whatever has <em>the underlying nature of gold<\/em> (in modern terms, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nde-ed.org\/Physics\/AtomElements\/atomicmassnumber.xhtml\">atomic number<\/a> 79; in pre-modern terms, whatever set of features actually constitutes the deep nature of gold). The principal attribute of gold, on this view, is <em>whatever makes the stuff gold rather than some other element<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Merit 2:<\/mark> It parallels the structure of Cartesian principal attributes.<\/strong> For mental substance, the principal attribute is <em>thought<\/em>\u2014which is, in a sense, <em>being mental<\/em>. For corporeal substance, the principal attribute is <em>extension<\/em>\u2014which is, in a sense, <em>being corporeal<\/em>. So one might say: for gold-substance, the principal attribute is <em>goldness<\/em>\u2014<em>being gold<\/em>. The parallel is intuitive.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Merit 3:<\/mark> It gives gold a stable essence-organizing feature.<\/strong> All the modes of gold (its yellowness, its weight, its malleability, its solubility in <em>aqua regia<\/em>) can be referred to <em>goldness<\/em> as their organizing nature: it is <em>because<\/em> this stuff is gold that it has these properties. This satisfies the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.53<\/a> requirement that &#8220;all other properties are referred to&#8221; the principal attribute.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">These are real merits. The proposal is not silly. It captures something philosophically important about <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/natural-kinds\/\">natural kinds<\/a> and their organizing essences. But there are also serious objections.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} --><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Objection 1: <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">The circularity problem<\/mark><\/h4>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is the most serious objection. Saying that <em>the principal attribute of gold is goldness (being made of gold)<\/em> is circular in a way that the parallel claims for mental and corporeal substance are not.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">When Descartes says <em>the principal attribute of mental substance is thought<\/em>, he is not saying <em>the principal attribute of mental substance is being mental<\/em>. He is identifying a <em>specific, contentful, intelligible nature<\/em>\u2014<em>thought<\/em>\u2014that is independently characterizable (it is the activity of understanding, willing, imagining, sensing). The principal attribute <em>thought<\/em> does explanatory work: it tells us <em>what<\/em> mental substance is, in terms that go beyond merely repeating the name of the substance.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Similarly for <em>extension<\/em>: the principal attribute is a <em>specific, contentful, intelligible nature<\/em> \u2014<em>being three-dimensionally extended<\/em>\u2014that is independently characterizable (Descartes spends considerable effort in the Principles spelling out what extension is and what follows from it).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">But <em>goldness<\/em> or <em>being made of gold<\/em> is not a <em>specific, contentful, intelligible nature<\/em> in this sense. It is just the name of the kind. To say <em>gold&#8217;s principal attribute is being gold<\/em> is to say <em>what makes gold gold is being gold<\/em>, which is true but trivial and explanatorily empty. It does not pick out a determinate intelligible nature in the way <em>thought<\/em> and <em>extension<\/em> do.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">For the parallel to work, you would need to identify <em>what goldness consists in<\/em>\u2014what intrinsic intelligible nature constitutes being gold. For Descartes, this would have to be specified in terms of the available Cartesian categories: <em>some particular configuration of extended parts and their motions that gives rise to gold&#8217;s characteristic modes<\/em>. But then the principal attribute is just <em>extension-configured-in-the-gold-way<\/em>, which is not a <em>further<\/em> principal attribute beyond extension; it is a <em>complex mode<\/em> of extension.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is the deep reason Descartes&#8217;s mechanism resists treating gold as a substance with its own principal attribute: there is no intelligible nature for gold beyond <em>extension configured in a particular way<\/em>, and <em>configuration<\/em> is a mode of extension, not a further principal attribute.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} --><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Objection 2: <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">The infinite regress problem<\/mark><\/h4>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">If <em>goldness<\/em> is a principal attribute, then by parallel reasoning every <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/natural-kinds\/\">natural kind<\/a> has its own principal attribute: <em>silvery-ness<\/em> for silver, <em>iron-ness<\/em> for iron, <em>waterness<\/em> for water, <em>oak-ness<\/em> for oak, and so on indefinitely. We would have an unmanageable proliferation of principal attributes\u2014potentially as many as there are <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/natural-kinds\/\">natural kinds<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Descartes&#8217;s ontology was designed precisely to <em>avoid<\/em> this <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Scholasticism\/Maturity-of-Scholasticism\">scholastic<\/a> proliferation. The whole point of reducing the sensible features of bodies to the size, shape, position, and motion of insensible particles is that <em>no further substantial natures are needed<\/em> beyond extension. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Scholasticism\/Maturity-of-Scholasticism\">scholastic<\/a>&#8211;<a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/aristotle\/#Hyl\">Aristotelian<\/a> tradition had <em>substantial forms<\/em> of gold, silver, water, fire, etc.; Descartes&#8217;s mechanism eliminates them. Reintroducing a principal attribute <em>goldness<\/em> is, in effect, reintroducing the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Scholasticism\/Maturity-of-Scholasticism\">scholastic<\/a> substantial form of gold\u2014which is exactly what Descartes was trying to avoid.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is not a knock-down objection\u2014you might <em>want<\/em> to depart from Descartes on this point, and your post is at least partly about identifying where Descartes&#8217;s framework strains. But it is important to recognize that the proposal is not just an extension of Descartes&#8217;s framework but a substantial departure from it.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} --><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Objection 3: <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">The relation-to-other-properties problem<\/mark><\/h4>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.53<\/a> says that <em>all other properties<\/em> are referred to the principal attribute. For <em>thought<\/em> in mental substance, this works: willing, judging, imagining, sensing are all <em>modes of thought<\/em>, intelligibly referred back to thought as their organizing nature. For <em>extension<\/em> in corporeal substance, this works: shape, size, motion, position are all <em>modes of extension<\/em>, intelligibly referred back to extension.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Does it work for <em>goldness<\/em> and the properties of gold? Take <em>yellowness<\/em>: is yellow <em>a mode of goldness<\/em>? Not really. Yellow is a sensible quality that, on Descartes&#8217;s analysis, is reducible to the configuration and motion of insensible particles that affect our visual organs in a particular way. The <em>yellow<\/em> of gold is not a <em>mode of goldness<\/em> in the way that <em>judging<\/em> is a mode of <em>thought<\/em>. It is a <em>consequence<\/em> of the underlying corpuscular structure of gold, mediated by our sensory apparatus.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Similarly for <em>heaviness<\/em>: gold&#8217;s heaviness is a function of the density of its constituent particles, which is <em>a mode of extension<\/em> (configuration of parts), not <em>a mode of goldness<\/em>. <em>Malleability<\/em>: a function of the mechanical properties of the gold-corpuscles, again <em>a mode of extension<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">So even granting <em>goldness<\/em> as a principal attribute, the <em>other properties of gold<\/em> are not intelligibly referred to <em>goldness<\/em>; they are intelligibly referred to <em>extension<\/em> (the underlying corpuscular structure) and <em>sensory interaction<\/em> (for the qualitative properties). <em>Goldness<\/em> does not have the explanatory-organizing role that <em>thought<\/em> and <em>extension<\/em> have for their respective substances.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} --><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Objection 4: <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">The intelligibility problem<\/mark><\/h4>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">For Descartes, the principal attribute of a substance is the feature <em>under which the substance is intelligibly grasped<\/em> by clear and distinct perception. <em>Thought<\/em> is graspable by clear and distinct perception (in the cogito). <em>Extension<\/em> is graspable by clear and distinct perception (in geometry). These are <em>transparent<\/em> natures that the intellect can fully comprehend.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><em>Goldness<\/em>, by contrast, is not transparently graspable by the intellect. We know gold by its sensible signs (yellow, heavy, malleable, soluble in aqua regia) and by its empirical behavior. We do not have a clear and distinct perception of the <em>intrinsic nature<\/em> of goldness in the way we have of thought or extension. <em>Goldness<\/em> is an <em>empirical<\/em> concept, not a <em>clear and distinct intellectual<\/em> concept.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is a deep problem for treating <em>goldness<\/em> as a principal attribute in Descartes&#8217;s sense. Principal attributes are supposed to be <em>intellectually transparent natures<\/em>. <em>Goldness<\/em> fails this test.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} --><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Objection 5: <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">The <em>gold-as-kind<\/em> vs. <em>this-piece-of-gold-as-individual<\/em> problem<\/mark><\/h4>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">There is also a confusion latent in the proposal between <em>gold as a kind<\/em> and <em>this particular piece of gold as an individual<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles<\/em> I.53<\/a> talks about <em>each substance<\/em> having one principal attribute. If <em>each substance<\/em> means <em>each individual substance<\/em>, then we need to ask whether <em>this piece of gold<\/em> (a particular extended body) has <em>goldness<\/em> as <em>its<\/em> principal attribute. But <em>this piece of gold<\/em> is, on the strict reading, just a <em>configuration of extended matter<\/em>\u2014its principal attribute (as a body) is extension, and its goldness is a complex mode of its extension.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">If <em>each substance<\/em> means <em>each substance-kind<\/em>, then we are asking whether <em>the kind gold<\/em> has <em>goldness<\/em> as <em>its<\/em> principal attribute. But <em>kinds<\/em> are not, on Descartes&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.58<\/a> doctrine, substances at all\u2014they are <em>modi cogitandi<\/em> of the abstracting mind. The kind <em>gold<\/em> is a universal, and universals are modes of thinking, not substances.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Either way, the proposal hits a structural obstacle. As an individual, this piece of gold has extension as its principal attribute. As a kind, gold is a universal and so not a substance at all.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} --><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Mitigating considerations<\/mark><\/h4>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Despite these objections, there is a serious philosophical point in your proposal that should not be dismissed.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>The natural-kind intuition is real.<\/strong> There is something explanatorily important about <em>kinds of stuff<\/em> and their organizing essences. Descartes&#8217;s mechanist reduction may be too thin to capture this\u2014the post-Cartesian tradition (Locke on real essence, Leibniz on individual concepts, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saul_Kripke\">Saul Kripke<\/a> (1940\u20132022) and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hilary_Putnam\">Hilary Putnam<\/a> (1926\u20132016) on <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/natural-kinds\/\">natural kinds<\/a>) has repeatedly returned to the question of <em>what makes a kind a kind<\/em> and <em>what its essence is<\/em>. Your proposal aligns with this tradition.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Descartes&#8217;s mechanism may be inadequate.<\/strong> If gold cannot be captured by the available Cartesian categories of <em>extension and its modes<\/em>\u2014if there is a real and irreducible <em>goldness<\/em> that organizes the properties of gold and is not reducible to corpuscular configuration\u2014then Descartes&#8217;s framework is incomplete, and your proposal points to the incompleteness. This is a legitimate philosophical move.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>The post-Cartesian tradition has often taken this route.<\/strong> Leibniz&#8217;s monads, Locke&#8217;s real essences, and contemporary natural-kind realism all push back against the Cartesian reductionist view in something like the way your proposal does. So you would be in respectable company.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">But if you want to push this in your post, the right framing is <em>not<\/em> that gold is a counterexample to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.53<\/a> <em>within<\/em> Descartes&#8217;s framework. It is that <em>gold poses a problem<\/em> for Descartes&#8217;s framework, because either (<strong>a<\/strong>) gold gets reduced to a configuration of extended matter (losing its natural-kind status), or (<strong>b<\/strong>) gold gets treated as a substance with its own principal attribute <em>goldness<\/em> (departing from Descartes&#8217;s mechanist reductionism). Neither option is comfortable.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Direct answer to your two questions<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>(<mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">S1<\/mark>) Would Descartes consider gold to be a substance?<\/strong> Strictly, no: on the official <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles<\/em> I.51\u201353<\/a> doctrine, gold is a <em>configuration of corporeal substance<\/em> (extension), not a further substance. Loosely, perhaps: Descartes sometimes uses <em>substance<\/em> for individual bodies in a broader <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/askphilosophy\/comments\/5bp74z\/what_were_the_aristotelian_elements_of_scholastic\/\">scholastic<\/a> sense, in which case <em>this piece of gold<\/em> might be <em>a substance<\/em> in the loose sense of <em>a bearer of modes<\/em>. But the kind <em>gold<\/em> itself is on I.58 a universal, and so a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>, not a substance.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>(<mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">S2<\/mark>) Is <em>goldness<\/em> the principal attribute of gold?<\/strong> The proposal has merit in capturing the natural-kind intuition, but it faces five serious objections:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Circularity<\/strong>: <em>goldness<\/em> is not a contentful intelligible nature in the way <em>thought<\/em> and <em>extension<\/em> are; it is just the name of the kind.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Infinite regress<\/strong>: every <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/natural-kinds\/\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>natural kind<\/u><\/span><\/a> would get its own principal attribute, reintroducing the scholastic proliferation Descartes was trying to eliminate.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Relation to other properties<\/strong>: yellow, heavy, malleable are not intelligibly <em>modes of goldness<\/em>; they are <em>modes of extension<\/em> (corpuscular configuration) and sensory effects of it.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Intelligibility<\/strong>: <em>goldness<\/em> is not a clear and distinct intellectual nature; it is an empirical concept.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Kind vs. individual confusion<\/strong>: this piece of gold has extension as its principal attribute (it is a body); the kind <em>gold<\/em> is on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.58<\/u><\/span><\/a> a universal and so a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>, not a substance.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The proposal is philosophically interesting but is more naturally read as a <em>problem for Descartes&#8217;s framework<\/em> than as a <em>counterexample within<\/em> it. If you want a clean counterexample to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.53<\/a> from within Descartes, the human being as substantial union is still the strongest candidate. If you want to use gold to press a <em>deeper<\/em> objection\u2014that Descartes&#8217;s mechanism is too thin to capture <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/natural-kinds\/\">natural kinds<\/a>\u2014that is a legitimate move, but it is a critique of the whole reductionist program, not an internal counterexample to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.53<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Bottom line<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Gold is not, on Descartes&#8217;s official doctrine, a substance.<\/strong> It is a configuration of corporeal substance, picked out by its complex modes. Loosely, Descartes might allow <em>this piece of gold<\/em> as <em>a substance<\/em> in the broad sense of <em>a bearer of modes<\/em>, but the kind <em>gold<\/em> is a universal and so a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.58<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Treating <em>goldness<\/em> as a principal attribute is philosophically interesting but structurally problematic.<\/strong> It is circular (goldness is not a contentful intelligible nature), it reintroduces the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/askphilosophy\/comments\/5bp74z\/what_were_the_aristotelian_elements_of_scholastic\/\">scholastic<\/a> proliferation Descartes was trying to eliminate, the other properties of gold are not naturally referred to <em>goldness<\/em> as their organizing nature, <em>goldness<\/em> is not a clear and distinct intellectual concept, and the kind\/individual distinction creates further problems. The proposal points to a real gap in Cartesian metaphysics\u2014the inadequate treatment of <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/natural-kinds\/\">natural kinds<\/a>\u2014but it is more naturally framed as <em>a critique of the mechanist reduction<\/em> than as <em>an internal counterexample to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.53<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">For your post&#8217;s purposes, I would recommend keeping the <em>human being as substantial union<\/em> as the primary internal counterexample to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.53<\/a>, and using <em>gold and <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/natural-kinds\/\">natural kinds<\/a><\/em> as a <em>separate<\/em>, <em>deeper<\/em> objection that targets Descartes&#8217;s mechanist reductionism more broadly rather than the specific <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.53<\/a> doctrine.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/about\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-34054\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669.jpeg\" alt=\"A photographic cutout of a smiling Dr. David C. Ring, wearing dark glasses and a black shirt from the shoulders up, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669-150x150.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">To resolve the alleged circularity problem, we argue that the principal attribute of gold is it\u2019s a material having an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nde-ed.org\/Physics\/AtomElements\/atomicmassnumber.xhtml\">atomic number<\/a> of 79. Anything with that principal attribute is the substance gold.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"117\" class=\"wp-image-42551\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_7662C4BA-A378-4177-956F-45B5965EE97B.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_7662C4BA-A378-4177-956F-45B5965EE97B.png 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_7662C4BA-A378-4177-956F-45B5965EE97B-300x235.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_7662C4BA-A378-4177-956F-45B5965EE97B-150x117.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/SIX_7662C4BA-A378-4177-956F-45B5965EE97B-768x601.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>Critique it.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"60\" class=\"wp-image-43087\" style=\"width: 300px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced image of Claude Opus 4.7 with a logo on the left side of an outline of a human head in left profile with a spiked star inside of the head.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-300x60.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-1024x204.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-150x30.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-768x153.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-1536x305.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-2048x407.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Excellent revision. This is a substantial improvement over the <em>goldness<\/em> formulation because it identifies a <em>determinate, contentful, intelligibly specifiable nature<\/em> rather than a circular self-reference. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nde-ed.org\/Physics\/AtomElements\/atomicmassnumber.xhtml\">Atomic number<\/a> 79 is exactly the kind of feature that, in modern philosophy of <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/natural-kinds\/\">natural kinds<\/a> (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saul_Kripke\">Kripke<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hilary_Putnam\">Putnam<\/a>), plays the role of the &#8220;real essence&#8221; of gold. Let me assess the merits and the remaining objections carefully.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Merits of the revised proposal<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Merit 1:<\/mark> It dissolves the circularity objection.<\/strong> <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nde-ed.org\/Physics\/AtomElements\/atomicmassnumber.xhtml\">Atomic number<\/a> 79<\/em> is not a redescription of <em>goldness<\/em>; it is an independently specifiable physical feature. Just as <em>thought<\/em> is contentful (understanding, willing, imagining, sensing) and <em>extension<\/em> is contentful (three-dimensional spatial magnitude), <em>having atomic number 79<\/em> is contentful (having 79 protons in the nucleus of each atom). The proposal now picks out a determinate intelligible nature rather than circling back to the name of the kind.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Merit 2:<\/mark> It captures the modern natural-kind intuition rigorously.<\/strong> Kripke&#8217;s <em>Naming and Necessity<\/em> and Putnam&#8217;s &#8220;The Meaning of &#8216;Meaning'&#8221; argue that <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/natural-kinds\/\">natural kinds<\/a> have <em>real essences<\/em> that are discoverable by science and that fix the kind across all possible worlds. Gold is necessarily the element with atomic number 79; anything with atomic number 79 is gold; nothing without atomic number 79 is gold. Your proposal aligns precisely with this Kripke-Putnam view.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Merit 3:<\/mark> It satisfies the <em>all-other-properties-referred-to<\/em> requirement non-trivially.<\/strong> The other properties of gold\u2014its yellow color, its density, its malleability, its resistance to corrosion, its solubility in <em>aqua regia<\/em>\u2014are causally explained by the atomic structure with 79 protons. The electronic configuration that follows from 79 protons explains gold&#8217;s optical properties (its yellow color is a consequence of relativistic effects on its outer electrons), its chemical inertness, and its physical properties. So <em>all other properties<\/em> of gold <em>are<\/em> in a deep sense referred to atomic number 79 as their explanatory ground. This is structurally analogous to the way modes of thought (willing, judging, imagining) are referred to <em>thought<\/em> as their organizing principal attribute.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Merit 4:<\/mark> It gives a substance-individuating criterion.<\/strong> &#8220;Anything with atomic number 79 is gold&#8221; provides a clean identity condition for gold-substance: gold is the kind whose members are all and only the atoms with 79 protons. This parallels the way <em>thought<\/em> individuates mental substance (whatever thinks is a mind) and <em>extension<\/em> individuates corporeal substance (whatever is extended is a body).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">These are real and significant improvements over the original formulation. But several deeper objections remain, and they are now <em>more interesting<\/em> because they probe genuine tensions between Descartes&#8217;s framework and the Kripke-Putnam natural-kind framework you are implicitly invoking.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Objection 1: <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">The anachronism problem<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Descartes did not have, and could not have had, the concept of <em>atomic number<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nde-ed.org\/Physics\/AtomElements\/atomicmassnumber.xhtml\">Atomic number<\/a> as a concept emerges from the work of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Henry-Moseley\">Henry Moseley<\/a> in 1913, building on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/history\/rutherford-model\">Rutherford&#8217;s nuclear model of the atom<\/a> (1911), itself built on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk\/objects-and-stories\/john-dalton-atoms-eyesight-and-auroras\">Dalton&#8217;s atomic theory<\/a> (1808), which was itself a development beyond Cartesian corpuscular mechanism. The concept of <em>the nucleus of an atom with a determinate number of protons<\/em> presupposes nineteenth- and twentieth-century chemistry and physics.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is not by itself a knock-down objection\u2014you can offer the proposal as <em>what Descartes should have said<\/em> or <em>what the Cartesian framework would say if updated with modern chemistry<\/em>. But it raises a question: is the proposal <em>interpreting<\/em> Descartes or <em>revising<\/em> him? If interpreting, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dictionary.com\/browse\/anachronism\">anachronism<\/a> is fatal. If revising, the proposal becomes a <em>neo-Cartesian<\/em> claim, and we have to ask whether the revision preserves the structural features of Descartes&#8217;s framework that made principal attributes do their work.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The most honest framing is: <em>the proposal is a neo-Cartesian revision that uses modern chemistry to specify what Descartes himself could only gesture at as &#8220;the corpuscular configuration of gold.&#8221;<\/em> Descartes&#8217;s own answer would have been something like <em>&#8220;a particular configuration of extended particles of such-and-such size, shape, and motion that produces the sensible qualities of gold.&#8221;<\/em> Your proposal substitutes the modern, precise specification (atomic number 79) for the Cartesian-era vague gesture.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is a legitimate move, but it should be flagged.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Objection 2: <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">The reduction-to-extension problem<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is the most serious remaining objection within the Cartesian framework. <em>Atomic number 79<\/em> is, on any plausible analysis, a <em>mode of extension<\/em>\u2014specifically, a structural feature of the corpuscular configuration of a region of corporeal substance.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">To have atomic number 79 is to have 79 protons in the nucleus of each atom. Protons are extended particles. The arrangement of 79 of them in a nucleus is a <em>spatial configuration<\/em>. The atom as a whole is an extended object with a particular structure. So <em>atomic number 79<\/em> is, ontologically, <em>a mode of extension<\/em>\u2014a determinate way that extended matter is configured.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">If this is right, then the proposal does not identify a <em>new principal attribute<\/em> beyond <em>extension<\/em>. It identifies a <em>determinate mode of extension<\/em> that distinguishes gold from other elements. But modes are not principal attributes; they are the ways principal attributes are particularized.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The parallel is instructive. In mental substance, <em>thought<\/em> is the principal attribute. <em>Judging that 2+2=4<\/em> is a particular mode of thought. <em>Judging that 2+2=4<\/em> is not a <em>further principal attribute<\/em> alongside thought; it is a determinate way thought is occurring. Similarly, <em>atomic number 79<\/em> is not a <em>further principal attribute<\/em> alongside extension; it is a determinate way extension is configured.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">So on the strict Cartesian reading: <em>atomic number 79<\/em> is a <em>mode of corporeal substance<\/em>, not a <em>principal attribute of a distinct substance<\/em>. Gold remains <em>a kind of body<\/em> (a configuration of extended matter), not <em>a substance with its own principal attribute<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is a powerful objection, and it does not have an easy answer within Cartesian metaphysics. The natural reply is to depart from the strict Cartesian framework: to say that <em>some configurations of extended matter rise to the level of distinct substances with their own principal attributes<\/em>. But this is a substantive metaphysical claim that requires independent defense. It is not Descartes&#8217;s view.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Objection 3: <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">The intelligibility problem (modified)<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">In the original <em>goldness<\/em> proposal, I objected that <em>goldness<\/em> is not a clear and distinct intellectual nature. The atomic-number-79 revision largely answers this objection. <em>Having 79 protons in the nucleus of each atom<\/em> is, in principle, a clear and distinct content\u2014it can be grasped intellectually as a determinate structural specification.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">However, a residual version of the objection remains. For Descartes, the principal attributes <em>thought<\/em> and <em>extension<\/em> are clear and distinct <em>a priori<\/em> by the natural light. <em>Thought<\/em> is grasped by the cogito; <em>extension<\/em> is grasped by geometrical reflection. Neither requires empirical investigation. They are the two intelligible natures that the meditator&#8217;s intellect grasps with certainty.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><em>Atomic number 79<\/em>, by contrast, is <em>empirically discoverable<\/em>. The meditator does not know by the natural light that gold has atomic number 79. This is a posteriori knowledge, obtained through chemistry and physics. So <em>atomic number 79<\/em>, even if intelligible, is not the kind of intelligible nature that Descartes had in mind as a <em>principal attribute<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is not a fatal objection, but it points to a structural difference between Descartes&#8217;s principal attributes and the natural-kind essences of modern philosophy of chemistry. Descartes&#8217;s principal attributes are <em>a priori intelligible<\/em>; natural-kind essences are <em>a posteriori discoverable<\/em>. Treating <em>atomic number 79<\/em> as a principal attribute conflates two different kinds of intelligibility.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">A neo-Cartesian could respond: <em>the distinction between a priori and a posteriori intelligibility is not essential to the principal-attribute concept; what matters is that the feature be intelligibly specifiable as an organizing nature of the substance.<\/em> This is a defensible move but again represents a <em>revision<\/em> of Descartes rather than an <em>interpretation<\/em> of him.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Objection 4: <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">The proliferation problem (returns)<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The original proposal faced an <em>infinite regress problem<\/em>: every <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/natural-kinds\/\">natural kind<\/a> would get its own principal attribute. The atomic-number revision does not solve this problem; it sharpens it.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">If <em>atomic number 79<\/em> is the principal attribute of gold, then <em>atomic number 47<\/em> is the principal attribute of silver, <em>atomic number 26<\/em> is the principal attribute of iron, <em>atomic number 1<\/em> of hydrogen, <em>atomic number 8<\/em> of oxygen, and so on through all 118 known elements. Each element becomes a distinct substance with its own principal attribute.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">And it goes further. Compounds (water, salt, glucose) presumably also have their own principal attributes (their molecular structures). So <em>molecular structure H\u2082O<\/em> would be the principal attribute of water, and so on for every chemical compound. The number of substance-kinds would explode into the millions.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This proliferation is <em>exactly<\/em> what Descartes&#8217;s mechanist reductionism was designed to prevent. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/askphilosophy\/comments\/5bp74z\/what_were_the_aristotelian_elements_of_scholastic\/\">Scholastic<\/a>&#8211;<a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/aristotle\/#Hyl\">Aristotelian<\/a> metaphysics had substantial forms for each <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/natural-kinds\/\">natural kind<\/a> (gold, silver, water, fire, oak, lion, man), and the Cartesian revolution consisted in collapsing all of these into the single principal attribute <em>extension<\/em>, with the various kinds emerging as <em>modes<\/em> of extended matter. Reinstating distinct principal attributes for each chemical element (and each compound, and each biological species) is essentially a return to scholastic substantial forms, only with modern chemistry filling in the details.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is not necessarily a fatal objection\u2014you might think that modern chemistry has <em>vindicated<\/em> a richer ontology than Descartes allowed. But it should be recognized that the proposal is <em>deeply at odds<\/em> with the spirit of Cartesian mechanism, not just at odds with the letter of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.53<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Objection 5: <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">The substance-versus-kind problem (returns)<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The earlier discussion noted that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.53<\/a> talks about <em>each substance<\/em> having one principal attribute, and that we need to distinguish <em>gold as a kind<\/em> from <em>this particular piece of gold as an individual<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">On the atomic-number revision:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><em>This particular piece of gold<\/em> is an individual extended body whose principal attribute (as a body) is <em>extension<\/em>. Its having atomic number 79 throughout is a complex mode of its extension (its corpuscular structure).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><em>Gold as a kind<\/em> is a universal, and by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.58<\/u><\/span><\/a> universals are <em>modi cogitandi<\/em>, not substances. So the <em>kind gold<\/em> is not a substance and cannot have a principal attribute.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The atomic-number revision does not resolve this. It just relocates the problem. If you say <em>the principal attribute of gold is atomic number 79<\/em>, you have to specify whether you mean <em>the principal attribute of this piece of gold<\/em> (which is extension; atomic number 79 is a mode of that extension) or <em>the principal attribute of the kind gold<\/em> (which is a universal and so a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>, not a substance).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Neither location supports the proposal cleanly. The strict Cartesian framework does not have a place for <em>kinds-as-substances-with-their-own-principal-attributes<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Objection 6: <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">The principal-attribute-versus-essence problem<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is a more subtle objection. Even granting everything else, we should ask whether <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nde-ed.org\/Physics\/AtomElements\/atomicmassnumber.xhtml\">atomic number<\/a> 79<\/em> plays the role of a <em>principal attribute<\/em> (in Descartes&#8217;s specific <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.53<\/a> sense) or merely the role of a <em>real essence<\/em> (in Kripke-Putnam&#8217;s sense). These are not the same.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">A <em>principal attribute<\/em> in Descartes&#8217;s sense:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\">Constitutes the <em>nature and essence<\/em> of the substance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Is the feature <em>under which the substance is intelligibly grasped<\/em> (clear and distinct perception).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><em>All other properties are referred to it<\/em> as their organizing principle.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Is the <em>complete<\/em> organizing nature\u2014a substance has <em>exactly one<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">A <em>real essence<\/em> in Kripke-Putnam&#8217;s sense:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\">Fixes the <em>identity<\/em> of the <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/natural-kinds\/\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>natural kind<\/u><\/span><\/a> across possible worlds.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Is <em>discovered<\/em> by science.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><em>Explains<\/em> the observable properties of the kind via causal mechanisms.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Picks out the <em>micro-structure<\/em> underlying the macro-properties.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">These are related but distinct concepts. <em>Atomic number 79<\/em> clearly plays the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Causal_theory_of_reference\">Kripke-Putnam<\/a> role for gold. But does it play the Cartesian principal-attribute role? Only on a revised Cartesian framework that accepts (i) kinds as substances, (ii) a posteriori intelligibility for principal attributes, and (iii) proliferation of principal attributes across <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/natural-kinds\/\">natural kinds<\/a>. Each of these is a substantial departure from Descartes.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">So the revised proposal works if you accept the substitution of <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Causal_theory_of_reference\">Kripke-Putnam real essence<\/a><\/em> for <em>Cartesian principal attribute<\/em>. But the substitution is itself a revision, not an interpretation, and it changes the character of the framework significantly.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Mitigating considerations: what the proposal does well<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Despite these objections, the proposal has genuine philosophical force, and a charitable assessment should acknowledge what it accomplishes.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>It identifies the right kind of feature.<\/strong> If anything is going to play the principal-attribute role for gold, it should be something like atomic number 79. The proposal correctly identifies the modern scientific answer to the question &#8220;what makes gold gold?&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>It illustrates a real gap in Cartesian metaphysics.<\/strong> Descartes&#8217;s mechanism is too coarse-grained to capture the difference between gold and silver, or between water and ethanol, as anything more than complex modes of extension. Modern chemistry shows that there are real, deep, structural differences between elements and compounds that are not adequately captured by <em>configuration of extended particles<\/em> alone. The proposal points to this inadequacy.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>It provides a clean platform for arguing that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.53<\/a> is incomplete.<\/strong> If <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/natural-kinds\/\">natural kinds<\/a> have real essences that organize their properties in the way that <em>atomic number 79<\/em> organizes gold&#8217;s properties, and if such essences are <em>not reducible<\/em> to modes of extension, then <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.53&#8217;s<\/a> two-principal-attributes (thought, extension) inventory is incomplete. The world has more substance-organizing features than Descartes recognized.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>It connects Descartes to live debates in contemporary metaphysics.<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mind\/article\/124\/495\/795\/2606068\">Kripke-Putnam natural-kind essentialism<\/a>, scientific essentialism (<a href=\"https:\/\/humanities.org.au\/our-community\/brian-ellis-obituary\/\">Brian<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brian_David_Ellis\">Ellis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.joh.cam.ac.uk\/research\/academics\/fellows\/professor-alexander-bird\">Alexander<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexander_Bird\">Bird<\/a>), and dispositional essentialism are all contemporary frameworks that take natural-kind essences seriously. The proposal puts Descartes in dialogue with these frameworks.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Direct assessment<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Strengths of the revised proposal:<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\">Dissolves the circularity objection. <em>Atomic number 79<\/em> is a determinate, intelligibly specifiable nature, not a redescription of <em>goldness<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Aligns with modern <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Causal_theory_of_reference\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>Kripke-Putnam natural-kind essentialism<\/u><\/span><\/a>, which is a respectable contemporary metaphysical framework.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Causally and explanatorily grounds the other properties of gold (color, density, malleability, chemical behavior).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\">Provides a clean identity condition: <em>anything with atomic number 79 is gold<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Remaining weaknesses:<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dictionary.com\/browse\/anachronism\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>Anachronism<\/u><\/span><\/a><\/em>: Descartes lacked the concept of atomic number. The proposal is neo-Cartesian revision rather than Cartesian interpretation.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><em>Reduction to extension<\/em>: atomic number 79 is, on any plausible analysis, a mode of extension (a structural-spatial feature of the corpuscular configuration). It is not a new principal attribute alongside extension.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><em>A priori vs. a posteriori intelligibility<\/em>: Descartes&#8217;s principal attributes are graspable by the natural light; atomic number 79 is empirically discoverable. The two kinds of intelligibility are different.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><em>Proliferation<\/em>: the proposal commits to a distinct principal attribute for every element (and presumably every compound), reintroducing the scholastic proliferation of substantial natures that Descartes was trying to eliminate.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><em>Substance vs. kind<\/em>: the kind <em>gold<\/em> is, on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u> I.58<\/u><\/span><\/a>, a universal and so a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>, not a substance. <em>This piece of gold<\/em> is an extended body whose principal attribute is <em>extension<\/em>. Neither location supports a distinct <em>gold-substance<\/em> with its own principal attribute.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><em>Principal attribute vs. real essence<\/em>: atomic number 79 plays the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Causal_theory_of_reference\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>Kripke-Putnam real-essence<\/u><\/span><\/a> role but not, strictly, the Cartesian principal-attribute role. The substitution is a substantive revision.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Bottom line<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>The atomic-number revision is a significant improvement over <em>goldness<\/em>, because it identifies a determinate, contentful, intelligibly specifiable nature.<\/strong> It dissolves the circularity problem and aligns the proposal with modern natural-kind essentialism. As a <em>neo-Cartesian<\/em> claim about what should play the principal-attribute role for natural kinds, it is defensible and philosophically interesting.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>However, as an <em>internal<\/em> counterexample to<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"> I.53<\/a> within Descartes&#8217;s own framework, it still faces serious objections.<\/strong> <em>Atomic number 79<\/em> is most naturally analyzed as a <em>mode of extension<\/em> (a structural-spatial feature of corpuscular configuration), not as a <em>new principal attribute<\/em>. The kind <em>gold<\/em> is, on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.58<\/a>, a universal and so a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>, not a substance. <em>This piece of gold<\/em> is a body whose principal attribute (as a body) is <em>extension<\/em>. And the proposal commits to a proliferation of principal attributes across all chemical kinds, which is structurally at odds with Cartesian mechanist reductionism.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>The strongest framing for the post is:<\/strong> <em>Gold and natural kinds pose a problem for Descartes&#8217;s mechanist framework. If <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/natural-kinds\/\">natural-kind<\/a> essences (such as atomic number 79 for gold) are real and not reducible to modes of extension, then Descartes&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.53<\/a> inventory of principal attributes (thought, extension) is incomplete. Modern chemistry suggests that such real essences exist. This is not an internal counterexample to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.53<\/a> but an external pressure on the Cartesian framework, calling for revision in the direction of contemporary natural-kind essentialism.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">For your DTOI project, this remains a <em>deeper<\/em> objection that targets the mechanist reductionism rather than the specific <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.53<\/a> doctrine. As before, the <em>human being as substantial union<\/em> remains the cleanest internal counterexample, while <em>gold<\/em> points to a more sweeping inadequacy in Cartesian metaphysics.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/about\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-34054\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669.jpeg\" alt=\"A photographic cutout of a smiling Dr. David C. Ring, wearing dark glasses and a black shirt from the shoulders up, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669-150x150.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">According to Descartes <em>(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">Principles I.57<\/a>; AT VIIIA 27; <a href=\"https:\/\/dl1.cuni.cz\/pluginfile.php\/753874\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/Descartes%20Rene%20-%20Philosophical%20Writings.%20vol%201.pdf\">CSM I 212<\/a>)<\/em>, it seems \u201ctime is the measure of movement.\u201d John Cottingham translation below:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"913\" class=\"wp-image-43575\" style=\"width: 1200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0816-1.jpeg\" alt=\"A screen capture of the Cottingham translation of Descartes\u2019s The Principles of Philosophy I.57\u201358.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0816-1.jpeg 982w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0816-1-300x228.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0816-1-150x114.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0816-1-768x584.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"103\" height=\"113\" class=\"wp-image-42615\" style=\"width: 103px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_9867.png\" alt=\"A green rectangular sign with a white right-pointing arrow includes &quot;D.T.O.I.&quot; inside the arrow serving as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_9867.png 1860w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_9867-272x300.png 272w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_9867-930x1024.png 930w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_9867-136x150.png 136w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_9867-768x846.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_9867-1395x1536.png 1395w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 103px) 100vw, 103px\" \/>Doesn\u2019t it follow that if nothing moves, then time does not pass? Is that correct?<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"60\" class=\"wp-image-43087\" style=\"width: 300px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced image of Claude Opus 4.7 with a logo on the left side of an outline of a human head in left profile with a spiked star inside of the head.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-300x60.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-1024x204.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-150x30.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-768x153.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-1536x305.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-2048x407.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Excellent question. This presses on a real tension in Descartes&#8217;s treatment of time and duration, and the answer requires distinguishing several Cartesian concepts that often get conflated. Let me work through it carefully.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">The key texts<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles of Philosophy<\/em>\u00a0I.57<\/a> (AT VIIIA 27; CSM I 212):<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">&#8220;<strong>Some attributes or modes<\/strong> are <strong>in the things themselves<\/strong> of which they are said to be attributes or modes, while <strong>others are only in our thought<\/strong>. For example, when <strong>time<\/strong> is distinguished from <strong>duration<\/strong> taken in the general sense and is called the measure of movement, it is <strong><em>simply a mode of thinking<\/em><\/strong>. For the duration which we understand to be involved in movement is certainly no different from the duration involved in things which do not move.&#8221; (bold and bold italic not in original)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is the load-bearing passage. Descartes draws a sharp distinction between two items that are often confused:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Duration<\/strong> (<em>duratio<\/em>): a real attribute or mode of things that exist or endure.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Time<\/strong> (<em>tempus<\/em>): the measure of movement, a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The distinction is essential to answering your question correctly.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Duration vs. time: the Cartesian distinction<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Duration<\/strong> is, for Descartes, a real attribute of every existing thing. Anything that exists endures\u2014exists over some stretch\u2014and its enduring is <em>its<\/em> duration. This is true of God (whose duration is eternity), of mental substances (whose duration is the continued existence of their thinking), and of corporeal substances (whose duration is their continued existence as extended bodies). Duration is <em>in<\/em> things, as a real mode or attribute of their existence.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Critically, Descartes says: <em>&#8220;the duration which we understand to be involved in movement is certainly no different from the duration involved in things which do not move.&#8221;<\/em> This is the decisive line for your question. A thing that does not move still has duration\u2014it still endures, it still exists over time. Duration does not require motion.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Time<\/strong>, by contrast, is <em>the measure of movement<\/em>. It is what we get when the mind compares the duration of one thing (e.g., a swinging pendulum, the rotation of the heavens, the ticking of a clock) with the duration of other things, in order to measure or quantify them against a standard. Time in this sense is a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>\u2014a way the mind organizes and measures duration by reference to motion.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">So Descartes has two distinct items:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><em>Duration<\/em>: real, in things, a feature of their continued existence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><em>Time<\/em>: the mind&#8217;s measure of duration via motion, a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Direct answer to your question<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Your reasoning was: if time is the measure of movement, then if nothing is moving, time is not passing.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>On Descartes&#8217;s view, this is partially correct, but it requires a crucial qualification.<\/strong> Let me lay out what follows and what does not.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">What does follow:<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">If <em>nothing whatsoever moves<\/em> in the entire universe, then <em>time as the measure of movement<\/em> does not occur, because there is nothing to measure and no standard motion to measure by. <em>Time in this strict I.57 sense<\/em> requires motion, by definition: it is <em>the measure of movement<\/em>. No movement, no measure, no time-in-this-sense.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">What does not follow:<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">It does not follow that <em>duration<\/em> ceases. Things that exist still endure, still exist over stretches of their being, even if they do not move. <em>Duration is in things<\/em>, and a non-moving thing still has duration as long as it exists. The continued existence of a non-moving stone, a non-moving mind contemplating an eternal truth, or a non-moving angel is still a <em>real enduring<\/em>. The thing is still <em>temporally extended<\/em> in the sense of having a real duration; it just is not being <em>measured against a moving standard<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">So the precise Cartesian answer is:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Time-as-measure-of-movement<\/strong> would not occur if nothing moved. You are right about that.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Duration<\/strong> would still occur, because duration is real-in-things and does not require motion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Time-passing-changing-occurring<\/strong> is ambiguous between these two senses. In the strict <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.57<\/u><\/span><\/a> sense (time = measure of movement), no. In the looser sense (time = duration of things), yes\u2014things would still endure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">The deeper question: can things endure without changing?<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Your question raises a further philosophical issue: <em>can a thing endure without changing in any respect?<\/em> If duration is real-in-things and does not require motion, then yes\u2014a thing can endure (have real duration) without moving. But can it endure without <em>any<\/em> change at all?<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Descartes&#8217;s answer here is nuanced. He distinguishes:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong>(<mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">a<\/mark>) Local motion<\/strong> (motion in the spatial sense, change of place): this is a mode of corporeal substance, and is precisely the kind of <em>movement<\/em> that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.57<\/u><\/span><\/a> is talking about. A non-moving body has no local motion but still has duration.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong>(<mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">b<\/mark>) Other kinds of change<\/strong>: alteration of qualities, change of thought in a mind, change of state more generally. A mind that is contemplating an eternal truth is not <em>locally<\/em> moving, but it is in some sense <em>active<\/em>\u2014its thought is occurring. The mind has duration, and the mind&#8217;s <em>acts of thinking<\/em> are themselves temporally structured.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong>(<mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">c<\/mark>) Continued existence as such<\/strong>: even something perfectly unchanging\u2014say, an unmoving angel contemplating a single eternal truth\u2014has duration as long as it exists. Its duration is just <em>its continued being<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">So Descartes can say: even in a universe where no local motion occurs, <em>minds that are thinking<\/em> and <em>bodies that exist (without moving)<\/em> still have duration. Duration is more fundamental than time-as-measure-of-movement.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is why Descartes carefully distinguishes the two. <em>Duration in the general sense<\/em> is a real attribute. <em>Time in the strict sense<\/em> is the mind&#8217;s measure of duration via motion. The latter is what depends on motion; the former does not.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">A complication: Descartes&#8217;s continuous-creation doctrine<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">There is a wrinkle here worth flagging. Descartes holds that God <em>continuously creates<\/em> the world at each moment (Third Meditation; <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Page:Descartes_-_%C5%92uvres,_%C3%A9d._Adam_et_Tannery,_VII.djvu\/79\">AT VII 49<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/the-philosophical-writings-of-descartes-v-2\/page\/33\/mode\/1up\">CSM II 33<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles<\/em> I.21<\/a>; AT VIIIA 13; CSM I 200). On this view, the duration of any created thing is the continued act of divine creation that sustains it in being moment by moment.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This means even <em>duration<\/em> is, in a sense, dependent on something <em>occurring<\/em>\u2014namely, God&#8217;s continuous creative act. If God&#8217;s act is dynamic (as Descartes suggests), then duration involves a kind of metaphysical &#8220;occurring&#8221; at the divine level, even if no creature moves.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">But this does not undermine the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.57<\/a> distinction. The point of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.57<\/a> is that <em>duration is on the side of things<\/em> (real, in things), whereas <em>time-as-measure-of-movement is on the side of the mind<\/em> (a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>). Continuous creation explains the metaphysical ground of duration but does not make duration into a measure-of-movement.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">What you can say in the post<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">If you wanted to incorporate this into your project, a precise formulation would be:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Descartes distinguishes <em>duration<\/em>, which is a real attribute of every existing thing (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">Principles I.57<\/a>; AT VIIIA 27; CSM I 212), from <em>time<\/em>, which is the mind&#8217;s measure of duration via motion and is therefore <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>. The proposition <em>time is the measure of movement<\/em> concerns the latter, not the former. If nothing moved, then <em>time in the measure-of-movement sense<\/em> would not occur, because there would be no movement to measure and no standard motion to measure by. But <em>duration<\/em> would still occur\u2014things that exist still endure, whether or not they move. Descartes is explicit: &#8220;the duration which we understand to be involved in movement is certainly no different from the duration involved in things which do not move.&#8221; So the strict reading of <em>time is the measure of movement<\/em> yields an interesting result: <em>time in the measure-of-movement sense<\/em> is mind-dependent and motion-dependent, while <em>duration as a real feature of existing things<\/em> is mind-independent and motion-independent.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Why this matters for the OR project<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The duration\/time distinction maps onto your OR analysis in a clean way:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Duration<\/strong> is a real-in-things attribute, akin to <em>number-in-things<\/em>. The duration of a particular existing thing has <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>OR<\/u><\/span><\/a> content insofar as it is a real feature of that thing (and the thing has OR as a finite or infinite substance).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"\"><strong>Time as measure of movement<\/strong> is a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>, akin to <em>number-in-general<\/em>. As a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>, it has no OR-bearing <em>representatum<\/em> at any rank.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This gives you another clean case of the <em>real-feature vs. modus-cogitandi<\/em> split that runs through the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.55\u201358<\/a> discussion. Just as <em>number-in-things<\/em> has <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> and <em>number-in-general<\/em> does not, <em>duration-in-things<\/em> has OR (via the durating thing) and <em>time-as-measure-of-movement<\/em> does not. The <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> apparatus can rank the real durations of substances but cannot rank the mind&#8217;s measuring activity.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Bottom line<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Your reasoning is correct in the strict <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.57<\/a> sense but requires the duration\/time distinction to be stated precisely.<\/strong> If <em>time is the measure of movement<\/em> and nothing moves, then <em>time in this sense<\/em> does not occur\u2014there is no measurement and no measured motion. But <em>duration<\/em>, which is <em>not<\/em> the measure of movement but a real attribute of existing things, would still occur. Things that exist still endure, whether or not they move. Descartes says explicitly that the duration of moving and non-moving things is the same kind of duration.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">So the precise answer is: <strong>if nothing moves, time-as-measure-of-movement does not occur, but duration still does.<\/strong> <em>Time<\/em> in the strict <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.57<\/a> sense requires motion. <em>Duration<\/em> in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.57<\/a> sense does not. The conflation of these two is one of the most common interpretive mistakes about Cartesian time, and your question helpfully isolates exactly where the precision is needed.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/about\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-34054\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669.jpeg\" alt=\"A photographic cutout of a smiling Dr. David C. Ring, wearing dark glasses and a black shirt from the shoulders up, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669-150x150.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Suppose nothing in the universe moves for two seconds, then duration has occurred for two seconds of the existing universe, while no time measurement was possible, so no time changes took place.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"101\" class=\"wp-image-42614\" style=\"width: 100px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_9868.png\" alt=\"A colorful, circular abstract logo, made of overlapping geometric and creature-like shapes in bright neon tones, surrounds the white initials \u201cD.T.O.I.\u201d, centered over a red-orange figure serving as a bullet point.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_9868.png 2036w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_9868-298x300.png 298w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_9868-1018x1024.png 1018w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_9868-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_9868-768x773.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_9868-1527x1536.png 1527w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_9868-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/>\u00a0 Is that a coherent Cartesian interpretation?<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"60\" class=\"wp-image-43087\" style=\"width: 300px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced image of Claude Opus 4.7 with a logo on the left side of an outline of a human head in left profile with a spiked star inside of the head.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-300x60.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-1024x204.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-150x30.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-768x153.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-1536x305.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-2048x407.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Yes, that is a coherent Cartesian interpretation, and it is in fact close to the most natural reading of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">Principles I.57<\/a>. But the precise formulation requires one important refinement, because the way you describe the scenario contains a subtle internal tension that needs to be resolved. Let me work through it.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #50df24;\">The scenario as stated<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">You propose: nothing in the universe moves for two seconds. During that interval, <em>duration occurs<\/em> (the universe exists and endures for two seconds), but <em>no time measurement is possible<\/em> (because time is the measure of movement, and there is no movement to measure), so <em>no time changes take place<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The basic structure of this is correct and Cartesian. Let me confirm what works and then flag the refinement needed.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #50df24;\">What works in the interpretation<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Duration occurs without motion.<\/strong> This is exactly Descartes&#8217;s view in I.57. &#8220;The duration which we understand to be involved in movement is certainly no different from the duration involved in things which do not move.&#8221; A motionless universe still endures, because duration is a real attribute of every existing thing, independent of motion. If the universe exists for two seconds without anything moving, the universe has two seconds of duration. The duration is real, in things, and motion-independent.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Time as measure of movement does not occur.<\/strong> Also correct. If time is <em>the measure of movement<\/em> and nothing moves, then there is no movement to measure and no standard motion to measure by. <em>Time in the I.57 measure-of-movement sense<\/em> does not occur in such a scenario. The mind cannot construct <em>time as measure<\/em> without motion as its object.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>The duration is mind-independent; the absence of time-measurement is mind-relative.<\/strong> This captures the core <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.57<\/a> distinction. Duration is <em>in things<\/em>; time is <em>in the mind<\/em>, as a <em>modus cogitandi<\/em>. The universe&#8217;s two seconds of duration are real features of the universe&#8217;s continued existence. The absence of time-measurement is an absence at the level of the mind&#8217;s measuring activity.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">So far the interpretation is solid.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #50df24;\">The refinement needed: the description of the interval<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Here is the subtle tension. You describe the scenario as &#8220;nothing in the universe moves for two seconds.&#8221; But the phrase <em>&#8220;for two seconds&#8221;<\/em> already invokes a time-measurement. Two seconds is a specific quantity of measured time, defined in terms of a standard motion (originally the rotation of the Earth, now the oscillations of a cesium atom). To say <em>the universe is motionless for two seconds<\/em> is to apply a time-measurement to an interval in which, by hypothesis, no time-measurement is possible.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is not a fatal problem, but it requires careful handling. Let me lay out three ways to resolve it.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Resolution 1: External standpoint.<\/strong> We can describe the interval <em>from outside<\/em> the motionless universe, using our own time-measurement as observers in a moving frame. From the standpoint of an observer in a frame where motion continues (or from a hypothetical &#8220;God&#8217;s-eye&#8221; standpoint that can measure duration directly), the motionless interval lasts two seconds. The two-second specification is <em>our<\/em> measurement, made from outside the motionless scenario; it does not occur <em>within<\/em> the motionless scenario itself.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This resolution preserves the scenario but locates the time-measurement at the level of the describer, not at the level of the described.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Resolution 2: Duration without time-measurement, described qualitatively.<\/strong> Drop the &#8220;for two seconds&#8221; specification and describe the scenario qualitatively: <em>the universe exists motionless for some duration<\/em>. The duration is real (the universe endures), but no specific time-measurement applies, because no motion is occurring. The duration is then <em>unmeasured<\/em> but still real.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This resolution is cleaner conceptually but less vivid. It preserves the I.57 distinction in pure form: real duration, no measurement.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Resolution 3: God&#8217;s measurement.<\/strong> Descartes&#8217;s continuous-creation doctrine (Third Meditation; <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Page:Descartes_-_%C5%92uvres,_%C3%A9d._Adam_et_Tannery,_VII.djvu\/79\">AT VII 49<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/the-philosophical-writings-of-descartes-v-2\/page\/33\/mode\/1up\">CSM II 33<\/a>) holds that God sustains the world in being at each moment. God&#8217;s creative act is itself the metaphysical ground of duration, and God presumably &#8220;knows&#8221; how long the motionless interval lasts in some non-measurement-dependent way. So the interval might have a determinate length <em>to God<\/em> even if no creature can measure it. The two-second specification could be understood as the duration God knows the interval to have.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This resolution invokes Descartes&#8217;s theology and is the most metaphysically robust, but it goes beyond what <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.57<\/a> explicitly says.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The cleanest formulation for your purposes is probably Resolution 2 (qualitative description) combined with Resolution 1 (external observer standpoint) where vivid specification is wanted.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #50df24;\">The reformulated scenario<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Here is the scenario reformulated to remove the internal tension:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:quote --><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Suppose nothing in the universe moves for some interval. During that interval, duration occurs\u2014the universe exists and endures throughout the interval\u2014but no time-measurement is possible, because time is the measure of movement and there is no movement to measure. Described from outside the scenario by an observer whose own frame contains motion, the interval lasts (say) two seconds; but described from within the scenario, the interval is real duration without measured time. The duration is mind-independent and real-in-things; the absence of time-measurement is a feature of the mind&#8217;s measuring activity, which has no object in the motionless interval.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!-- \/wp:quote --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This reformulation preserves your insight, removes the internal tension, and aligns precisely with the I.57 framework.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #50df24;\">Whether &#8220;no time changes take place&#8221; is correct<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Your phrase <em>&#8220;no time changes took place&#8221;<\/em> needs unpacking, because &#8220;time changes&#8221; is ambiguous.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #50df24;\">Reading A:<\/mark> No measured time elapsed (in the strict <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.57<\/a> sense).<\/strong> Correct. <em>Time as the measure of movement<\/em> did not occur, so no <em>time-changes<\/em> in this sense took place. There was no ticking of clocks, no rotation of standards, no measurable temporal flow.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #50df24;\">Reading B:<\/mark> No change occurred at all.<\/strong> This is by hypothesis (nothing moves), but it is a separate claim from the time-measurement claim. The absence of motion is the <em>condition<\/em> of the scenario; the absence of time-measurement is the <em>consequence<\/em>. The two should be kept distinct.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #50df24;\">Reading C:<\/mark> Duration did not change.<\/strong> Tricky. Duration <em>accumulates<\/em>\u2014the universe has more duration at the end of the interval than at the beginning. So in some sense duration <em>progresses<\/em> even without motion. But the progression of duration is not a <em>change in any thing<\/em>; it is just the continued existence of things over time. Descartes does not treat duration&#8217;s progression as a <em>change<\/em> in his technical sense. <em>Change<\/em> (<em>mutatio<\/em>) for Descartes typically requires alteration of mode (local motion, alteration of quality, change of thought), and a motionless universe undergoes no such alteration. So in the technical sense, <em>no change<\/em> occurred during the interval, even though duration accumulated.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">So the precise statement is: <em>during the motionless interval, duration accumulates without change<\/em>. The accumulation of duration is not itself a change; it is the continued existence of things.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #50df24;\">A subtle complication: do minds count?<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Your scenario specifies &#8220;nothing in the universe moves.&#8221; But minds (finite mental substances) presumably continue to exist during the interval, and minds <em>think<\/em>. Is thinking a kind of motion or change?<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Descartes is clear that thought is not local motion (it is not motion in space). But thought is <em>active<\/em> in some sense\u2014judging, willing, imagining, sensing are all activities, and they unfold over time. A mind that is thinking is doing something, and what it does is temporally structured.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">So if minds continue to think during the motionless interval, there is a kind of <em>mental change<\/em> (succession of thoughts, alteration of mental states) that is not local motion but is still temporally structured. The mind&#8217;s own thinking could provide a non-motion-based &#8220;internal time&#8221; measurement.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">To make the scenario pure, you would need to stipulate that <em>no minds are thinking during the interval<\/em>\u2014or perhaps that <em>only God thinks<\/em>, and God&#8217;s thought is eternal and not temporally successive (as Descartes&#8217;s Augustinian theological commitments suggest).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">A truly motionless and mindless universe\u2014pure existing bodies with no local motion and no thinking minds\u2014would be the cleanest case. In such a universe, <em>only duration occurs<\/em>; no motion, no thought, no change, no measurement. Just the continued existence of bodies sustained moment by moment by divine creation.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is the cleanest Cartesian scenario for your purposes.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: #50df24;\">Bottom line<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Yes, your interpretation is coherent and substantially correct.<\/strong> A motionless universe still endures (duration is real-in-things), but time-as-measure-of-movement does not occur (no motion to measure). This is precisely the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.57<\/a> distinction.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>The one refinement needed<\/strong> is to handle the &#8220;for two seconds&#8221; specification carefully. The phrase invokes a time-measurement that, by the scenario&#8217;s own terms, cannot occur within the scenario. The cleanest fix is either (a) to attribute the two-second measurement to an external observer outside the motionless scenario, or (b) to describe the interval qualitatively as &#8220;some duration&#8221; without specifying a measured quantity.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>A further refinement<\/strong> would stipulate that no minds are thinking during the interval, so that <em>no internal temporal succession of thoughts<\/em> provides an alternative measurement. A purely motionless and mindless universe is the cleanest case.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>The precise Cartesian formulation:<\/strong> <em>In a motionless and mindless interval, duration accumulates as the real continued existence of bodies, but no time-measurement occurs because time-as-measure-of-movement requires motion that is, by hypothesis, absent. Duration is mind-independent and real-in-things; time-measurement is a<\/em> modus cogitandi <em>that has no object in such an interval, and therefore does not occur. No change of any kind takes place\u2014neither local motion nor mental succession\u2014but the universe still endures.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This is a coherent and philosophically rich extension of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.57<\/a>, and it cleanly illustrates the duration\/time distinction at the heart of Cartesian temporal metaphysics.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/about\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" class=\"wp-image-34054\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669.jpeg\" alt=\"A photographic cutout of a smiling Dr. David C. Ring, wearing dark glasses and a black shirt from the shoulders up, is used for visual identification.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/IMG_1669-150x150.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Create a table<\/strong> covering the points we made above regarding Descartes on relations, nececessity, substance, principal attributes, etc. and how they relate to ideas of those items with regard to having objectively real representational content (<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"60\" class=\"wp-image-43087\" style=\"width: 300px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced image of Claude Opus 4.7 with a logo on the left side of an outline of a human head in left profile with a spiked star inside of the head.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-300x60.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-1024x204.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-150x30.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-768x153.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-1536x305.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-2048x407.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Here is a consolidated table covering the points developed across our recent exchanges. I have organized it by item, with columns tracking the ontological status, the Cartesian framework treatment, and the OR-bearing status of the corresponding idea.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:table --><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n<table class=\"has-fixed-layout\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\" style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Idea of<\/mark><\/th>\n<th><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Ontological Status (in <em>re<\/em>)<\/mark><\/th>\n<th><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Cartesian Framework Treatment<\/mark><\/th>\n<th><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Idea&#8217;s OR-Bearing Status<\/mark><\/th>\n<th><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Rationale<\/mark><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">God<\/mark><\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Infinite substance<\/td>\n<td>Principal attribute: infinite perfection; sole truly independent substance (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.51<\/a>)<\/td>\n<td>OR at infinite-substance rank<\/td>\n<td>God is the supreme OR-bearing <em>representatum<\/em>; idea of God has maximal OR<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Mental substance (finite)<\/mark><\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Finite substance<\/td>\n<td>Principal attribute: thought (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.53<\/a>); modes include willing, judging, imagining, sensing<\/td>\n<td>OR at finite-substance rank<\/td>\n<td>Real substance with intelligible nature; idea of mind has finite-substance OR<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Corporeal substance (finite)<\/mark><\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Finite substance<\/td>\n<td>Principal attribute: extension (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.53<\/u><\/span><\/a>); modes include shape, size, motion, position<\/td>\n<td>OR at finite-substance rank<\/td>\n<td>Real substance with intelligible nature; idea of body has finite-substance OR<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Modes of thought<\/mark><\/strong> (willing, judging, imagining, sensing)<\/td>\n<td>Real modes of mental substance<\/td>\n<td>Referred to thought as organizing principal attribute (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.53<\/u><\/span><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.56<\/a>)<\/td>\n<td>OR at mode rank<\/td>\n<td>Real-in-things; idea of a mode has mode-level OR<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Modes of extension<\/mark><\/strong> (shape, size, motion, position)<\/td>\n<td>Real modes of corporeal substance<\/td>\n<td>Referred to extension as organizing principal attribute (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.53<\/u><\/span><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.56<\/u><\/span><\/a>)<\/td>\n<td>OR at mode rank<\/td>\n<td>Real-in-things; idea of a mode has mode-level OR<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Gold (kind)<\/mark><\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Universal; <em>modus cogitandi<\/em> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.58<\/a>)<\/td>\n<td>Not a substance; kind is a way the mind abstracts from particulars<\/td>\n<td>No OR (modus cogitandi has no OR-bearing <em>representatum<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td>Universals are mind-dependent; no real-in-things <em>representatum<\/em> to rank<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\"><strong>This piece of gold<\/strong> (individual)<\/mark><\/td>\n<td>Configuration of corporeal substance<\/td>\n<td>Body whose principal attribute (as body) is extension; goldness is complex mode of its extension<\/td>\n<td>OR at finite-substance rank (as a body), with mode-level OR for its configuration<\/td>\n<td>The individual body has OR as a body; its goldness-features are mode-level OR of extension<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-amber-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Goldness \/ atomic number 79<\/mark><\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Mode of extension (corpuscular configuration)<\/td>\n<td>Not a further principal attribute; structural-spatial mode of extended matter<\/td>\n<td>OR at mode rank (as mode of extension)<\/td>\n<td>Treating it as a distinct principal attribute would require neo-Cartesian revision<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Duration<\/mark><\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Real attribute of every existing thing (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.57<\/u><\/span><\/a>)<\/td>\n<td>In things; motion-independent; same kind of duration in moving and non-moving things<\/td>\n<td>OR-bearing (tied to OR rank of the durating thing)<\/td>\n<td>Real-in-things; inherits OR rank from the substance whose duration it is<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Time<\/mark><\/strong> (measure of movement)<\/td>\n<td><em>Modus cogitandi<\/em> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.57<\/u><\/span><\/a>)<\/td>\n<td>Mind&#8217;s measure of duration via motion; not in things<\/td>\n<td>No OR (<em>modus cogitandi<\/em> has no OR-bearing <em>representatum<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td>Parallels number-in-general: mind-dependent measuring activity, no <em>representatum<\/em> to rank<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-pale-pink-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Number-in-things<\/mark><\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Real feature of things numbered<\/td>\n<td>A real attribute of the plurality of things (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.55<\/u><\/span><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.58<\/u><\/span><\/a>)<\/td>\n<td>OR-bearing (tied to OR rank of the numbered things)<\/td>\n<td>Inherits OR rank from the items it numbers<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-pale-pink-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Number-in-general<\/mark><\/strong> (the abstract universal)<\/td>\n<td><em>Modus cogitandi<\/em> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.58<\/a>)<\/td>\n<td>Universal; abstracted by the mind from numbered things<\/td>\n<td>No OR<\/td>\n<td>Universal abstraction; no real-in-things <em>representatum<\/em> to rank<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-pale-pink-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Order, place, duration-in-general<\/mark><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><em>Modus cogitandi<\/em> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.55\u201358<\/u><\/span><\/a>)<\/td>\n<td>Mind&#8217;s general modes for organizing thought about things<\/td>\n<td>No OR<\/td>\n<td>Mind-dependent organizing modes; no <em>representatum<\/em> to rank<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-pale-cyan-blue-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Relations<\/mark><\/strong> (resemblance, comparison, identity, difference)<\/td>\n<td><em>Modus cogitandi<\/em> in most cases<\/td>\n<td>Mind&#8217;s act of comparing or relating two or more things (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.55\u201358<\/a> family)<\/td>\n<td>No OR for the relation itself; OR for the relata as substances\/modes<\/td>\n<td>Relation is mind-supplied; only the relata bear OR<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Common notions \/ eternal truths<\/mark><\/strong> (&#8220;ex nihilo nihil fit&#8221;; &#8220;nothing has no properties&#8221;)<\/td>\n<td>Not things or modes; propositional truths<\/td>\n<td>Innate principles known by natural light; not items in re<\/td>\n<td>No OR (not strict ideas of things\/modes per restriction thesis)<\/td>\n<td>Common notions are non-OR-bearing; they govern thought but lack a <em>representatum<\/em> to rank<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-pale-cyan-blue-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Idea of nothing<\/mark><\/strong><\/td>\n<td>No <em>representatum<\/em><\/td>\n<td>Nothing has no properties, so no content to specify<\/td>\n<td>No OR<\/td>\n<td>Decisive non-OR case; no <em>representatum<\/em> at any rank<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Necessity<\/mark><\/strong> (modal status: &#8220;must be,&#8221; &#8220;cannot be otherwise&#8221;)<\/td>\n<td><em>Modus cogitandi<\/em> in most uses; sometimes a feature of essences<\/td>\n<td>Mind&#8217;s grasp of what cannot be otherwise; tied to clear and distinct perception<\/td>\n<td>No OR for necessity itself; OR for the substance\/mode whose essence is necessarily as it is<\/td>\n<td>Necessity is modal-relational, not a <em>representatum<\/em>; the essence it qualifies bears OR<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Principal attribute<\/mark><\/strong> (as an item of thought)<\/td>\n<td>Real-in-things (the nature it picks out is real)<\/td>\n<td>The intelligible nature under which a substance is clearly and distinctly grasped (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.5<\/u><\/span><\/a>)<\/td>\n<td>OR-bearing (tied to OR rank of the substance it constitutes)<\/td>\n<td>The principal attribute is the substance&#8217;s nature; ideas of it inherit the substance&#8217;s OR rank<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Substantial union<\/mark><\/strong> (mind\u2013body)<\/td>\n<td>Disputed; possibly a third substance-kind (To Elizabeth, 21 May 1643; AT III 665; <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/the-philosophical-writings-of-descartes-v-3\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>CSMK 218<\/u><\/span><\/a>)<\/td>\n<td>Tension with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.53&#8217;s<\/u><\/span><\/a> two-principal-attributes inventory; sensations and emotions belong to the union<\/td>\n<td>Disputed OR status; if a finite substance-kind, OR at finite-substance rank<\/td>\n<td>Internal pressure on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: blue;\"><u>I.53<\/u><\/span><\/a>; the union may require its own principal attribute<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n<p><!-- \/wp:table --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Notes on the table&#8217;s organizing logic<\/mark><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"20px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 20px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>The OR\/modus cogitandi divide is the central axis.<\/strong> Items that are real-in-things (substances, modes, principal attributes, duration, number-in-things) bear <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> at a determinate rank. Items that are <em>modi cogitandi<\/em> (universals, time-as-measure, number-in-general, order, relations, common notions) lack <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> because they lack a real-in-things representatum to rank.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Rank inheritance.<\/strong> Modes inherit their OR rank from the <a href=\"https:\/\/iep.utm.edu\/substanc\/#SH2a\">substance<\/a> they modify. Principal attributes inherit their <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> rank from the <a href=\"https:\/\/iep.utm.edu\/substanc\/#SH2a\">substance<\/a> they constitute. Duration inherits its <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> rank from the durating thing. Number-in-things inherits its <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> rank from the things numbered. This pattern reflects the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.53\u201358<\/a> structure of attributes and modes referred to substances.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Universals and abstractions consistently fall outside OR.<\/strong> Kinds (gold, silver), abstract universals (number-in-general, time-in-general, duration-in-general, order), and <em>modi cogitandi<\/em> generally have no OR-bearing <em>representatum<\/em>, because the items they apply to are not real things or <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/descartes-ideas\/#thoughts\">modes<\/a> but mind-dependent abstractions.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Relations and necessity sit on the modus cogitandi side, with OR carried by their relata.<\/strong> The relation itself is mind-supplied; the items related bear OR. Necessity is modal-relational; the essence it qualifies bears <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Internal pressures on the framework.<\/strong> The substantial union, gold-as-kind-with-its-own-principal-attribute, and the duration-without-time scenario each press on different aspects of the Cartesian framework. The table records the standard Cartesian verdict and flags the disputed cases.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:separator --><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/><!-- \/wp:separator -->\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"60\" class=\"wp-image-43087\" style=\"width: 300px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"An enhanced image of Claude Opus 4.7 with a logo on the left side of an outline of a human head in left profile with a spiked star inside of the head.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-300x60.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-1024x204.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-150x30.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-768x153.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-1536x305.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-2048x407.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Conclusion: Overview of the Philosophical Significance<\/mark><\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The cumulative results of this post point to a single, structurally precise conclusion: <strong>Descartes&#8217;s apparatus of objective reality is a <em>restricted<\/em>\u2014not a <em>universal<\/em>\u2014theory of representational content.<\/strong> It succeeds, and succeeds powerfully, wherever the represented item can be ranked on the mode \/ finite-substance \/ infinite-substance hierarchy, including in the difficult cases of non-existent composites (chimeras), false judgments about <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing constituents (a vacuum exists), and geometrical essences with true and immutable natures. But it falls <em>constitutively<\/em> silent across four interlocking classes of perfectly intelligible Cartesian content: privative ideas (the idea of <em>nothing<\/em>), eternal-truth content (<em>ex nihilo, nihil fit<\/em>), relational structure and universals (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles<\/em> I.55\u201358<\/a>), and modal-necessity content (<em>a mode is necessarily related to a substance<\/em>). The significance of this result lies less in the negative claim\u2014that <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> has limits\u2014than in <em>where the limits fall<\/em> and <em>what their location reveals about the architecture of Descartes&#8217;s metaphysics as a whole<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">First, the limits are not anomalies but predictable structural features.<\/mark><\/strong> Every decisive anti-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> case shares the same diagnostic: it cannot be reconstructed as a composition of <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing constituents at any ontological rank, even in principle. This is what distinguishes <em>nothing<\/em> and <em>ex nihilo, nihil fit<\/em> from the chimera and the vacuum, and what makes the universal set, the greatest finite number, and the smallest extended body cleaner anti-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> cases than the squared circle. The pattern is not a set of awkward exceptions for OR theory to absorb. It is the signature of a different ontological category\u2014<em>modi cogitandi<\/em> and intelligible truth-content\u2014that operates <em>alongside<\/em> ranked <em>representata<\/em> rather than within their hierarchy. Recognizing this changes the dialectical situation: pro-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> interpreters who reconstruct difficult cases as composites of <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing parts are doing real work, but their move presupposes constituents available <em>only<\/em> in the cases where <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> was always going to succeed. The genuinely anti-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> cases are precisely the ones where no such constituents exist.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Second, the capstone case\u2014&#8221;a mode is necessarily related to a substance&#8221;\u2014has self-referential force that no pro-OR rescue can absorb.<\/mark><\/strong> The proposition is not peripheral. It articulates the very dependence relation that makes the Cartesian hierarchy a hierarchy at all. Yet by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\"><em>Principles<\/em> I.58<\/a>, <em>mode-in-general<\/em> and <em>substance-in-general<\/em> are universals and hence <em>modi cogitandi<\/em>; and <em>necessary dependence<\/em> is an eternal truth, not a <em>representatum<\/em>. The framework&#8217;s own load-bearing background is therefore not itself <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a>-bearing. This is not a contradiction in Descartes; it is the expected behavior of a measure-apparatus operating <em>within<\/em> an ontology rather than <em>over<\/em> it. But it does mean that any reading of <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> as a <em>universal<\/em> theory of thinkable content over-extends the doctrine into territory Descartes&#8217;s own systematic texts (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.55\u201362<\/a>) explicitly assign elsewhere.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Third, the result clarifies what OR actually <em>is<\/em>.<\/mark><\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> is best understood as a ranking-and-measurement apparatus for represented items that have a determinate ontological kind. It is not a theory of intelligibility as such, nor a theory of every thinkable content, nor a theory of the relational and modal scaffolding by which the intellect compares, abstracts, and necessitates. Misreading <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> as universal forces commentators into one of two unsatisfying positions: either inflating <em>modi cogitandi<\/em> into quasi-substances (which Descartes refuses at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.58<\/a>), or deflating non-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> content into &#8220;not really ideas at all&#8221; (which sits poorly with <a href=\"https:\/\/earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1648.pdf\">Burman&#8217;s<\/a> reluctant concession that even <em>nothing<\/em> is, in some sense, an idea). The restriction thesis offers a third path: <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> is what it claims to be\u2014a doctrine of represented ontological rank\u2014and the non-<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> classes are real, intelligible, and structurally distinct.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Fourth, the collateral pressures on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earlymoderntexts.com\/assets\/pdfs\/descartes1644part1.pdf\">I.53<\/a> (the human substantial union, divine simplicity, duration vs. time, natural kinds) show that the strain is not confined to OR.<\/mark><\/strong> The same systematic features that make <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> a restricted apparatus\u2014the sharp separation of real-in-things items from <em>modi cogitandi<\/em>, the deflationary treatment of relations, the createdness of eternal truths\u2014generate pressure throughout Cartesian metaphysics wherever the framework is asked to do more than rank substances and their modes. This suggests that the <strong>restriction thesis<\/strong> (see the definition at the top of this post) is not an isolated finding about one doctrine but a diagnostic instrument for reading Descartes&#8217;s mature metaphysics generally.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">Finally, the philosophical payoff for contemporary philosophy of mind and representation.<\/mark><\/strong> Modern theories of mental content frequently inherit, often without acknowledgment, the assumption that <em>all<\/em> intelligible content must be analyzable as the representation of some object, structure, or property. The <strong>restriction thesis<\/strong> suggests that this inheritance is too strong even for Descartes himself, and that a more honest descendant of Cartesian representationalism would distinguish <em>representational<\/em> content (ranked items) from <em>structural<\/em> content (relations, universals, modes of comparing), <em>truth-content<\/em> (eternal truths and common notions), and <em>privative<\/em> content (the negative limits of being). Each of these is intelligible. None reduces to the others. And the apparatus that measures one is not obliged to measure all.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-purple-color\" style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\">The conclusion of this post<\/mark><\/strong>, then, is not that Descartes&#8217;s theory of <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">objective reality<\/a> fails. It is that the theory succeeds exactly where it was designed to succeed\u2014in measuring ranked representational content\u2014and that recognizing the <strong><em>boundary<\/em><\/strong> of that success is itself a contribution to understanding what Descartes&#8217;s theory of ideas really is. <a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/orientation\/how-my-dtoi-baseline-accounts-for-material-falsity\/#glossary\">OR<\/a> is silent on its own foundational background not because the doctrine is defective, but because <em>measurement-within-a-framework<\/em> cannot, in principle, take the framework itself as its object. The silence is structural, expected, and instructive.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1200\" class=\"wp-image-38124\" style=\"width: 1200px;\" src=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/IMG_6450-scaled.png\" alt=\"An enhanced colorized drawing of a 17th century gold wooden scrolly book plate with cherubs at the top on either side with a central message in blue of D.T.O.I. over \u201cDescartes\u2019s Theory of Ideas\u201d and the DTOI URL underneath both and a drawing of Descartes centered under all is used as a divider.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/IMG_6450-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/IMG_6450-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/IMG_6450-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/IMG_6450-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/IMG_6450-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/IMG_6450-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/IMG_6450-2048x2048.png 2048w, https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/IMG_6450-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"30px\"} --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 30px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-spacer\" style=\"height: 100px;\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction by Grok 4.3 (xAI, May 2026) A central ambition of Descartes\u2019s Theory of Ideas (DTOI) is to provide a systematic account of how ideas represent their objects through the distinction between formal and objective reality. On one influential reading, objective reality (OR) offers a universal framework: every thinkable content is, or can be reconstructed [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":43296,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[23,24,35,42],"class_list":["post-43081","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-objective-reality","tag-formal-objective","tag-idea","tag-objective-reality","tag-representation"],"featured_image_src":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0962bb.jpeg","author_info":{"info":["Dr. David C. Ring"]},"featured_image_urls":{"full":["https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0962bb.jpeg",1363,947,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0962bb-150x104.jpeg",150,104,true],"medium":["https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0962bb-300x208.jpeg",300,208,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0962bb-768x534.jpeg",768,534,true],"large":["https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0962bb-1024x711.jpeg",800,555,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0962bb.jpeg",1363,947,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0962bb.jpeg",1363,947,false],"ultp_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0962bb-1200x800.jpeg",1200,800,true],"ultp_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0962bb-870x570.jpeg",870,570,true],"ultp_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0962bb-600x900.jpeg",600,900,true],"ultp_layout_square":["https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/IMG_0962bb-600x600.jpeg",600,600,true]},"category_info":"<a href=\"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/category\/objective-reality\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Objective Reality<\/a>","tag_info":"Objective Reality","comment_count":"0","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/43081","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=43081"}],"version-history":[{"count":282,"href":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/43081\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":45707,"href":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/43081\/revisions\/45707"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/43296"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=43081"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=43081"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drdavidcring.net\/descartes-ideas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=43081"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}